Assessment of Haditha Dam Surface Area and Catchment Volume and Its Capacity to Mitigate Flood Risks for Sustainable Development

Assessment of Haditha Dam Surface Area and Catchment Volume and Its Capacity to Mitigate Flood Risks for Sustainable Development

Raad F. Hasan* Mohsen Seyedi Riyadh Alsultani

Civil Engineering Department, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10011, Iraq

Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Architecture, Altınbaş University, Istanbul 212, Turkey

Building and Construction Techniques Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Engineering Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon 51001, Iraq

Corresponding Author Email: 
dr.riyadh.abdulabbas@uomus.edu.iq
Page: 
1973-1978
|
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.18280/mmep.110728
Received: 
12 July 2023
|
Revised: 
17 November 2023
|
Accepted: 
25 November 2023
|
Available online: 
31 July 2024
| Citation

© 2024 The authors. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: 

The purpose of this study is to assess Haditha Dam's catchment area and accessible surface area in order to guarantee that these regions can hold water without being at risk of floods. Using topographic data, the study simulated the two-dimensional catchment area and flow area below the dam. The monthly increase in water storage was then computed using the water balance equation and HEC RAS software. These increments were used to determine the required flow that might be utilized to run the dam more efficiently. Significant outflows were found at the start of the operational year. These volumes will probably cause water to accumulate, water levels to increase quickly, and heights to climb. In order to make sure that these regions can store water without running the danger of flooding, the goal of this study is to assess the catchment area of a contemporary dam and its accessible surface area. The study generated a two-dimensional catchment region and flow area below the dam using topography data. The water balance equation and HEC RAS software were then used to determine the monthly increase in water storage. The necessary flow that could be utilized to run the dam as effectively as possible was calculated using these increments. This assessment provides a comprehensive analysis of the dam's capacity to manage water storage efficiently and mitigate flood risks, contributing to sustainable water management practices.

Keywords: 

water quantity, overtopping, flood, Haditha Dam, sustainable model

1. Introduction

Within a nation or region's hydrological system, dams play a significant role. By lowering the danger of flooding and increasing the amount of energy that can be generated, they aid in the irrigation of vast tracts of land with surface water and aid in the urbanization of regions downstream [1]. The function of dams in Iraq is seen in the way they store water, control river flow, and supply water for a variety of uses, including irrigation [2].

Although dams and reservoirs are naturally occurring, numerous man-made structures are built to regulate them. Landslides, volcanic eruptions, and rising ground pressure are examples of geological phenomena that can construct mountains and create rock dams that stop lakes from forming [3]. Iraq's hydrological system is mostly dependent on the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, however there are other sources of water that are used for diverse purposes. Along these rivers, several dams have been constructed to regulate reservoir capacity and water outflow [4]. One of the most significant dams constructed in Iraq on the Euphrates River, Haditha Dam is used for flood risk reduction, irrigation, and water storage [5].

River flooding may have negative effects on the economy, society, and environment. The inadequate knowledge of regional differences in flooding has, however, resulted in a number of poorly understood flood patterns and hazy projections of future floods. Studying the lack of reaction to floods benefits greatly from an understanding of the underlying mechanisms. It is crucial to concentrate on evaluating floods over big regions, especially repeated occurrences like yearly peaks. Rarely researched [6] are several catastrophic flood alterations that only sometimes occur at a tiny number of locations having records of continuous monitoring. In summary, flooding happens when water builds up and floods wide regions, much like flowing water.

Heavy rainfall or a rise in the amount of water that is greater than the capacity of typical watercourses, such as lakes, rivers, or reservoirs, might cause it to be channeled to storage zones. Most flooding is dangerous and results in home devastation [7].

All storage alternatives are estimated to be affected by the effects of environment change. Longer droughts, less precipitation, and efforts to keep soil water levels constant are a few examples of this. These elements help to raise the soil's moisture content, which has an impact on crops [8]. Groundwater recharge brought on by increasing sea levels may be lessened if the leakage rate declines. As a result, there is a major danger that coastal aquifers will be exposed to a significant amount of saltwater intrusion [9].

Various external elements connected to different forms of storage are also impacted by climate change. For instance, areas where there is extensive water storage serve as breeding grounds for insects like mosquitoes, which may spread a variety of harmful waterborne infections [10-13].

In addition to serving several other purposes, the primary objective of many dams constructed for the purpose of generating power or storing water is to reduce the danger of flooding. One of the major long-term effects of groundwater recharge and dams is the provision of water for several municipal and local uses. In order to provide water, dams hold water when it is at its lowest point.

This allows for the irrigation of several farmed regions, particularly during dry seasons. Dams increase water, particularly on the lower side, while decreasing the usage of groundwater [14-19]. The features of surface flow, as well as how it interacts with surface water and groundwater, are mostly influenced by the reservoir's management. This is where the connection between drainage and recharge changes [20-24].

From the above, it can be inferred that the water surface and the watershed's size influence numerous modifications that transpire at the water sheet's level, particularly with regard to the quantity of water that is utilized by people. It is anticipated that groundwater levels between the source and the downstream will be directly impacted by contemporary dams. Furthermore, groundwater rises on reservoir surfaces in several natural scenarios.

2. Material and Method

2.1 Area of study

The western Iraqi regions connected to Ana and Rawa are entirely submerged under the reservoir of the Haditha Dam. The dam is situated near Haditha's boundaries on the Euphrates River. Lake Al-Qadisiyah forms as a result of the dam's restriction on the water flow behind it [14, 25-28]. The Haditha Dam is situated in a confined area on the Euphrates River, as seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Haditha Dam photographic [19]

It is situated several kilometers downstream from the city [16]. The topography, geology, and the presence of karst rocks in the dam supports all contributed to the choice of this location, which offers ideal conditions for construction and the procurement of regional building materials. The dam is approximately 9,064 meters long overall. Measuring from the deepest point in the river channel, which is influenced by topography and hydrological conditions, the dam's height is 57 meters [10].

2.2 Methodology

Analyzing the volumetric rate of water occupied by the catchment area is part of the technique since it influences how much water can be discharged downstream and how well the dam can supply water for other uses, such as irrigation.

The water balance equation was used to assess the hydrological activities resulting from the movement and direction of the water body in order to initiate the analytical process. The following is the mass balance equation that connects the downstream area with the storage area:

$\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{t}}=\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{t}-1}+\mathrm{Q}_{\mathrm{C}}+\mathrm{Q}_{\text {in }}-\mathrm{Q}_{\text {out }}-\mathrm{U}_{\mathrm{RL}}+(\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{E}) * \mathrm{~A}_{\mathrm{RL}}$         (1)

where,

Vt: Volume of storage (in m3) of reservoir at time t

Vt-1: Volume of storage (in m3) of reservoir before change

Qc: The inflow toward the storage area (in m3)

Qin: The lateral inflow from other up streams toward the storage area (in m3)

Qout: The outflow from the storage area (in m3)

URL: Water withdrawal (in m3) at time t

P: Participation (in m)

E: Evaporation (in m)

ARL: Reservoir area (in m2)

2.3 HEC RAS work

The (HEC-RAS) model from the "US army Corps of Engineers River Analysis System" was utilized in this study's simulations. An elaborate graphic with many capabilities is used to display program outputs. This model's sediment load component was created to replicate the one-dimensional deposition of sedimentation and river erosion [15]. In this version of the model, some of the analyses are based on the following hypotheses:

(1). Flow is constant and varies gradually (except from a hydraulic structures).

(2). Flow is unidirectional, meaning that velocity components in directions other than the flow direction are ignored.

(3). River channels have "small" slopes, at 1:10 or less.

(4). Treating the river's bend as a straight, while ignoring its effects.

(5). Ignoring the wash load's value because it is so little.

There are several ways to determine fall velocity, thus the researcher must select the best approach. There are four techniques in the fall velocity editor in HEC-RAS. The Ruby formula was used in this investigation. The "Stokes law" (for tiny particles susceptible only to viscous resistance) and an impact formula (for huge particles outside of the Stokes region) are used to provide an analytical link between the sediment characteristics, fluid, and the fall velocity [21].

Figure 2. Identifying the program's 2D downstream region

HEC-RAS software was used to evaluate the areas above and below Haditha Dam. The 2D catchment area and flow region below the dam were simulated by the program using topography data. Refer to Figure 2. This simulation was run to look at the likelihood of overtopping failure that might happen when the dam's uniform flow rate is disturbed. Utilizing the program, the first stage was to assess the necessary data, which included flow rate and dam height, two factors that have an impact on water storage capacity.

The following Tables 1-4 provide a summary of the necessary data utilized in the HEC RAS program:

Table 1. Haditha Dam initial data obtained from the Iraqi Ministry of Water Resources

Elevation of Dam Crest (m)

154

Length of dam (m)

9

Height of dam (m)

57

Table 2. Volume of storage-elevation data of Haditha Dam reservoir obtained from the Iraqi Ministry of Water Resources

Elevation (m)

Volume of Storage (*107 m3)

102

0

120

77

140

532

145

765

147

827

150

966

152

1042

Table 3. The inflow of the storage area of Haditha Dam (m3/s) annual discharge

Year Month

2018

2019

2020

2021

1

688

684

680

676

2

675

668

660

662

3

500

490

480

470

4

319

302

297

286

5

439

437

435

439

6

385

384

383

381

7

500

503

506

508

8

672

681

691

690

9

476

472

479

481

10

322

313

314

295

11

432

423

413

403

12

506

495

484

483

Table 4. The anticipated monthly water balance following application of the water balance calculation

Month

Qc (m3/sec)

P (mm)

E (mm)

Change in Vt (m3/sec)

1

676

21.9

61.1

1710692000

2

662

5.8

103.8

1661104000

3

470

0

147.6

1144440000

4

286

0

176.5

653062000

5

439

0

176.9

1049438000

6

381

0

136.2

919452000

7

508

5.4

81.6

1273236000

8

690

10.2

30.8

1767980000

9

481

22.4

13.6

1228752000

10

295

18.2

7.8

751640000

11

403

16.3

12.9

1029976000

12

483

20.7

26.3

1228436000

For the four years between 2018 and 2021, the study's monthly storage space flow was determined.

3. Result and Discussion

The formula of water balance is mainly based on the inflow towards the reservoir area. The volume of water in a catchment region is also significantly influenced by the intensity of the rainfall and possible evaporation. The initial storage volume before any changes is equal to 827×107m3. Figure 3 demonstrates the variation of monthly outflow in Haditha Dam. According to this figure, the highest amount of outflow was observed in January. Once the water balance equation with the imposed variables were calculated, the outputs were shown in Table 5.

Figure 3. Variation of monthly outflow in Haditha Dam

Table 5. The determined catchment with respect to water elevation, after applying the water balance equation with the imposed variables

Elevation

Area (*1000m2)

147

415000

147.5

839010

148

1263020

148.5

1687030

149

2111040

149.5

2535050

150

2959060

150.5

3383070

151

3807080

151.5

4231090

152

4655100

152.5

5079110

153

5503120

153.5

5927130

154

6351140

3.1 Model evaluation

The water quantity balance equation can serve as the foundation for the applied model that can be utilized to manage Haditha Dam's water capacity. If we assume that there are variables x1, x2, x3, and so on, we may write the equation like this:

$x 1-x 2+(x 3-x 4) A=x 5$           (2)

where,

x1 = rate of inflow (m3/sec),

x2 = rate of outflow (m3/sec),

x3 and x4: rainfall intensity and the evaporation (in mm),

x5 = the current storage rate,

A = area of reservoir.

By assigning other parameters as M and EL

where,

M= month number 1 for January, 2 for February and so on

EL = Elevation (m. s. l.)

The equation that represented the occupation of water quantity in storage zone between two elevations is:

$\mathrm{A} \times\left(\mathrm{EL}_2-\mathrm{EL}_1\right)=\mathrm{x}_1 * \mathrm{t}$            (3)

where,

t= time to occupy the storage zone

From two equations:

$\frac{\mathrm{A} *(\mathrm{EL} 2-\mathrm{EL} 1)}{t}=x 1-x 2+(x 3-x 4) \mathrm{A}$           (4)

t = f(M),

A = f(EL).

3.2 Model results

The elevation of the water surface can be calculated by subtracting the depth to water from the ground surface elevation. Then, comparisons of water elevations can be made between monitoring well locations and the direction and gradient of water flow can be determined.

Dam water is referred to as retained or stored water. One of two units of measurement is available: "Cusecs" or "Tmcft." Cusec is the colloquial shorthand for "cubic feet per second." The conversion to 28,317 liters per second is possible. Outflow is the water volume that leaves a reservoir per second by the spillway of Hadith dam; and withdrawal is the water volume that leaves a reservoir per second only when it is specifically withdrawn.

Given the knowledge of the relationships S=S(h) and Q=Q(h), one can calculate the height of the tank and, consequently, the discharge at the end of the time step using (S2+Q2 ∆t/2). To cover the whole flow hydrograph, repeat this process.

Table 6 tabulates the predicted monthly outflow of the dam with respect to current elevation for the first four month of the studied year.

In summary, the findings demonstrated that the carefully regulated lowered flows of the dam and clear water discharge created significant modifications to the channel and its flow regime, and that the water surface height was decreased as a result of the reduced water releases and low flow under the Haditha Dam's quantity design. The intermediate lands in the research region emerged as a result of this.

The study calculated the amount of time needed for water to reach a specific height using the water balance equation and the data that was gathered. The water level rose from 147 meters to 154 meters in the least amount of time, 10.7 hours, in January. The longest brief time occurred in January and lasted 10.7 hours. Each month's data was displayed in graphs by the research.

A significant volume of flow was sent downstream in January to sustain the dam without any concerns, indicating a very urgent condition. HEC RAS was used to model the flood. About 15.4 km were covered by the wave 40 hours after the flood began.

Table 6. Predicted monthly outflow (m3/s) with respect to current elevation

Elevations

January

February

March

April

147.5

661.2

641

440.3

245.6

148

662.2

640.8

438.9

238.9

148.5

663.0

640.6

437.4

232.2

149

663.9

640.3

435.9

225.4

149.5

664.7

640

434.4

218.7

150

665.5

639.7

432.9

212

150.5

666.3

639.4

431.4

205.2

151

667.1

639.1

429.9

198.5

151.5

667.9

638.7

428.4

191.8

152

668.7

638.4

426.9

185

152.5

669.5

638.1

425.4

178.3

153

670.3

637.8

423.9

171.6

153.5

671.1

637.5

422.4

164.8

154

671.9

637.1

420.8

158.1

Figure 4. Dam breach due to flood wave (time=40 hours)

When the rainfall increased, the overall load in the study region rose. This process causes large amounts of sediment to be transported across river cross-sections together with runoff water from the valleys. The amount of silt transported depends on a number of variables, including bed slop, the amount of water released from Haditha Dam, and the manning coefficient.

The spatial wavelength increase in the HEC RAS simulation occurs 10, 20, 30, and 40 hours after the initial bypass condition, covering 3.8, 5.1, 11.3, and 15.4 kilometers in length (Figure 4).

4. Conclusion

Flood control dams have two options: they may hold onto floodwater and use it for other reasons, or they can discharge floodwater downstream in regulated proportions. Flood control dams have two options: they may hold onto floodwater and use it for other reasons, or they can discharge floodwater downstream in regulated proportions. Dams not only provide safe drinking water and safeguard against increasing river and sea levels, but they also produce energy, supply irrigation water for farming, offer pleasant recreational areas, and improve the environment.

The factors that must be considered in selected dam are topography and geological conditions of Haditha dam site and the need to be able to cope with conditions of extreme flood. The value of sediment load of this study at selected station was not taken in consideration. The study's findings point to the necessity of having a more vigorous conversation about dams' detrimental effects on the environment and human well-being, including population relocation, altered water and sediment flows, and disruption of ecosystem services and means of subsistence.

The information covers monthly flow volumes towards the catchment region behind Haditha Dam, as well as the topographic behavior of the areas above and downstream. The research looked at the year-round impacts of evaporation and rainfall.

Water storage variations were evaluated all year round, with the greatest variations being noted in the early and late phases of the operative year. After then, the data is utilized for outflow analysis, which may help regulate dam operations more effectively and avoid floods. The catchment area's average water level has been established at 147 meters above sea level.

Based on the contour lines behind the dam, the study looked at how the catchment area's possible size increased. From a height of 147 meters to the summit of the dam, which is located at 154 meters, calculations of volume and surface area were performed. The study calculated the accessible surface area with regard to altitudes ranging from 147 to 154 meters by establishing a regression correlation.

The study calculated the amount of time needed for water to reach a specific height using the water balance equation and the data that was gathered. The water level rose from 147 meters to 154 meters in the least amount of time, 10.7 hours, in January. In the study, these temporal values were thought to be crucial for controlling flood hazards brought on by transgression. Using HEC-RAS software, flood simulations were run, and the results showed that 40 hours after incursion, a flood wave with a wavelength of around 15.4 km appeared.

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