EMG Signal Feature Extraction, Normalization and Classification for Pain and Normal Muscles Using Genetic Algorithm and Support Vector Machine

EMG Signal Feature Extraction, Normalization and Classification for Pain and Normal Muscles Using Genetic Algorithm and Support Vector Machine

Reema Jain* Vijay Kumar Garg

Department of Computer Application, LPU, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, LPU, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India

Corresponding Author Email: 
vijay.garg@lpu.co.in
Page: 
653-661
|
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.18280/ria.340517
Received: 
29 June 2020
|
Revised: 
8 October 2020
|
Accepted: 
13 October 2020
|
Available online: 
20 November 2020
| Citation

© 2020 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: 

Electromyography (EMG) is the process of measuring neuromuscular activities generated during the contraction and expansion period of muscles throughout the body. The potential is recorded by inserting needle or by placing electrodes on the surface of body. In this research, an automatic EMG signal classification system is developed using machine learning oriented Support Vector Machine (SVM). The collected data is selected using Genetic Algorithm (GA). The purpose of GA is to select those rows from the dataset, which contains potential or electrical activities recorded while the patient is in motion. Furthermore, the selected features are neutralized using critic method. To improve the row selection cosine similarity is being used to determine an average value hence also helps for data reduction. Based on the average similarity values, SVM is trained and used for classification during the testing phase. The experiment has been performed in MATLAB tool and the classification accuracy for normal and pain EMG signal of 91.3% and 92.4% respectively is achieved.

Keywords: 

electromyography, normalization, genetic algorithm, cosine similarity, support vector mechanism

1. Introduction

Electromyography (EMG) is a diagnostic method by which specialists evaluate the functional state of skeletal muscles and peripheral nerve endings. The assessment is based on the level of their electrical activity. To conduct EMG, an electromyography is used - an apparatus that enhances and records the bio potentials of the neuromuscular system [1]. Modern computer devices record even the minimum values of electrical impulses, automatically read the amplitude and frequency of periods, and also perform their spectral analysis. The device consists of a complete computer system capable of recording certain signals (bio potentials) of muscle tissue [2]. Using the device, bio potentials are strengthened, which helps doctors to determine the degree of damage to muscle tissue without a surgical diagnostic operation. Diodes are attached to the computer system that record deviations from the norm. Using the apparatus, the signal is amplified, and an image is displayed on the screen that displays the state of the muscle tissue and peripheral nerves of the body area under study [3]. Modern devices display the image directly on the monitor, but the old generation electromyography captures the received pulses on paper. It has been observed that exist several techniques to process complex EMG signal that is assisted by EMG classification using either of the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN). Researchers have put their effort in order to classify the EMG data and have identified the major issues in the classification as

a) Preprocessing and Data Selection

b) Training and Classification

Following aspects have been discovered in order to classify an EMG signal.

  1. The signal contains many artefacts for the same type of disease as the signal varies due to the small movement of human during the recording process of signal.
  2. The presence of noise also increases the complexity and hence difficult to classify the signal.
  3. Optimal set of data for each class will lead to better classification accuracy.
  4. The machine learning schemes required signal with optimal and refined data so that training and then classification can be performed in a better way [4].

To solve the above defined problems, a new system has been designed using signal Attribute selection, feature optimization with classification techniques.

 Figure 1. (a) Non- invasive (b) Invasive techniques

EMG is used to detect the muscular information based on the contraction and expansion period of muscles through the electrodes, which are placed on the surface of the human body. The process of gathering information can be invasive or non- invasive. The process of conducting non-invasive surface EMG is performed using electrodes whereas the invasive EMG required a needle, which is being inserted into the patient body for collecting the muscle related information. Both the processes are shown in Figure 1.

The EMG model can be simply represented by Eq. (1).

$y(n)=\sum_{t=0}^{N-1} h(t) e(n-t)+x(n)$    (1)   

y(n)$\rightarrow$ Modelled EMG signal.

e(n)$\rightarrow$ Fringing impulse.

h(t)$\rightarrow$ Motor Unit Action Potentials (MUAPs), which is used to provide significant source of information that is useful for diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders.

x(n)$\rightarrow$ While Gaussian Noise.

n $\rightarrow$ Number of motor unit.

This research deals with the Attribute selection and classification of the EMG signal into two categories that is either pain or normal activity of muscles.

2. Related Work

The research has been done by number of authors to enhance the Attribute selection and classification rate of the EMG signal by using different techniques. A survey has been conducted to know about the tradition techniques used by the previous authors and how one can improve the classification rate. Robotic learning was applied by Stiyal on EMG signals as a subject-independent framework [5]. EMG classification can be utilized in distinct medical domains like as neuromuscular disorder diagnosis [6], Neuromuscular Disorder [7], knee pathology detection [8], motion recognition [9], fatigue muscle analysis [10], and prosthesis control [11].

Mishra et al. had classified EMG signals, which have been collected from bicep muscels or different category of patients such as normal, mayopathic and neuropathic. The time and frequency domain parameters of MUAP potential has been analysed and optimized using soft computing approach. The classification has been performed by RBFN, K-NN and SVM technique and has been observed that SVM performed well among all with an accuracy of 95.25% [12]. de Dieu Uwisengeyimana and Ibrikci [13] have diagnose knee related problems using KNN and ANN classifiers. The data has been collected from the four muscles surrounding the knee and about 500 samples have been prepared. From the experiment it has been concluded that knee pathology can be better analyzed using ANN with detection accuracy of 91.3%. Lin et al. [14] have presented an attribute selection approach for EMG signal that helps to classify signal. Initially, data is pre-processed using normalization in order to minimize the effect of the inter- and intra-participant of signal resulting while collecting signal through sensors. Basically, three types of normalizations have been applied such as (i) channel wise, (ii) motion-wise and (iii) participant wise. Also, down sampling has been applied to remove the unwanted or overlapped data points. Using Base classifier such as ANN provides better accuracy of $83 \mp 6$ [14].

Pancholi and Joshi [15] presented EMG signal for upper limb. The data has been collected from five different positions of arms during the exercise period. palpation method has been used for the selection of muscles. Using palpation method, the nerves have been selected based on the blood flow. Using 29 subjects the signal has been acquired and the data has been divided into time domain and frequency domain features. For classification different classifiers such as Random Forest (RF), k-nearest neighbours (k-NN), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Tree (RT) have been used and the detection accuracy ranges from 57.69% to 99.92% [15].

Morbidoni et al. [16] have worked to deal with the classification of stance and swing as muscular disease using EMG classification approach. The classification of the designed system has been tested using Multi-Layer Perceptron techniques and the examined accuracy lies between 92.6%–97.2%. The study has suggested that ANN can be an appropriate tool for automatic classification of EMG signal [16].

3. Proposed Work

The entire work is shown in Figure 2, which consists of three main parts such as attribute row selection using genetic Algorithm (GA), Similarity measure using Cosine Similarity, application of critic method to normalize features and classification using Support Vector machine (SVM).

3.1 Dataset

The dataset is collected from https://www.kaggle.com/nccvector/electromyography-emg-dataset link. The considered dataset contains pain and normal muscular data of 1000 row for each category with seven different un-named attributes. The electric potential observed is as like presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Dataset

Patient Number

t1

t2

t3

t4

t5

t6

t7

t8

1

0.03125

0.054688

0.03125

0.039063

0.03125

0.046875

0.023438

0.023438

2

0.046875

0.03125

0.039063

0.039063

0.03125

0.023438

0.023438

0.015625

3

0.046875

0.023438

0.039063

0.054688

0.03125

0.023438

0.015625

0.023438

4

0.0625

0.039063

0.054688

0.039063

0.023438

0.03125

0.039063

0.015625

5

0.046875

0.03125

0.03125

0.03125

0.015625

0.03125

0.023438

0.03125

6

0.03125

0.054688

0.054688

0.078125

0.03125

0.023438

0.023438

0.03125

7

0.015625

0.046875

0.03125

0.03125

0.03125

0.023438

0.023438

0.03125

8

0.039063

0.03125

0.054688

0.054688

0.039063

0.023438

0.039063

0.023438

9

0.054688

0.054688

0.039063

0.039063

0.03125

0.023438

0.03125

0.03125

10

0.03125

0.03125

0.0625

0.054688

0.03125

0.015625

0.015625

0.015625

11

0.03125

0.039063

0.054688

0.039063

0.03125

0.039063

0.03125

0.03125

12

0.03125

0.023438

0.046875

0.0625

0.039063

0.023438

0.023438

0.023438

13

0.03125

0.046875

0.039063

0.0625

0.03125

0.023438

0.039063

0.023438

14

0.023438

0.023438

0.070313

0.078125

0.03125

0.023438

0.03125

0.023438

15

0.039063

0.070313

0.09375

0.054688

0.046875

0.023438

0.03125

0.03125

16

0.039063

0.023438

0.039063

0.046875

0.046875

0.03125

0.023438

0.023438

17

0.015625

0.046875

0.039063

0.054688

0.03125

0.015625

0.03125

0.039063

18

0.023438

0.039063

0.070313

0.085938

0.039063

0.03125

0.039063

0.015625

19

0.03125

0.039063

0.09375

0.0625

0.023438

0.03125

0.039063

0.023438

20

0.054688

0.070313

0.078125

0.078125

0.03125

0.015625

0.023438

0.015625

21

0.023438

0.046875

0.0625

0.0625

0.03125

0.023438

0.039063

0.023438

Where, t is the time interval for time ranging from t1 to t8 measured in miliseconds.

Figure 2. Flow of proposed work

3.2 Attribute selection

Attribute selection of EMG signal is performed on each recorded movement data per session using the electrodes placed on the human body. The amplitude variation in the EMG is high when any movement is occurs otherwise the signals are in rest and amplitude variation reduces. EMG signal, each voltage-time amplitude value need Attribute selection to find out the relevant features for painful data or normal data to achieve better classification accuracy. The benchmark for the selection and rejection is relative to the value which is being used. It means, the selection and rejection will depend upon the other relative values available in that class of other patients.

In this research, attribute selection of the uploaded EMG signal is performed using nature inspired Genetic Algorithm. GA selects rows among the available dataset as per the designed fitness function represented by Eq. (2).

Fitness function$=1 \quad(1-e) \times F s>F t$

0 Otherwise            (2)

where, Fs = Current Attributes,

            Ft = All Attributes Row Values.

Each row has been tested using Eq. (2). If the row satisfied the fitness function, then categorize it either pain or normal. Otherwise, repeat the process for next row. Using this process, the unwanted signal has been removed and the row also obtained in reduced and desired form. The process of GA is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. GA process

Step 1: Initialization of Population (Rows): Initialize, population string (raw EMG data) known as chromosomes. To resolve problem that is to select EMG signal, which is being recorded during motion and to reject the EMG signal, which is recorded at rest position has been performed based on the designed fitness function.

Step 2: Selection: In this step, the selection of appropriate signal, which is higher than fitness value is eliminated and those less than or equal to fitness value are selected. Those values of rows that have lowest value are known as parent and contributed to the generation of new member named as children.

Step 3: Mutation: helps to search with the best row selection based on mutation threshold.

Step 4: Termination: The Attribute selection process is terminated while the desired rows are selected and categorized as pain and normal signal [17, 18].

Feature selection using GA

Required Input:

EMG Feature Data$\leftarrow$Extracted feature from used EMG Dataset for Pain & Normal Categories

Fitness Function$\leftarrow$Designed fitness function for feature selection

Fitness function = 1        (1-e) X Fs>Ft

                              0        Otherwise

Where, e = It is the generated mutation error

Fs = Current Attributes

Ft = All Attributes Row Values

Obtained Output:

OEMG-FD$\leftarrow$Optimized EMG Feature Data

  1. Start GA

  2. Load Dataset, EMGFeature Data (EMG-FD) = Load feature attributes

  3. To optimized the EMG-FD, GA is used

  4. Set GA Parameters: Population Size (P) – Based on the number of properties

                                           CO – Crossover Operators

                                           MO – Mutation Operators

  1. Calculate Length of EMG-FD in terms of Len

  2. Set,Optimized EMG Feature Data, OEMG-FD = []

  3. For I = 1 $\rightarrow$ Len

  4.      $\mathrm{Fs}=\mathrm{EMG}-\mathrm{FD}(\mathrm{I})=$Selected$_{\text {EMG Attributes}}$

  5.     $\mathrm{Ft}=$ Threshold $_{\text {Attributes}}=\sum_{i=1}^{R} E M G-F D(I)$

  6. $F(f)=$ Fit Fun $\left(e, F_{s}, F_{t}\right)$

  7.      Nvar = Number of variables

  8.      BestProp = OEMG-FD = GA (F(f), T, Nvar, GA Parameters)

  9. End - For

  10. Return: OEMG-FD as an Optimized EMG Feature Data

  11. End – Function

3.3 Cosine similarity

Cosine similarity is being applied on the selected rows, which return a single similarity index for each row. Suppose, the selected rows after GA of 700 has been obtained from the available 1000 rows for both pain and normal EMG signals. Therefore, similarity has been measured for each row with the remaining 699 rows. In this way a single or average value has been obtained using Eq. (3).

Avg $\operatorname{sim}=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} \cos _{\operatorname{sim}}}{n}$            (3)

where, n is total number of similarities

After obtaining the average value, 20% of value has been added and subtracted to the obtained average similarity value as denoted by $b_{1}$ and $b_{2}$ [19]. Mathematically, can be represented by Eq. (4);

$B_{1}=\operatorname{Avg} \operatorname{Sim}+\frac{A v g \operatorname{sim} N o.}{100}$

$B_{2}=\operatorname{Avg} \operatorname{sim}-\frac{\operatorname{Avg} \operatorname{Sim} \mathrm{No} .}{100}$            (4)

If the value of $B_{1}$ and $B_{2}$ lies between the similarity value and those values are used for the training and classification purpose using SVM approach. Otherwise drop the data [20].

Cosine similarity

Required Input:

OEMG-FD $\leftarrow$ Optimized EMG Feature Data

Obtained Output:

SimCos$\leftarrow$ Cosine similarity between OEMG-FD

Avg Sim $\leftarrow$ Average Similarity

  1. Start

  2. Create an empty array to store similarity, SimCos = []

  3. Sim-count = 0

  4. For I = 1 $\rightarrow$ Length (OEMG-FD)

  5.       Current_Data = OEMG-FD (I)

  6.       For J = I+1 $\rightarrow$ Length (OEMG-FD)

  7.             L = |Cos (Current_Data) - Cos (Data (J))|

  8.             SimCos [sim_count, 1] = Current_Data

  9.             SimCos [sim_count, 2]= Data(J)

  10.             SimCos [sim_count, 3]=L 

  11.             Increment in array, Sim-count = Sim-count+1

  12.       End-For

  13. End – For

  14. Calculate Average Similarity

  15. Avg $\operatorname{sim}=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} \operatorname{sim} \cos }{n}$// Where, n is total number of similarities

  16. Return: SimCos as an output in terms of cosine similarity between OEMG-FD and Avg Sim as an Average Similarity

  17. End-Function

3.4 Critical method

Critic method is used to normalize the feature vector attained from the application of Genetic Algorithm [21]. Critic method acts on three elements as follows:

  1. The current state of value

  2. The maximum value of the section

  3. The minimum value of the section

Following pseudo code is applied in order to implement the critic method.

Application of Critic

  1. For $_{\text {each}}$ Selected row

  2. Foreach col in Selected row

  3. Cr $_{\text {Feature}_{\text {Value}}}=$Selected$_{\text {row-col}}$. Feature

  4. Threshold. Value $=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} \text { Feature }_{\text {Value}}}{n}$

  5. If Creature_{Value} $\geq$Thre shold$_{\text {Value}}$

  6. Do $_{\text {Nothing}}$

  7. Else

  8. Find maxv=Maximum Value(col) of all rows

  9. Find $\min _{v}=$ Minimum Value $($col$)$ of all rows

  10. $R v=\frac{C r_{\text {Featurevalue}}-\min _{v}}{\max _{v}+\min _{v}}$

  11. Replace $\mathrm{Cr}_{\text {Feature}_{\text {value}}}$ by $\boldsymbol{R} \boldsymbol{v}$

  12. End For

  13. End For

The critic method takes the current attribute value and checks it with the average value of other members which is called the selection value in this case. If the attribute value is less than the threshold value, it checks for the maximum and minimum value of this attribute in all the available rows of the category. The current attribute value is subtracted from the min value and is divided by a total of max and min value. The outcome is replaced by the current attribute value.

3.5 Support Vector Machine (SVM)

SVM is a machine learning approach used to classify EMG signal as pain and normal. Using this approach, a hyperplane has been constructed to distinguished two different data as normal and pain in this case. To train SVM, let the input train data be as: $\left(a_{1} b_{1}\right),\left(a_{2} b_{2}\right), \ldots,\left(a_{m} b_{m}\right) \epsilon P^{N} \times\{-1,+1\}$.

$a_{i} \rightarrow$ input value,

$b_{i} \rightarrow$ Assigned class to which input belongs {-1,+1}.

In case, if the input data is not separated linearly, then a transform of ($\varphi: P^{N} \rightarrow P^{M}$) has been used with a new feature space represented by $P^{M}$.

Using this as a function, the obtained hyperplane can be separated as per the Eq. (5);

$\omega \times \varphi(a)+b=0$

$\omega \in P^{M}$ and $b \in P$           (5)

The training can be said best with optimal hyperplane and a minimum error. In case, if the signals are too close or overlap with each other, then a kernel function is used to separate that data. The kernel function might be Radial Basic Function (RBF), polynomial, linear, a Gaussian etc. [1, 22].

The training and testing using SVM is shown in Figure 4.

Classification using SVM

 

 

Required Input:

OEMG-FD $\leftarrow$Training Data as an Optimized EMG Feature Data

C $\leftarrow$Target/Category in terms of Pain and Normal

RBF $\leftarrow$ Radial Basis Function as a Kernel Function

SimCos $\leftarrow$ Cosine similarity between OEMG-FD

Avg Sim $\leftarrow$ Average Similarity

Obtained Output:

SVM-Structure $\leftarrow$ Trained SVM Structure

  1. Start

  2. Calculate $\begin{aligned} B_{1} &=\operatorname{Avg} \operatorname{sim}+\frac{A v g \operatorname{Sim} N o.}{100} \\ B_{2} &=\operatorname{Avg} \operatorname{sim}-\frac{\operatorname{Avg} \operatorname{Sim} N o .}{100} \end{aligned}$

  3. If Sim Value < B1& Sim Value > B2

  4. Initialize the SVM with training data OEMG-FD with RBF as Kernel function

  5. For I = 1 $\rightarrow$ Length (OEMG-FD)

  6.              If OEMG-FD (I) == Pain

  7.                   Cat (1) = OEMG-FD (I)

  8.              Else

  9.                   Cat (2) = OEMG-FD (I)

  10. End – If

  11.        End – For

  12. Else

  13.       Drop OEMG-FD

  14. End – If

  15. VM-Structure =SVMTRAIN (OEMG-FD, Cat, Kernel function)

  16. Return: SVM-Structure as a Trained SVM structure

  17. End-Function

Figure 4. Training and testing of EMG Signal using SVM

4. Result and Discussions

The results of the designed Attribute selection and classification EMG system has been performed in MATLAB simulator. The aim of this research is to distinguish the pain and normal muscles using GA as an Attribute selection approach. To enhance the training of SVM, cosine similarity has been applied which will further reduce the irregular and the noise signal present in the available segmented EMG data. As the signal is filtered by two techniques such as GA and cosine similarity. Therefore, the possibility of detection accuracy also increases. The analysed values in terms of precision, recall, F-measure and classification accuracy are performed using Eq. (6), Eq. (7), Eq. (8) and Eq. (9) respectively.

Precision$=\frac{T_{p}}{T_{p}+F_{p}}$        (6)

Recall$=\frac{T_{p}}{T_{p}+F_{n}}$           (7)

$F-$Measure$=\frac{2 \times \text {Precision } \times \text { Recall}}{\text {Precision }+\text { Recall}}$         (8)

Accuracy$=\frac{T_{p}+T_{N}}{T_{p}+F_{p}+F_{n}+T_{N}}$        (9)

Here, $T_{p} \rightarrow$ The EMG signal that are actually comes under pain or normal category and also predicted as the same.

$F_{n} \rightarrow$ the EMG signal that are being predicted as real but are noise or unwanted signal considered at rest position.

$F_{p} \rightarrow$ The EMG signal that is actually real but predicted as undesired or noisy signal.

$T_{n} \rightarrow$ The number of appropriately predicted real signal.

Precision values analysed for GA with SVM, GA +Cosine Similarity+ SVM for normal and pain muscular signal is shown in Figure 5 with the values listed in Table 2.

From Figure 5, it is clearly seen that maximum values of precision are analysed for the proposed work i.e. (GA+ Cosine Similarity +SVM) approach used for normal EMG signal followed by GA+ Cosine Similarity +SVM used for classifying pain EMG signal. The average precision values examined for the proposed work using GA SVM and GA with Cosine similarity with SVM for normal EMG signal are 0.8456 and 0.9804 respectively. Similarly, the precision values analyzed for the pain EMG signal using GA with SVM and GA with Cosine similarity with SVM are 0.815 and 0.943 respectively. We observed that, precision rate is improved by using the combination of cosine similarity measurement technique along with the GA and SVM. Improved precision rate indicates the selection of EMG attributes are better during the classification process and rate of true features is high due to better training of system.

The recall values for the pain and normal muscles analyzed using automatic classification system are summarized in Table 3 and graphically compared in Figure 6. The average values of recall measured for normal EMG signal using GA with SVM, and GA+ Cosine Similarity +SVM are 0.7456 and 0.7501. Similarly, the average value of recall examined for pain muscular signal using GA with SVM, and GA+ Cosine Similarity +SVM are 0.7451 and 0.838 respectively. Similar to precision, recall rate also improved by using the combination of cosine similarity measurement technique along with the GA and SVM. Recall rate denotes the selection of appropriate feature according to the training of the system and in proposed work the recall rate is improved that means proposed system achieved good performance.

Table 2. Computed precesion

Number of Iterations

GA with SVM

GA+ Cosine Similarity +SVM

 

Normal

Pain

Normal

Pain

1

0.853

0.835

0.992

0.985

2

0.847

0.829

0.972

0.942

3

0.839

0.801

0.983

0.957

4

0.835

0.799

0.972

0.936

5

0.825

0.812

0.995

0.943

6

0.817

0.794

0.978

0.928

7

0.815

0.752

0.968

0.933

8

0.857

0.824

0.986

0.947

9

0.895

0.852

0.976

0.927

10

0.873

0.853

0.982

0.937

Figure 5. Precision analysis

Table 3. Computed recall

Number of Iterations

GA with SVM

GA+ Cosine Similarity +SVM

 

Normal

Pain

Normal

Pain

1

0.795

0.775

0.751

0.865

2

0.758

0.895

0.768

0.758

3

0.776

0.765

0.728

0.789

4

0.767

0.687

0.715

0.862

5

0.759

0.694

0.756

0.831

6

0.742

0.687

0.785

0.864

7

0.768

0.668

0.735

0.863

8

0.712

0.697

0.759

0.857

9

0.696

0.785

0.736

0.869

10

0.683

0.798

0.768

0.823

Figure 6. Recall analysis

The analyzed data for F score is shown in Figure 7 with the values listed in Table 4 is the collective representation of precision and recall. The average value of F score analyzed for two different EMG data (pain and normal) using GA with SVM and GA with Cosine and SVM are represented by the orange, the yellow, the blue and the grey bar respectively. Here, F-score basically denotes the average of precision and recall rate and for a better system it should be high. From the observation we, concluded that, precision as well recall rate is better by using the combination of cosine similarity measurement technique.

The classification accuracy examined by the proposed work for pain and normal EMG signal are listed in Table 5 and graphically illustrated in Figure 8. From the figure it is clearly seen that the average accuracy for the painful EMG signal is higher than 70%. The pain and normal EMG signal has been classified with an average accuracy of 92.4% and 91.3% respectively.

Table 4. Computed F-score

Number of Iterations

GA with SVM

GA+ Cosine Similarity +SVM

 

Normal

Pain

Normal

Pain

1

0.822979

0.803882

0.854839

0.921108

2

0.800032

0.860737

0.858041

0.840042

3

0.806271

0.782586

0.836498

0.864918

4

0.799557

0.738779

0.823924

0.897477

5

0.790625

0.748377

0.859189

0.883464

6

0.777696

0.736635

0.870936

0.894857

7

0.790802

0.707515

0.835561

0.896636

8

0.7778

0.755198

0.857735

0.899755

9

0.783055

0.817129

0.839178

0.897063

10

0.7664

0.824584

0.861915

0.876308

Figure 7. F-score analysis

Table 5. Computed classification accuracy

Number of Iterations

GA with SVM

GA+ Cosine Similarity +SVM

 

Normal

Pain

Normal

Pain

1

0.876

0.786

0.925

0.941

2

0.875

0.795

0.914

0.935

3

0.882

0.812

0.935

0.925

4

0.891

0.802

0.927

0.934

5

0.875

0.796

0.915

0.915

6

0.868

0.765

0.905

0.905

7

0.878

0.754

0.896

0.934

8

0.868

0.763

0.887

0.936

9

0.838

0.824

0.914

0.902

10

0.875

0.798

0.916

0.917

Figure 8. Classification accuracy analysis

Figure 9. Accuracy comparison with the existing work

Table 6. Comparison of computed accuracy with the existing work

Proposed Work

Existing Work [23]

Normal

Pain

Normal

Pain

91.3

92.4

82.14

87.57

To show the effectiveness of the proposed work, the comparison of examined classification accuracy is shown in Table 6 and plotted for comparative analysis in Figure 9. The graph shows that the rate of classifying EMG signal whether it is normal EMG or pain EMG signal the proposed algorithm performed well compared to the existing ANN classifier. Also, the percentage increase in the classification rate of proposed work for normal EMG from the Jiang et al. 2019 work [23] is 11.15% whereas, for painful signal, the classification accuracy has been increased by 5.52%. This enhancement has been obtained because of the proper selection of appropriate EMG data which in turns increase the training rate and hence the classification during the testing process.

5. Conclusion

An automatic Attribute selection and classification system for EMG signal has been designed using GA with SVM as Attribute selection and classification techniques respectively.  The results show that proposed model worked well with higher classification rate for both pain and normal EMG signal. An appropriate selection of EMG signal has been performed using GA with cosine similarity as well as reduced the available data that minimized the training error and hence improve classification rate. The research can provide a better understanding of the EMG signal Attribute selection and classification procedure. The classification accuracy observed for normal and painful EMG signal are 91.3% and 92.4% respectively. Also, the improvement of the proposed work against the existing work of about 11.15% and 5.52% has been examined for normal and painful EMG signal against the existing work. In future, we plan to use artificial neural network as a classification approach or comparing the results of SVM and ANN in order to know the efficiency of the classifiers in terms of classification accuracy.

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