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Male humpback whales emit songs during the breeding season. These songs are made with successive vocalizations called sound units. The study of these songs is based on the classification of these sound units, especially to extract the song theme of the singers in a specific area during a specific season. Recently, some approaches are proposed for automatic classification of these sound units. This paper introduces the sparse coding as a robust unsupervised classifier to generate efficient time-frequency representation of the calls of the whale. Secondly, the subunit shows to be interesting to analyze the evolution of the humpback whale songs during two years. It is statistically shown that the shortest units are the most stable (occurring with similar time frequency shape across the two years), while the longest units are evolving from one year to one other.
RÉSUMÉ
Au cours de la période de reproduction, les baleines à bosse mâles émettent des vocalises organisées et, pour certaines, répétées formant ainsi le leitmotiv d’un chant. Principalement, dans le but de mieux appréhender le comportement de ces baleines et notammen les interactions entre individus (mâle/mâle, mâle/femelle), plusieurs études sont actuellement menées sur ces chants. Dans cette étude, nous nous intéressons aux unités sonores, vocalises séparées par 2 silences, qui composent ces chants, à leurs récurrences, et à leurs structurations. Cependant, tous ces paramètres dépendent de l’année et du lieu d’enregistrement. Des travaux antérieurs ont souligné la nécessité de méthodes objectives pour la classification de ces unités sonores. L’analyse détaillée des vocalisations a montré que les caractéristiques d’une unité peuvent changer brusquement pendant toute sa durée, ce qui les rend difficiles à caractériser et à grouper systématiquement. Cet article propose un codage parcimonieux des chants afin de déterminer leurs composantes stables de celles qui varient, pour différentes échelles de temps. Une définition de la complexité du code est également proposée afin de séparer les composantes du chant du bruit mer. Notre méthode est illustrée sur un chant précédemment analysé. Les ré-sultats sont donnés pour le classement d’unités sonores et aussi de sous-unités sonores, notion que notre équipe a introduite précédemment. Cette étude montre statistiquement que les codes les plus courts sont les plus stables et surviennent avec une fréquence similaire sur deux années consécutives, tandis que les plus longues unités sont clairement différentes.
sparse coding, humpback whale, sound units
MOTS-CLÉS
codage parcimonieux, baleine à bosse, unités sonores
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