Anas Malik Ismaeel
| Fathoni Usman | Gasim Hayder | Yasir Al-Ani*
© 2023 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Typically, waste glass industry contributes to various harmful environmental impacts. Glass manufacturing relies on considerably extreme temperature values. 22 million tons in Europe and 95 million tons of carbon dioxide are generated globally per annum. Meantime, scholars noted that million tons of waste glass produced worldwide yearly could cause elevated levels of water and air pollution due to the accumulation of waste glass in landfills. In this setting, researchers dedicated numerous efforts to create feasible strategies and active solutions to alleviate all these significant numbers. One of those solutions is the waste glass recycling. It is reported that recycling waste glass provides efficient air pollution and water contamination mitigation by roughly 20% and 50%, respectively. One sector that took into account this valuable idea is the concrete industry. Scientists discovered that substituting specific ratios of cement/ sand with waste glass (including 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%) in concrete could achieve substantial added values in terms of mechanical properties, such as better durability, abrasion resistance, flexural strength, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength. Few, at the same time, found that adding waste glass into concrete could reduce facilities’ cooling and heating loads due to the decline in the concrete’s thermal conductivity. Nonetheless, the available literature lacks adequate proofs associated with this fact. Additionally, different peer-reviewed articles did not address the application of this concept on Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) but on regular concrete. To bridge this knowledge gap, this manuscript is guided to provide more databases on the influence of cement/ sand replacement with waste glass on concrete’s thermal characteristics yet paying special attention on UHPC. A comprehensive review is implemented in this context to shed light on these aspects. Based on the thorough review carried out in this article, the outcomes revealed that employing waste glass in concrete and UHPC could attain multiple advantages, like (i) Enhancing variant UHPC and concrete’s mechanical properties (containing split tensile strength, compressive strength, compaction, durability, flexural strength, bulk density, and shrinkage resistance), (ii) fostering thermal conductivity and thermal resistance, helping make the building of this new concrete mix more energy efficient, (iii) minimizing glass industry’s adverse environmental effect, (iii) preserving natural resources, and (iv) reducing the overall budget of UHPC production. However, it is crucial to conduct further experimental and numerical analyses on waste glass replacement with concrete to offer more pieces of evidences and facts of the importance of waste glass replacement in boosting UHPC thermal performance in small and large-scale facilities.
waste glass, Ultra-High Performance Concrete, mechanical properties, environmental impact, pollution, construction
Over the last decades, construction experts recognized that concrete and UHPC consume a lot of natural resources and substances in different large and utility-scale infrastructure projects and massive buildings worldwide. For instance, concrete and UHPC needs coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water, cement, mineral admixtures, and chemical admixtures. At the same moment, UHPC employed in various construction purposes, like utility-scale projects, infrastructure, and Vertical Construction (VC) facilities, may use welded wire fabric (such as wire mesh), reinforcing steel bars, and variant reinforcement fibers [1].
On the other hand, construction consultants and engineering professionals realized that UHPC manufacturing, mainly, and concrete preparation, generally, could bring a group of negative environment consequences and severe impacts that may harm air, water, and land qualities. In terms of facts and numbers, studies confirmed that each ton of Portland cement generation emits roughly 1 ton of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, worsening problems of global warming and climate change. Also, it was reported that concrete consumes more than 8 billion tons of aggregates per annum, which could deplete the natural resources. Furthermore, diversified categories of waste materials, including kaolin, cement and quarry dust, bottom ash, fly ash, rice husk ash, slag, palm-oil fuel ash, bagasse, tires, sewer sludge, silica fume, glass, garnets, bentonite, and volcanic ash are generated from the construction or demolition of each project, resulting in the damage and deterioration of the global environment. Besides, most of those waste substances comprise a group of toxic or hazardous chemicals that may enter seas or lands with different percentages [2].
Using recycled waste products in UHPC would be better for the environment and the economy. For instance, numerous quantities of waste glass are produced daily, and most of it is disposed of in open areas and landfills. Waste glass is one type of waste that can be incorporated into concrete. Concrete has several advantageous qualities, including a high toughness, compressive strength, and other durable characteristics. However, concrete has a poor tensile strength and is a fragile substance. These flaws can be fixed by adding fibers, resulting in more ductile concrete with narrower fissures. Concrete’s durability would be improved by reducing the entry of hostile species through cracks. The concrete mix can contain a variety of fibers, including rubber, asbestos, glass, and bamboo fibers. Several studies clarified the contributions of waste glass on concrete when cement/ sand is substituted using specific ratios connected with concrete mechanical properties [3]. Regarding environmental issues, using various recycled materials and recovered substances from garbage is considered quite useful and essential. Utilizing waste materials in concrete after they have been modified, such as waste glass, aggregate, ash, silica powder, and nanoclay, may have a variety of beneficial effects on concrete’s durability, toughness, ductility, corrosion resistance, and various improvements in its thermal properties, in addition to promoting sustainability. Utilizing these recycled materials would also significantly impact reducing environmental waste and air pollution, both serious problems [4-7]. Environmentally friendly UHPC is a popular subject that has drawn the attention of many academics. Several scholars guided various experimental and numerical analyses to create environmentally friendly UHPC with more practical and functional advantages over traditional concrete. Also, they aimed to enable UHPC to be employed in a variety of engineering structures, demanding structural applications, and large-scale construction projects, including infrastructure, skyscrapers, tunnels, and bridges. There are some drawbacks to conventional concrete that prevent it from being widely used in many engineering projects, including significant requirements for repair and maintenance costs due to concrete cracking problems [8]. In comparison to regular concrete, UHPC is recognized for its greater robustness, more considerable value of toughness, large ductility, and effective resistance to fracture [9]. Furthermore, compared to traditional concrete, UHPC possesses significant compressive strength. The UHPC has also been the subject of numerous studies to improve its qualities. For instance, Azmee et al. [10] added ultrafine calcium carbonate to UHPC with more fly ash based on various curing conditions. Additionally, Bahedh and Jaafar [11] investigated the use of fly ash as a cement substitute based on an autoclaving method. Additionally, Jiao et al. [12] investigated how early-age shrinkage of UHPC dependent on more excellent volume mineral combinations was affected by relative humidity and ambient temperature. Further, several publications emphasized the significance of making UHPC green by substituting waste glass for part of the original materials (as demonstrated in the literature supporting this suggestion). This aspect would help to have a positive impact on the environment and achieve some beneficial properties in concrete [12-49]. Besides, UHPC is one of the significant developments that contribute to remarkable enhancements in the effectiveness and performance of buildings. However, the wide application of UHPC in the building industry is constrained by its high cost compared to regular concrete [16, 10]. Various researchers have advised using various alternative materials (with specific replacement percentages), such as glass and waste glass, to provide a lower rate of UHPC budget and a significant amount of building costs [50]. According to variant scholars, using waste glass in UHPC could promote sustainability, mitigate air and water pollution, and minimize its considerable cost. After water, concrete is one of the most ubiquitous building materials in the globe. Concrete production requires a lot of raw ingredients. Finding methods of replacing these substances with waste products recorded significant benefits and brought different positive environmental advantages. The volume of waste glass produced annually has constantly been increasing and has become a huge environmental problem. Million tons of waste glass are generated around the world each year.
Using waste glass in concrete production could be a workable solution to help reduce the adverse influences of waste glass on the global environment. Aggregates comprise most of the concrete volume and significantly contribute to the material’s strength, workability, durability, and dimensional stability. The structural effectiveness of concrete will suffer if waste elements like waste glass are used as a partial aggregate substitute [3-6].
Compared to regular concrete, (UHPC) is the more long-lasting option. The high concentration of tiny particles and low water-to-binder proportion (W/B) of about 0.2 contribute to its superior performance. Further, Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is a novel composite material that shows promise as a replacement for concrete in challenging conditions. UHPC is characterized by several beneficial properties and advantageous merits that make it more functional and feasible compared with traditional concrete, making UHPC more applicable and convenient for different complex and demanding structural applications. For instance, UHPC has a longer lifespan. It is estimated that UHPC may last for over seventy-five years. Knowing that conventional concrete may last between fifteen and twenty-five years before it may require replacement. Besides, UHPC has lighter weight. Structures made out of UHPC have between twenty-five and thirty-three less weight. This fact can indicate that this novel type of concrete would demand a lower volume of construction materials. As its name suggests, UHPC has more considerable strength, corresponding to a compressive strength of roughly 27.6 MPa. When it is cured, UHPC would have a compressive strength of about 207 MPa. In some cases, some UHPC mixes may reach a compressive strength of 345 MPa. In the meanwhile, the UHPC’s tensile strength reaches around 117 kPa. This innovative concrete category is featured with its substantial resistance to severe environmental degradation conditions. Conventional concrete begins to degrade after about twenty-eight freeze-thaw cycles. As previously mentioned, facilities built using UHPC will require fewer construction materials, and the carbon footprint of those structures would be lower than those that use traditional concrete. Besides, UHPC has exceptional levels of flexibility, enabling it to be adopted in facilities that require more complicated architectural design taking into account durability and strength aspects. Ductility is another critical property of UHPC. This practical classification of concrete can sustain more deformation amounts until failure occurs. Because UHPC has a higher rate of density than regular concrete, it can have more resistance to challenging environmental conditions recognized by significant humidity. Besides its remarkable humidity resistance, UHPC proved its potential to resist higher thermal loading or fire attacks compared with normal concrete due to more steel fibers and polypropylene content. Additionally, it is reported by some scholars that UHPC has higher impact resistance, abrasion resistance, diffusion, toughness, chemical reluctance, adhesiveness features, lower requirements of maintenance, and remarkable cost-effectiveness and economic profitability. Primary production techniques adopted to manufacture UHPC include [51]:
Generally, four curing techniques can be adopted to prepare the UHPC, comprising the following approaches [52]. Figure 1 represents significant benefits and properties of UHPC.
Figure 1. Significant benefits and properties of UHPC [1]
Figure 2 illustrates a comparison of the strength of UHPC and regular concrete.
Figure 3 describes a sample of Steel Fibers (utilized as 1.5% in UHPC).
Figure 4 represents some UHPC tests, including (a) post-cracking strength and (b) strain capacity under different cement types.
Figure 2. A comparison of the strength of UHPC and regular concrete [53]
Figure 3. Sample of Steel Fibers (utilized as 1.5% in UHPC) [53]
Figure 4. UHPC tests: (a) post-cracking strength and (b) strain capacity under different cement types [53]
Figure 5 depicts the impact of glass/ silica powder on (a) the compressive strength and (b) the post-cracking strength of UHPC.
Figure 5. Impact of glass/ silica powder on (a) the compressive strength and (b) the post-cracking strength of UHPC [53]
Table 1. Primary UHPC mix design and appropriate ratios [53]
|
No. |
Category |
Ratio of UHPC |
Density (kg/m3) |
|
1 |
Silica Fume |
0.25 |
194 |
|
2 |
Fine Sand (I) |
0.26 |
245 |
|
3 |
Cement |
1.0 |
775 |
|
4 |
Fine Sand (II) |
1.03 |
975 |
|
5 |
Water |
0.22 |
165 |
Table 1 describes the primary UHPC mix design and appropriate ratios.
Figure 6 represents critical UHPC tests employed to assess fresh, hardened, and durability properties.
Figure 6. Critical UHPC tests employed to assess fresh, hardened, and durability properties [54]
Over the last decades, variant construction professionals and civil engineers investigated some vital approaches and more effective mechanisms to make concrete and UHPC more sustainable and environmentally friendly, reducing their adverse impact on nature and mitigating pollution. From reviewing different old and latest peer-reviewed articles, it can be observed that the dominant materials used in replacing part or overall cement/ sand in UHPC include broad types of substances that are replaced using certain ratios to optimize the strength, toughness, and other properties of UHPC, as indicated in Table 2.
Table 2. Various types of waste materials used in UHPC
|
No. |
Author(s) |
Waste Materials Used in UHPC |
Properties Assessed |
Replacement Ratio |
|
1 |
Esmaeili and AL-Mwanes [55] |
Waste Glass |
Compressive Strength |
N/A |
|
2 |
Alani et al. [56] |
Waste Plastics |
Compressive Strength |
20% and 40% |
|
3 |
Ahmad et al. [57] |
Waste Plastics from Electronic Waste (E-waste) |
Hardness, and compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths |
25% |
|
4 |
Norhasri et al. [58] |
Nano metaclay |
Morphology, Workability, and Strength |
1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% |
|
5 |
Amin et al. [59] |
Waste Aggregate |
Compressive Strength |
10%, 20%, and 30% |
|
6 |
Cheah et al. [60] |
Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA) |
Flexural and Compressive Strengths |
50% Cement Replacement |
|
7 |
Wu et al. [61] |
Silica Fume |
Flexural and Tensile Strengths |
5% to 25% |
|
8 |
Abdellatief et al. [62] |
Metakaolin |
Chloride-Ion Permeability Resistance |
15% to 25% Metakaolin |
|
9 |
Koh et al. [63] |
Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) |
Compressive Strength |
70% Reduction of Superplasticizer |
|
10 |
Wang et al. [64] |
Demolished Concrete |
Auto-Shrinkage and Compressive Strength |
19% of Fine Aggregate and 50% of Cement |
|
11 |
Chinnu et al. [65] |
Agricultural Waste |
Hardness, Durability, Strength |
N/A |
Several authors and construction professionals reported in their articles that replacing some ratio of cement or sand with waste glass would enhance the workability of UHPC [55, 66, 67]. The workability of concrete or UHPC can be described by the potential and capability of concrete to be flexibly and successfully placed, mixed, finished, and consolidated, considered lower losses in its homogeneity aspects. In addition, UHPC/ concrete workability is associated with fresh concrete properties that indicate its quality, impact strength, and appearance. It also considers its cost-effectiveness regarding finishing operations and labor expenses [68-70]. Figure 7 indicates the slump flow testing results depending on the waste glass replacement ratio in concrete.
Figure 7. Workability/ slump flow characteristics depending on the waste glass replacement ratio in concrete [71]
The results illustrated in Figure 7 are obtained according to the concrete mixes clarified in Table 3.
Table 3. Ratios and densities of concrete mixes using waste glass [71]
|
Mixes |
The density of Cement (kg/m3) |
Water-to-Cement Ratio |
Fine Aggregate Density (kg/m3) |
The density of Fine Aggregate Glass (kg/m3) |
The density of Coarse Aggregate (kg/m3) |
|
Reference (Control) |
363.3 |
0.55 |
812.2 |
00.0 |
979.0 |
|
5% Waste Glass |
363.3 |
0.55 |
771.6 |
40.6 |
979.0 |
|
15% Waste Glass |
363.3 |
0.55 |
690.4 |
121.8 |
979.0 |
|
20% Waste Glass |
363.3 |
0.55 |
649.8 |
162.4 |
979.0 |
To explore the mechanical and fracture characteristics when waste glass is partially substituted in the UHPC, Jiao et al. [12] carried out an analysis selecting different replacement ratios of glass sand and river sand (with a size of between 0.05 and 2.0 mm) in Ultra-High Performance River Concrete (UHPRC) and UHPC. Also, Jiao et al. [12] relied on experimental analysis. They computed the new specimens’ compressive strength and other mechanical and fracture characteristics. Their experimental investigation showed that recycled waste glass provided a successful strategy for conserving resources and protecting the environment. Additionally, it improved the fluidities and performance of UHPRC and UHPC. Besides, the compressive strength potential of UHPRC and UHPC was increased using waste glass. For both forms of concrete, a maximum compressive strength value was attained by using glass sand at a ratio of 75%. The tensile stress values were unaffected by substituting some UHPRC and UHPC. Figure 8 describes variation of compressive strength with different UHPC specimens, considering the N-curing process.
Figure 8. Variation of Compressive strength with different UHPC specimens, considering the N-curing process [54]
Also, Figure 9 expresses compressive strength variation with some UHPC specimens but considering the H-curing process.
Figure 9. Compressive strength variation with some UHPC specimens, considering the H-curing process [54]
Further, Figure 10 indicates the splitting and flexural tensile strengths of some UHPC specimens after ninety days.
Figure 10. Splitting and flexural tensile strengths of some UHPC specimens after ninety days [54]
It is visible from the viewpoint of Figure 9 that the flexural strength of the specimen (UHPC-9) has the most significant value compared with all models. The flexural strength of this UHPC sample reaches around 18 MPa. More results on the mechanical properties that take into account the impact of waste glass on UHPC are represented in Figures 11 and 12.
Figure 11. Variation of modulus of elasticity considering variant waste glass replacement ratios for a test duration of ninety days [54]
Figure 12. Variation of ultrasonic pulse velocity with different waste glass ratios depending on a test duration of ninety days [54]
Figures 8 to 12 were obtained based on the glass powder replacement ratios of 10 specimens (control and nine samples) with other materials mixed and used, illustrated in Table 4. The type of concrete used in the work [54].
Table 4. Mixes and densities of materials used in UHPSCC [54]
|
Specimen Type |
Cement (C) (kg/m3) |
Density (kg/m3) |
||
|
Glass Powder |
Lime Powder |
Polypropylene |
||
|
Reference |
900 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
UHPSCC-2 |
810 |
90 |
0 |
0 |
|
UHPSCC-3 |
720 |
180 |
0 |
0 |
|
UHPSCC-4 |
630 |
270 |
0 |
0 |
|
UHPSCC-5 |
540 |
360 |
0 |
0 |
|
UHPSCC-6 |
810 |
0 |
90 |
0 |
|
UHPSCC-7 |
720 |
0 |
180 |
0 |
|
UHPSCC-8 |
630 |
0 |
270 |
0 |
|
UHPSCC-9 |
540 |
180 |
360 |
900 |
Further, Chu et al. [72] looked at the role and major advantages of replacing waste glass in UHPC. They estimated a few mechanical properties, including workability, bending strength, and compressive strength. According to their investigation, the performance and strength of UHPC may suffer if the waste glass is substituted with some ratios. As a result, additional ingredients, like waste glass powder, can be added to improve the strength and other mechanical characteristics of UHPC. Chu et al. [72] employed various replacement percentages of waste glass in UHPC based on experimental analysis. Results also showed that cement content was lowered to 365 kg/m3 by replacing 18.8% with waste glass. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the compressive strength had surpassed 150 MPa. Moreover, to boost the sustainability rate and environmental rating of UHPC, Tagnit-Hamou and Soliman [73] conducted an analytical study to examine the crucial role of waste glass replacement. Tagnit-Hamou and Soliman used an experimental analysis in which they substituted quartz powder for cement in the UHPC and mixed between 10% and 20% waste glass and quartz powder. To support their findings, they calculated some factors linked to the mechanical characteristics of UHPC. The inclusion of waste glass and quartz powder in the UHPC greatly boosted its compressive strength, functionality, and workability, based on the findings of their experimental studies. Also, employing waste glass and quartz powder in UHPC can produce added environmental benefits, such as a smaller negative environmental effect and a better sustainability rate. To better understand how UHPC performs when waste glass is used in place of some of the cement, Ahmad et al. [74] conducted an experimental analysis studying three samples of UHPC in which (10, 20, and 30%) of the cement were substituted with waste glass. The researchers examined the mechanical properties of UHPC specimens, including mechanical compressive strength, split tensile strength, and punching strength. Their experimental tests confirmed that the new concrete’s mechanical performance had improved but its workability had decreased. A study was conducted by Mosaberpanah et al. [66] to determine how the substitution of waste glass in UHPC affected the material’s mechanical, shrinkage, and rheological properties. They substituted waste glass for cement to reduce consumption of cement and increase the sustainability and performance of UHPC. They ran a test as an experiment. For 28 days of mechanical stress testing, they made various specimens of UHPC, replacing 0% to 20% of the cement with waste glass with a maximum particle size of 63 micrometers. The results of the tests showed that adding a further quantity of waste glass had enhanced the mechanical characteristics of UHPC, notably its compressive strength. In a study conducted by Karim et al. [75], the researchers examined the effects of waste glass powder used as a cement substitute on the compressive strength and mechanical characteristics of UHPC. One hundred seventeen concrete cubes were formed, and compressive pressures were applied. Their test findings showed that adding waste glass powder in place of cement up to 5% of the time improved compressive strength. Mariaková et al. [76] conducted a study to examine the effects of 100% replacement of silica powder (sand) with waste glass. Two types of waste glass powder—jewelry grinding and municipal waste glass milling—were used to replace the waste glass. The new UHPC’s mechanical characteristics were evaluated and contrasted with UHPC containing sand (silica powder). The testing findings affirmed that when 100% of silica powder was replaced by waste glass, the flexural strength, compressive strength, and bulky density decreased. Safarizki and Gunawan [77] examined the use of waste glass in Portland concrete by substituting it with sand and its effects l features of Portland concrete. They aimed to establish the ideal replacement rate for preserving Portland concrete’s highest and best mechanical qualities. They created a sample of Portland concrete and substituted waste glass for sand in amounts of 30%, 20%, 15%, and 10%. The test findings confirmed that because waste glass powder absorbs a significant quantity of water, higher waste glass replacement percentages with sand reduce Portland concrete stiffness, ductility, performance, and mechanical qualities, including compressive strength, declined. The concrete compressive strength results indicated an optimum value of roughly 22.8 MPa having a variation of approximately 15% in waste glass powder quantity. Thus, the employment of waste glass powder could be efficient and practical as a substitute for sand in concrete, partially using 15% of waste glass. Also, Figure 13 indicates some results in the literature identifying the splitting tensile strength characteristics when the waste glass is substituted in concrete.
Figure 13. Splitting tensile strength evaluation by some authors [78]
It can be noted from Figure 13 that the splitting tensile strength ranges from roughly 2 to 7 MPa in most of the authors’ work [79-82]. Table 5 illustrates some advantages related to recycled waste glass for concrete with its replacement percentage.
Table 5. Recycled waste glass advantages for concrete with its replacement percentage
|
No |
Research Publication: Author(s), (Year) |
Type of Properties |
Percentage of Waste Glass Replacement |
|
1 |
Sikora et al. [83] |
Thermal and Mechanical Properties (Compressive strength, density; thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity) |
100% of waste glass fine aggregate |
|
2 |
Sun et al. [84] |
Mechanical properties (Flexural strength, density, compressive strength) |
0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of waste glass fine aggregate |
|
3 |
Guo et al. [85]; Mehta and Ashish [86]; Qaidi et al. [87]; Mohajerani et al. [88]; Chung et al. [89]; Siddika et al. [90]; Harrison et al. [91]; Abdelli et al. [92]; Esmaeili and AL-Mwanes [55]; Khan et al. [93] |
Mechanical properties (Durability, compressive strength, carbonation resistance, workability, concrete density) |
Varied (A review) |
|
4 |
Yang et al. [94] |
Mechanical properties (Compressive strength, fire resistance) |
10%, 20% and 30% of waste glass fine aggregate |
|
5 |
Islam et al. [95] |
Mechanical properties (Compressive strength, workability) |
0% to 25% of waste glass fine aggregate |
|
6 |
Tamanna et al. [96] |
Mechanical properties (Flexural strength, density, compressive strength, workability) |
20%, 40% and 60% of waste glass fine aggregate |
|
7 |
Mohammadyan and Ghaderi [97] |
Mechanical and thermal properties (Flexural strength, tensile strength, compressive strength, workability, water absorption, permeability; Conductivity |
20% of waste glass fine aggregate |
|
8 |
Salem et al. [98] |
Mechanical properties (Density, voids) |
5, 10, 15 and 20% of waste glass fine aggregate |
|
9 |
Sudharsan and Saravanaganesh [99] |
Mechanical properties (Density, compressive strength, water absorption) |
0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20% of waste glass fine aggregate |
|
10 |
Letelier et al. [100] |
Mechanical properties (Flexural strength, density, compressive strength) |
10, 20 and 30% of waste glass powder |
|
11 |
Kim et al. [101] |
Mechanical properties (Compressive strength, density, water absorption, flexural strength) |
0, 50, and 100% of waste glass fine aggregate |
|
12 |
Li et al. [102] |
Mechanical properties (water permeability, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength) |
0, 10, 15, 20, and 25%) of waste glass fine aggregate |
|
13 |
Jiao et al. [12] |
Mechanical properties (Splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, compressive strength) |
0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of waste glass fine aggregate |
|
14 |
Hama et al. [103] |
Mechanical properties (Compressive strength) |
0%, 10%, and 15% of waste glass fine aggregate |
|
15 |
Keerio et al. [104] |
Mechanical properties (Water absorption, workability, compressive strength) |
10%, 20%, 30 and 40% of waste glass fine aggregate |
|
16 |
Ahmad et al. [105] |
Mechanical properties (Chemical resistance to acids, workability, tensile strength, compressive strength) |
10%, 20% and 30% of waste glass fine aggregate |
|
17 |
Lu et al. [106] |
Thermal and Mechanical Properties (Compressive strength, water absorption, permeability; Thermal conductivity) |
50% of waste glass fine aggregate |
|
18 |
Ibrahim [107] |
Mechanical properties (Water absorption, workability, compressive strength, tensile strength) |
0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of waste glass fine aggregate |
Furthermore, Figure 14 indicates the number of publications discussing waste glass utilization in concrete over the years [79].
Figure 14. Growth in the number of articles discussing waste glass use in concrete over the years [79]
It is inferred from Figure 14 that over the years, the number of academic publications related to the investigations and assessments of waste glass in concrete has been increasing.
Besides the substantial impact, beneficial mechanical properties, and positive effects of integrating waste glass into the UHPC, several researchers investigated the impact of waste glass on the durability of UHPC. For instance, Tahwia et al., [108], Mostafa et al. [109], Soliman and Tagnit-Hamou [110] reported that replacing some ratios of cement, sand, or other UHPC components would achieve enhancements in the UHPC mechanical properties and durability. The durability of UHPC can be described as the UHPC capability and potential to offer practical resistance to weathering, degradation, abrasion, and severe chemical circumstances to provide optimum and superlative mechanical properties. Those aspects are vital to helping UHPC offer better serviceability, significant quality, and damage under challenging working conditions throughout the lifespan of UHPC. Figure 15 represents some examples and layouts of concrete degradation and deterioration due to a lower level of durability than UHPC.
Figure 15. Some illustrations of concrete deterioration in China: (a) Reinforced Concrete (RC) column in a coastal region, (b) transmission tower with RC foundation, (c) RC column, (d) RC bridge pier, (e) RC boundary monument, and (f) RC bridge pier [111]
According to the comprehensive review led in this paper, the major process implemented in this work can be summarized in the following paragraphs.
This study was managed to bridge a knowledge gap reflected in the identification of waste glass beneficial impacts on UHPC’s thermal performance, energy efficiency, and thermal conductivity when it is added into it using different replacement proportions. Also, this article addresses the environmental consequences of waste glass. In addition to causing a number of environmental problems, throwing glass bottles and other trash out into the wild is also illegal. Reinforcing concrete with recycled glass has positive long-term effects on the environment, as it helps lessen human activity's impact on natural areas and water supplies. This paper attempts to provide a complete assessment of the substantial contributions and crucial relevances of integrating waste glass into Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC). Based on the thorough review adopted in this work, the critical findings of this research can be listed in these following points:
Using waste glass with different replacement ratios of cement/ sand could:
In addition to these research findings, it was found that studies have shown that replacing cement/sand with waste glass at a ratio of 5%-100% results in the best mechanical qualities for UHPC. The recycled glass used in place of sand and cement typically ranges in size from 0.05 to 2.0 mm. The amounts of cement and sand replacement increased the UHPC’s compressive strength, durability, splitting tensile strength, and workability, making it suitable for demanding construction projects. Furthermore, the literature outcomes indicated that the majority of published studies examined how using waste glass altered the mechanical properties of UHPC. Many studies have been conducted, but just a few have focused on quantifying the reduction in carbon and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that result from using recycled glass in UHPC.
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