Unlocking the Potential of Smart Security and Surveillance Technology in Prisons: A Brief Review

This study refers to the Kitchenham approach. The Kitchenham comprises three stages: planning, implementation, and reporting. In the planning stage, objectives, scope, and research questions are defined, and a review protocol is developed. The implementation stage involves executing a thorough literature search, applying predefined criteria for study selection, and rigorously assessing study quality. The reporting stage includes documenting the entire process and presenting results using concise and transparent methods. The Kitchenham approach ensures a structured and rigorous approach to systematic literature review.

In the planning stage, the protocol consists of criteria and research questions (RQ). This study uses the PICOC framework (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Context) formula to formulate RQ. An explanation of the PICOC framework can be seen in Table 1. According to the PICOC framework, RQ was obtained regarding smart technology definition, issues, and challenges, and implementing security and surveillance technology in prison.

Table 1. PICOC framework

In the implementation stage, there are two criteria for the selection process, namely inclusion and exclusion. An explanation of the inclusion and exclusion can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2. Inclusion and exclusion criteria

The search strategy is structured based on selecting key terms using alternative words and synonyms in each search string. The publication search was carried out since the study of prison technology appeared, 2013 to 2023. The data source was taken from the Scopus database and then imported into the Mendeley software. The Scopus database provides access to leading journals, conferences, and other scholarly literature. Google Scholar covers various publications from various disciplines and provides broader coverage than Scopus. At this stage, several irrelevant papers were issued based on the title and abstract. The second selection stage is performed from the appropriate paper to determine the final paper. We used item checklist to do quality test of the articles. The item checklist is provided in Table 3.

Table 3. Item checklist

In the reporting stage includes documenting the entire process and presenting results using concise and transparent methods. Data were extracted by reviewing papers with annotated bibliographies. This study uses annotated bibliographic network visualization using VosViewer, a software tool that can create, visualize, and analyze bibliometric networks [4]. It uses cluster analysis and color mapping techniques to enhances the exploration of bibliographic networks. Cluster Analysis groups closely related items, revealing thematic concentrations, while color mapping assigns distinct colors to clusters or attributes. These techniques provide an intuitive visual representation of relationships, aiding researchers in identifying themes, influential works, and the evolution of research topics over time within Mendeley sources. The VOS Viewer visualization on the Kitchenham approach is a distinct technique that can be used together to enhance the effectiveness and impact of the literature review and help better understand complex relationships and patterns within the literature. The visualization of the annotated bibliography can be seen in Figure 1.

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Figure 1. The visualization of the annotated bibliography

The process of analyzing the final papers uses thematic analysis techniques. Data collected from various articles were analyzed and compared systematically. The authors identified and coded the relevant data units, then grouped these codes into categories according to the scope of the research. Each theme captures the essence of the information in the data related to smart technology, the issues and challenges of smart technology, and the implementation of security and surveillance technology in prison. An explanation of the whole selection process can be seen in Figure 2.

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Figure 2. The selection process of Kitchenham’s approach

According to the results, this section will be divided into 4 (four) sub-sections related to the definition of smart technology in prison, issues and challenges of smart technology in prison, the implementation of smart technology for security and surveillance in prison, and implications of smart technology in prison.

4.1 Smart technology in prisons

Smart government entails the effective utilization of Information Technology within governmental settings. It evolved from the concept of e-government, which seeks to leverage technology to enhance the quality and efficiency of public services. These services are delivered through a well-structured, integrated system that ensures easy access and effective monitoring. While the definition of smart government is still evolving, it essentially involves employing ICT in governmental processes to foster innovation, effectiveness, efficiency, transparency, and accountability. Gil-Garcia's study further defines smart government as a progression from e-government, incorporating elements of innovation and public engagement [5, 6].

The accessibility of digital technologies and tools for inmates remains a contentious and sensitive topic. Jewkes and Johnston's research offers a historical perspective on prisons, highlighting how restricted access portrays prisoners as secondary citizens in an era dominated by information technology, likening them to cavemen in an era of light-speed technology [7]. The current approach, limiting prisoners' access to digital tools and the Internet, further widens the gap between prison and society [8]. In an age where access to technology and the Internet is crucial, denying prisoners these resources deprives them of essential advancements and educational opportunities available to the general populace. This deprivation not only exacerbates social isolation but also impedes their reintegration into society post-release. Knight's work [9] provided insights into how the withdrawal of technology can impact prisoners' relationships with others, giving voice to their experiences. In recent discourse, an increasing number of researchers advocate for a digital transformation within prisons, advocating for prisoners' participation in this process. In many modern societies, digital technologies serve as the primary means of communication with the outside world, highlighting their importance [10]. Several countries have begun implementing and developing digital self-service systems in prisons, viewing it as part of a broader digitalization trend or as a feature of smart cities [11].

The digitization process influences the dynamics of interactions and relationships among staff and inmates, along with reshaping staff roles and the broader prison culture [5, 12]. It's imperative for correctional facilities to introduce targeted digital transformation initiatives, guided by thorough needs assessments and collaborative networking across organizations [12]. Effective digital projects must navigate potential risks, fully leverage the benefits of digitization, and demonstrate measurable effectiveness. Aldhaheri and Xia's research [13] highlighted the anticipated hurdles in integrating smart technology within prison infrastructures and underscored the essential considerations prior to adopting intelligent technologies. They reveal that while installing smart technology in prison, the authority should consider its durability, high labor efficiency, safety, and security features [14]. Kaun and Stiernstedt [15] examined the benefits and drawbacks of intelligent technology in prisons. Digital technology in smart prisons includes both systems that can help prisoners by giving them access to services and systems built into the prison’s infrastructure to benefit the authorities through security features [16]. However, more must be done before prisons can offer the same degree of digital services as smart government. Using the intelligent government model to develop smart prisons would be perfect. Correctional facilities should strive to keep pace with digitally advanced institutions like schools, hospitals, and the military. Authors contend that integrating smart technologies for inmates can enhance security and surveillance measures [12]. Our study addresses this research gap by offering valuable insights into the complexities and obstacles associated with implementing security and surveillance technologies within prisons.

A novel approach termed "smart" seeks to enhance daily experiences by merging physical and digital components through embedded sensors that interface with intelligent devices [17]. This paradigm shift, as described by IBM, involves a thorough examination of our activities using big data to promote productivity and enrich our lifestyles [17]. The integration of supercomputers and cloud computing facilitates this connectivity, linking everything through the Internet of Things. Within correctional settings, smart technology represents a pioneering concept that emphasizes digital services aimed at rehabilitation, education, and social reintegration. This approach acknowledges the importance of rehabilitation initiatives that strive to disrupt the cycle of crime by reshaping offenders' mindsets, attitudes, and behaviours [18]. According to Lindström and Puolakka [19], smart prison is defined as cutting-edge technology to reduce recidivism rates and facilitate successful reintegration while being cost-effective and therapeutic. Some correctional industries try to define the concept of a smart prison by approaching smart prison as a method for increasing operational efficiency, visibility to critical data, and leveraging technology to improve organizational operations dramatically. Smart prisons use digital technology to improve management, reduce costs, and increase safety and security [20]. Smart prisons use technologies such as biometrics, radio frequency identification (RFID), and artificial intelligence (AI) to manage prisoners, reduce the workload of prison staff, and improve safety and security. It may also use digital technologies to educate and train prisoners and help them prepare for reintegration into society after release. The concept of a smart prison revolves around establishing a secure and humane setting for inmates, personnel, and visitors alike. Smart prisons seek to enhance the correctional system by leveraging technology and data to gain deeper insights into and effectively manage the dynamics among prisoners, staff, and visitors. This approach aims to not only minimize costs and enhance public safety but also to bolster security measures to deter repeat offenses, facilitate successful reintegration into society, and foster a shift away from recidivism culture.

Table 4. Issues on smart technologies in prison

4.2 Issues and challenges on smart technology in prisons

In recent years, the perception of prisons has shifted towards emphasizing their role in separating individuals from society rather than solely as places of punishment. The primary aims of prisons now include correcting behavior, preparing inmates for successful reintegration into society, and reducing recidivism rates. There is a growing movement advocating for the use of digital technology to afford inmates access to education, communication, leisure activities, and opportunities for personal growth, including technological resources. Such technology aids in the delivery of rehabilitation programs, enhances access to healthcare services, and facilitates secure communication with family members outside the prison walls. However, despite the availability of various technological solutions, the adoption of technology in prisons remains relatively slow and often premature. Many current implementations fall short of achieving true digital transformation within correctional systems. Given the crucial role prisons play in society, further research is needed to explore how prison staff can effectively leverage technology to improve their operations. Details outlining the challenges associated with implementing smart technologies in prisons can be found in Table 4.

Ensuring prison security is a challenging matter. There are several challenges associated with implementing smart technology in prisons. Some of these challenges are highlighted below:

(1) Cost: Integrating smart technology into prisons can pose substantial financial obstacles, particularly for developing nations. The expenses associated with acquiring and sustaining these technologies often present a formidable challenge [13, 15].

(2) Technological Constraints: Smart technology in prisons may be limited by the availability of the necessary technological infrastructure. The need for appropriate technology infrastructure, including power, connectivity, and hardware, can affect the implementation of smart technology in prisons [13, 26].

(3) Privacy and Ethical Issues: Using technology in prisons raises concerns about privacy and ethical issues. Surveillance and monitoring devices can infringe on prisoners' privacy rights and dignity, leading to ethical concerns [16, 28].

(4) Cybersecurity threats: Smart prison technology can be vulnerable to cyber-attacks, leading to data breaches and security threats. It is necessary to implement appropriate cybersecurity measures to protect the prison's critical data and systems [29].

(5) Resistance to change: Implementing smart technology in prisons can be met with resistance from prison staff and management. The staff may fear job loss or reduced job security due to automation, while management may be hesitant to invest in new technologies [12, 15, 27, 30, 31].

Table 5 provides a comprehensive overview of the hurdles encountered in the deployment of smart technologies within prisons.

4.3 Implementation of smart technology for security and surveillance in prisons

Table 5. Challenges on smart technology in prison

In the United States, Europe, and Australia, there is a burgeoning interest in modernizing prison environments through the integration of digital technology and tablet computers [38, 39]. Discussions have revolved around the potential benefits of introducing digital self-service devices to empower prisoners with more control over their lives while incarcerated. Over the years, sensor network solutions have been employed for monitoring and security purposes in prisons. A variety of technologies are employed across administration, security, and prisoner education, showcasing the adoption of intelligent technology in prison operations [40]. Examples include the utilization of IoT in monitoring systems, which integrate data into global monitoring platforms via wireless sensor networks and cloud computing, as well as the deployment of video surveillance and analytics systems, digital self-service devices, among others. These advancements underscore the increasing utilization of smart prison technology to streamline existing processes and address challenges within prison settings [41].

The predominant focus of applications within prison environments revolves around security and surveillance [42-44], particularly evident in Asian countries like China. Here, sophisticated surveillance systems are implemented to continuously monitor inmates, even within their cells [45-47]. Through a network of cameras and sensors, inmates' movements are tracked in real-time and integrated into an artificial intelligence framework, employing facial recognition and motion analysis technologies. This enables the generation of daily activity reports for each prisoner and the identification of any aberrant behavior [18]. Similar surveillance systems are also deployed in Hong Kong, utilizing cameras equipped with analytical monitoring capabilities to detect anomalies such as self-harm or loss of consciousness among inmates, with the capability to promptly alert officers [45]. Another application makes use of data obtained from tracking bracelets. This wearable bracelet will track prisoners' vital signs and whereabouts, including biometric data and early warning signs, such as signs that they may have injured themselves [47]. Robots monitor prisoner violence and suicide risk in South Korea to help reduce the workload of human guards. Robotic arms that move on the feces of prisoners are also used in Hong Kong prisons to inspect contraband such as drugs. An additional instance of advanced security technology within prisons is exemplified by a comprehensive monitoring system for inmates' phone communications in US prisons [18]. This system utilizes speech recognition, semantic analysis, and machine learning algorithms to compile a database of keywords capable of identifying potentially concerning calls, such as discussions involving criminal activities like conspiracy or contraband smuggling. Furthermore, technologies like image and pattern recognition, exemplified by AI-driven video analysis platforms currently in use in select prisons, are increasingly integrated into CCTV surveillance systems. Notably, Liverpool prison incorporates security cameras equipped with artificial intelligence to deter illicit activities such as drug, contraband phone, and weapon smuggling, as well as to identify other suspicious behaviors [48]. Additional insights into the implementation of smart security and surveillance technologies in prisons are detailed in Table 6.

Table 6. Security and surveillance technology in prison

The use of smart technology has brought revolutionary changes in security and surveillance fields. The use of smart cameras and smart sensors can help increase the effectiveness of surveillance [15]. With motion detection and facial recognition capabilities, smart cameras can automatically identify suspicious activity or unwanted individuals and immediately notify security guards [16]. This enables a fast and timely response to potential threats. Furthermore, intelligent data analysis systems can integrate and analyze data from multiple sources, such as cameras, sensors, and other security systems. Using artificial intelligence, the system can identify suspicious behavior patterns, highlight vulnerable points, and provide early warning of potential security risks [15]. Internet of Things (IoT) networks can enhance security and surveillance. Connecting security devices, such as motion sensors, alarms, and smart door locks, to a centralized network allows systems to be managed and monitored remotely [16]. It allows users to easily control and monitor the security of their home or workplace through a mobile app or other device. The biometric recognition technology can also be integrated into security and surveillance systems [16]. Using fingerprints, retina scanning, or facial recognition can help ensure more secure and controlled access to restricted areas. With this technology, individual identities can be verified accurately, reducing security risks related to stolen access cards or passwords. Finally, strong cybersecurity must complement intelligent security and surveillance systems [37]. Protecting data and networks from cyber threats like hacking or malware is critical in this digital era. Therefore, sophisticated, and constantly updated cybersecurity technologies must be integral to any implemented smart technology solution. In conclusion, smart technology offers great potential to enhance security and surveillance systems. By leveraging smart cameras, smart data analytics, IoT networks, biometric recognition, and cybersecurity, we can create a safer and more secure environment in prison. However, it is essential to remember that these technologies must also be managed with proper ethics and privacy, so that we can harness their potential without compromising fundamental human rights values.

4.4 Implications of smart technology in prisons

The exploration of the ramifications of smart technology in prison will occur within three primary areas: Ethical Contemplations, Prison Administration, and Policy Development. The infusion of smart technology into prison environments introduces a nuanced spectrum of ethical considerations that demand careful examination [15, 54]. A critical aspect involves intricately addressing privacy concerns intertwined with surveillance and data collection. Achieving a delicate balance between the imperatives of security and the preservation of individual privacy rights emerges as a pivotal challenge. Additionally, the proactive ethical stance required for deploying biometric systems aims to identify and mitigate potential biases, ensuring fair and equitable treatment of inmates.

The transformative impact of smart technology on prison management unfolds across multiple facets, with security enhancement as a foundational element. Real-time monitoring, automated threat detection, and responsive systems collectively bolster the safety and security of prisons [45, 46, 53, 55, 56]. Simultaneously, smart technology acts as a catalyst for resource optimization, automating routine tasks, streamlining operations, and empowering prison staff to engage in more intricate aspects of their roles. This not only elevates overall operational efficiency but also fosters a judicious and strategic use of personnel and resources.

The integration of smart technology necessitates a dynamic and adaptive approach to policymaking [13, 57]. Policymakers grapple with the challenge of aligning legal frameworks with the rapid evolution of technology, necessitating continuous updates to address emerging challenges and evolving ethical considerations. The data-rich environment fostered by smart technology becomes a cornerstone for evidence-based policymaking. Policymakers can leverage these insights to craft informed and responsive policies, spanning correctional practices, rehabilitation initiatives, and holistic inmate management. The overarching goal is to strike a delicate equilibrium, harnessing the transformative potential of technology while upholding ethical principles and ensuring the resilience and efficacy of correctional policies.