Suggested Method for Heat Transfer Calculation During Film Condensation Inside Pipes with Movable Frontiers

Suggested Method for Heat Transfer Calculation During Film Condensation Inside Pipes with Movable Frontiers

Yanán Camaraza-MedinaYaniel García-Lovella Andres A. Sánchez-Escalona Elizaida Torres-Sarmiento Oscar M. Cruz-Fonticiella Osvaldo F. García-Morales

Center of Energy Studies and Environmental Technology, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, 54440, Cuba

Metallurgical Mining Higher Institute, Doctoral Research Program. 83330 Moa, Holguín, Cuba

Department of Technical Assistence, School Buss Company, Segundo Frente, 93330, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba

Technical Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Matanzas, 44440, Cuba

Corresponding Author Email: 
ycamaraza1980@yahoo.com
Page: 
449-454
|
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.18280/mmep.060317
Received: 
20 June 2019
|
Revised: 
23 August 2019
|
Accepted: 
3 September 2019
|
Available online: 
15 September 2019
| Citation

OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: 

This paper provides a second evaluation, with the intention of formulating an improved model that is capable of predicting the mean coefficients of heat transfer during condensation inside tubes with any orientation. This model has been developed through the application of transportable borders for the propagation of heat inside an elementary volume, up to the macro system considered. The theoretical model obtained leads to two basic dimensionless groups, which establish the study intervals that should be considered in the correlation of experimental quantities available, for the development of future experimental models.

Keywords: 

flow condensation, heat transfer coefficient, mathematical deduction, movable frontiers

1. Introduction

Condensation is a mode of heat transfer involving saturated steam. Condensation occurs when the vapor finds a surface at a temperature below the saturation temperature, then when this event occurs; the agent undergoes a phase change, [1-5].

At present, several works are available, in which a detailed study of the correlation of several known models has been developed, as well as its index of uncertainty in the prediction of the average heat transfer coefficients. However, on the contrary, there are still divergences regarding the structure and way of grouping the variables, which should predict the condensation models, for this reason it is that about two dozen models are known, as well as the variables and asymmetrical groups that compose them [6-8].

Currently, Chato's expression is the one used to obtain the coefficient of heat transfer by condensation inside pipes. This method was developed for horizontal pipes, and in their correlation, several refrigerants and water were used. The Chato equation is valid for Reynolds numbers below 35000. Chato's model assumes that vapor has negligible velocity, so it does not provide heat to the stratified liquid at the bottom of the tube, and offers no resistance to it.

The knowledge of this problem motivates the authors to develop an analysis methodology that considers the effect of steam drag and that also includes the effect of sub-cooling of the liquid, and that for others is as accurate as the methods currently used, [9- 12].

To solve this problem and its subsequent application to the condensation of vapors inside a tube with any geometric orientation, the authors combined the solution of the differential equation of temperature distribution with the differential relationship of the velocity profile. Based on the above, the authors define as the objective of this work to make a second attempt to present a model that allows improving the correlation indexes obtained at present with the valid calculation procedures. This model has been obtained through the application of problems with mobile borders, for the propagation of heat in the confined space in the boundary layer inside the tubes, with any geometrical orientation.

2. Mathematical Considerations

2.1 Eigenfunction expansions on boundary layer

The elliptical operators are the elements that provide the closest natural analogy to the one-dimensional linear differential operators, which are shown in details in the works [2-4].

The operator $L=-\nabla^{2}$ is formally self-adjoint with respect to the inner product, then:

$\langle\phi, \chi\rangle=\iint \phi^{*} \chi d x d y$     (1)

This property given in Equation (1) follows from Green’s identity

$\begin{aligned} \iint_{\Omega}^{\square}\left\{\phi^{*}\left(-\nabla^{2} \mathbf{x}\right)-\left(-\nabla^{2} \phi\right)^{*} \chi\right\} d x d y &=\int_{\partial \Omega}\left\{\phi^{*}(-\nabla \mathbf{x})-\right.\\\left.(-\nabla \phi)^{*} \chi\right\} n d s & \end{aligned}$       (2)

In Equation (2) ∂Ω is the boundary of the region Ω and n is the outward normal on the boundary. 

By means of the method of separation of variables, it is possible to solve problems of eigenvalues, which include the operator of Laplace, for example, the problem of Dirichlet's eigenvalues requires that a group of eigenfunctions be determined and also that the operator's eigenvalues be defined.

$L=-\nabla^{2}, \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{L})=\left\{\phi \in L^{2}[\Omega] : \phi=0, \text { on } \partial \Omega\right\}$      (3)

Suppose $\Omega$ is the tube $0 \leq l \leq l_{x}, 0 \leq r \leq r_{x}$. the normalized eigenfunctions are:

$\phi_{n, m}(x)=\sqrt{\frac{4}{l_{x} r_{x}}} \sin \left(\frac{n \pi l}{l_{x}}\right) \sin \left(\frac{m \pi r}{r_{x}}\right)$      (4)

with eigenvalues

$\lambda_{n, m}(x)=\left(\frac{n \pi}{l_{x}}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{m \pi}{r_{x}}\right)^{2}$      (5)

The eigenfunctions are orthonormal

$\int \phi_{n, m} \phi_{n^{\prime}, m^{\prime}} d x d y=\delta_{n n^{\prime}} \delta_{m m^{\prime}}$      (6)

and complete. Thus, any function in $L^{2}[\Omega]$ can be expanded as

$f(x, y)=\sum_{m, n=1}^{\infty} A_{n m} \phi_{n, m}(x, y)$       (7)

where

$A_{n m}=\iint \phi_{n, m}(x, y) f(x, y) d x d y$     (8)

As long as the Laplace operator can be isolated, it is possible to define a compact set in the form of a product of its own functions, given in the coordinate system $\xi_{i}$ such that theboundary becomes $\xi_{i}=$ const. The compactness of the space in several dimensions is guaranteed by the integrity of the functions of each one-dimensional differential operator described by its own functions.

Conversely, for other coordinates systems, the own functions when being separated are not functions of elementary character, reason why the Laplacian is composed then by a set of own functions of Dirichlet, which will be valid in any region of integration.

2.2 Applications of the Green functional

Once we known the eigenfunctions $\varphi_{\mathrm{n}}$ and eigenvales $\lambda_{\mathrm{n}}$ for $-\nabla^{2}$ in a region Ω we can write down the Green function as

$g\left(r, r^{\prime}\right)=\Sigma_{n} \frac{1}{\lambda_{n}} \varphi_{n}(r) \varphi_{n}^{*}\left(r^{\prime}\right)$      (9)

The Green function for the Laplacian in the entire R^nis givenby the sum over eigenfunctions

$g\left(r, r^{\prime}\right)=\int \frac{d^{n} k}{(2 \pi)^{n}} \frac{e^{i k \cdot\left(r-r^{\prime}\right)}}{k^{2}}$       (10)

Thus 

$-\nabla_{\mathrm{r}}^{2} g\left(r, r^{\prime}\right)=\int \frac{d^{n} k}{(2 \pi)^{n}} e^{i k \cdot\left(r-r^{\prime}\right)}=\delta^{n} \cdot\left(r-r^{\prime}\right)$       (11)

We can evaluate the integral given in Equation (11) or any nby using Schwinger’s trick to turn the integrand into a Gaussian (see Figure 1):

$\begin{aligned} g\left(r, r^{\prime}\right) &=\int_{0}^{\infty} d s \int \frac{d^{n} k}{(2 \pi)^{n}} e^{i k \cdot\left(r-r^{\prime}\right)} e^{-s k^{2}} \\=\int_{0}^{\infty} d s &(\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{s}})^{n} \frac{1}{(2 \pi)^{n}} e^{-\frac{1}{4 s} k^{\prime}} \cdot\left|r-r^{\prime}\right|^{2} \\ &=\frac{1}{2^{n} \pi^{0.5 n}} \int_{0}^{\infty} d t t t^{0.5 n-2} e^{t \cdot\left|r-r^{\prime}\right|^{2} / 4} \\ &\left.=\frac{1}{2^{n} \pi^{0.5 n}} \Gamma\left(\frac{n}{2}-1\right)\left(\frac{\left|r-r^{\prime}\right|^{2}}{4}\right)^{1-0.5 n}\right)^{1-0.5 n} \\ &=\frac{1}{(n-2) S_{n-1}}\left(\frac{1}{\left|r-r^{\prime}\right|}\right)^{n-2} \end{aligned}$       (12)

In Eq. (12), the term Γ(x) is Euler’s gamma function:

$\Gamma(x)=\int_{0}^{\infty} d t t^{x-1} e^{t}$        (13)

And

$\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{n}-1}=\frac{2 \pi^{\mathrm{n} / 2}}{\Gamma(\mathrm{n} / 2)}$      (14)

Eq. (14) is the surface area of the n-dimensional unit wall.

For three dimensions, the equation (12) is transformed to:

$g\left(r, r^{\prime}\right)=\frac{1}{4 \pi\left|r-r^{\prime}\right|} \quad ; \quad n=3$         (15)

When studying the phenomena in two dimensions, it is noted that the Fourier integral turns out to be divergent for reduced values of thermal conductivity k. This divergence is possible to control if the dimensionless regularization techniques are applied. For this purpose, it is assumed that the number of samples n turns out to be a continuous variable, therefore it is possible to establish that:

$\Gamma(x)=\frac{1}{x} \Gamma(x+1)$      (16)

Together with

$a^{x}=e^{a \ln x}=1+a \ln x+\cdots$     (17)

To examine the behavior of $g\left(r, r^{\prime}\right)$ near n=2:

$\begin{aligned} g\left(r, r^{\prime}\right) &=\frac{1}{4 \pi} \frac{\Gamma(n / 2)}{(n / 2-1)}\left(1-(n / 2-1) \ln \left(\pi\left|r-r^{\prime}\right|^{2}\right)+O[(n-\right.\\\left.\left.2)^{2}\right]\right)=& \frac{1}{4 \pi}\left(\frac{1}{n / 2-1}-2 \ln \left|r-r^{\prime}\right|-\ln \pi-\gamma+\cdots\right) \end{aligned}$         (18)

Figure 1. Interior potential development of the Green functional

In Eq. (18) the term $\gamma=-\Gamma^{\prime}(1)=0.5772$ is the Euler-Mascheroni constant. 

The pole 1⁄((n⁄(2-1)) ) blast up at n=2, it is independent of position, however, this term can be incorporated and simplified, the  $-\ln \pi-\gamma$ into an undetermined additive constant. Then, the limit n→2 can be taken and we find:

$g\left(r, r^{\prime}\right)=\frac{1}{2 \pi} \ln \left|r-r^{\prime}\right|+$ const. $, \quad n=2$       (19)

The inclusion of a constant value in Eq. (19) does not influence on the Green- function property, so we can choose any convenient value for it. Although this procedure allows to reduce the uncertainty index of the coefficient of thermal conductivity, press in the Fourier integral, in the measure that the value of the thermal conductivity is increased, a problem of convergence of the function is generated, however, the Green function in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$  allows us to solve for ϕ(r) in the equation

$-\nabla^{2} \varphi=q(r)$     (20)

when n=1 the problem is reduced to the study of a volume of elementary control of a section of the tube.

Any section is taken along the tube, to establish the control volume, (see Figure 1), considering in a first approximation attempt that the flow has one-dimensional sharing, which simplifies the study, since then the axial components they are a priority, while the radial elements pass to a secondary role, so they can be neglected.

In the elementary section considered for the study (see Figure 2), the process is assumed in steady state, then, the input is then defined by the PB segment, while the AQ segment becomes the output zone of the heat flow. For this reason, the heat flux, its trajectory is known, but the arbitrary function that is capable of describing it is unknown, but it can be described in an approximate way, which can be expressed as:

$\begin{aligned} x &=X_{1}(t) \text { for } P B \\ x &=X_{2}(t) \text { for } A Q \end{aligned}$         (21)

By applying the principle of maximum value, it is possible to establish that in the problem studied there is one and only one solution, which turns out to be continuous and maximum, then the Green’s functional differential can write as:

$\Xi_{(T)}=-a^{2} \frac{\partial^{2} T}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial T}{\partial t}$         (22)

Figure 2. Model problem and elementary volumes employed

The selected elementary section PAQB can be divided into four linear sections, called PB, AQ, BQ and AP. For any of these linear sections, the solution of the differential equation (12) and its combination with the integral criterion of Green, allows obtaining an integral complex, which allows solving the problem on the studied boundary at any point inside and outside the volume of control, [10-11]:

$\int_{P B} \varphi \psi d x-\int_{A Q} \varphi \psi d x+\int_{B Q}[\varphi \psi d x+a^{2}\left(\psi \frac{\partial \varphi}{\partial x}-\varphi \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial x}\right) d t-\int_{A P}\left[\varphi \psi d x+a^{2}\left(\psi \frac{\partial \varphi}{\partial x}-\varphi \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial x}\right) d t\right]=0$       (23)

In Eq. (23), the term $\varphi(x, t)$ is the heat transfer solution for the problem.

2.3 Applications of the finite element procedures to the problems solution

When the Green´s Equation is equal to zero, then the source function $\psi=G_{0}(x, t, \xi, \tau)$ is obtained. This equation in the infinite line is:

$\psi=G_{0}(x, t, \xi, t)=\frac{1}{2 \sqrt{\pi a^{2}(t-\tau)^{2}}} e^{-\frac{(x-\xi)^{2}}{4 a^{2}(t-\tau)}}$        (24)

Assuming that the solution to the heat transfer problem inside the selected elementary volume is described by φ(x,t+h), where h>0, then it is possible to formulate the solution of the heat transfer problem φ(x,t)  Substituting x-h=ξ  and t=τ+h, the Tijonov’s infinite line (Equation (24)) is transformed to:

$\psi=G_{0}(x, t)=\frac{1}{2 \sqrt{x a^{2} h^{2}}} e^{-\frac{(2 x-h)}{4 a^{2} h}}$         (25)

The solution of the desired problem can be generated from the simplification given previously for the elementary section PABQ, applying for that purpose the criterion of the minimum energy principle, finding for each integral section its corresponding minimum, which is possible when applying the following substitutions:

$\varphi(x, t) \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{\pi a^{2} h^{2}}} e^{-\frac{(2 x-h)^{2}}{4 a^{2} h}}=\overline{\omega}$      (26) 

or:

$\frac{1}{2 \sqrt{\pi a^{2} h^{2}}} e^{-\frac{(2 x-h)^{2}}{4 a^{2} h}} \frac{\partial \varphi(x, t)}{\partial x}-\varphi(x, t) \frac{\partial\left(\frac{1}{2 \sqrt{\pi a^{2} h^{2}}} e^{-\frac{(2 x-h)^{2}}{4 a^{2} h}}\right)}{\partial x}=\omega$        (27)

that proves to be equivalent:

$\overline{\omega} \frac{\partial \varphi}{\partial x}-\varphi(x, t) \frac{\partial \overline{\omega}}{\partial x}=\omega$         (28)

Substituting Eq. (27) and Eq. (28), in Eq. (23):

$\left.\left.\int_{P B} \overline{\omega} d x-\int_{A Q} \overline{\omega} d x+\int_{B Q}\left[\begin{array}{c}{\overline{\omega} d x} \\ {+a^{2}\left(\overline{\omega} \frac{\partial \varphi(x, t)}{\partial x}\right.}\end{array}\right)-\varphi(x, t) \frac{\partial \overline{\omega}}{\partial x}\right) d t\right]-\int_{A P}\left[\overline{\omega} d x+a^{2}\left(\overline{\omega} \frac{\partial \varphi(x, t)}{\partial x}-\varphi(x, t) \frac{\partial \overline{\omega}}{\partial x}\right) d t\right]=0$        (29)

By using finite element techniques, it is possible to reduce equation (30) to a control volume composed of linear finite elements. A triangular finite element composed of three nodes is selected (one-dimensional triangular element). The one-dimensional triangular element has a node at the center and the two remaining nodes are located at both ends of the finite element [3], see Figure 3.

Figure 3. Representation of a quadratic one-dimensional element

The form functions for this type of elements are:

$N_{1}=-\frac{1}{2} \xi(1-\xi) ; \quad N_{2}=(1+\xi)(1+\xi)$

$N_{3}=\frac{1}{2} \xi(1+\xi)$       (30)

The approximate procedures for the solutions of the problems is obtained between the analysis of each individual segment in the given control volume (see figure 2), combining the Equations (30) and (29).

Segment PB

Entry

$\left(-\frac{1}{2} x+x^{2}\right) V_{X}=a\left(-\frac{1}{2} x+x^{2}\right)^{2}+3 \mu\left(\frac{\partial V_{X}}{\partial x}\right)^{2}$    (31)

Intermediate

$\left(1-2 x+x^{2}\right) V_{x}=a\left(1-2 x+x^{2}\right)^{2}+3 \mu\left(\frac{\partial V_{X}}{\partial x}\right)^{2}$    (32)

Exit  

$\left(\frac{1}{2} x+x^{2}\right) V_{X}=a\left(\frac{1}{2} x+x^{2}\right)^{2}+3 \mu\left(\frac{\partial V_{X}}{\partial x}\right)^{2}$       (33)

Segment AQ

Entry

$-\left(-\frac{1}{2} x+x^{2}\right) V_{X}=-a\left(-\frac{1}{2} x+x^{2}\right)^{2}+-3 \mu\left(\frac{\partial V_{X}}{\partial x}\right)^{2}$      (34)

Intermediate

$-\left(1+2 x+x^{2}\right) V_{x}=-a\left(1+2 x+x^{2}\right)^{2}-3 \mu\left(\frac{\partial V_{X}}{\partial x}\right)^{2}$        (35)

Exit

$-\left(\frac{1}{2} x+x^{2}\right) V_{X}=-a\left(\frac{1}{2} x+x^{2}\right)^{2}-3 \mu\left(\frac{\partial V_{X}}{\partial x}\right)^{2}$      (36)

The simultaneous solution of the Equation (31) to (36) allows obtaining than the final solution is dependent of one dimensionless group, known as dimensional velocity (1$/ J_{g}$) [13]

$J_{g}=\frac{x G}{\sqrt{g d \rho_{V}\left(\rho_{L}-\rho_{V}\right.})}$      (37)

For inclined and vertical tubes, the use of the criterion of weak solutions allows to obtain equality of results with respect to that obtained in Eq. (37), [14-16].

3. Experimental Validation

3.1 Experimental validation of the new model

The dimensionless Shah parameter is defined by Equation (53) [17]:

$Z=\left(\frac{1-x}{x}\right)^{0.8} \operatorname{Pr}_{L}^{0.4}$        (38)

The combination of the Equations (37) and (38) provide the applicability range for vertical, inclined and horizontal tube.

For vertical and inclined tubes

Zone $1 J_{g} \geq \frac{1}{2.37 Z+0.728}$        (39)

Zone $2 \quad 0.927 e^{\left(-0.0868 Z^{-1.165}\right)}<J_{g}<\frac{1}{2.37 Z+0.728}$        (40)

Zone $3 J_{g} \leq 0.927 e^{\left(-0.0868 Z^{-1.165}\right)}$       (41)

For horizontal pipes

Zone $1 \mathrm{J}_{g} \leq 0.979(Z+0.262)^{-0.618}$       (42)

Zone $2 J_{g}>0.979(Z+0.262)^{-0.618}$      (43)

An extended summary of the validity range in which the developed model provides an adequate fit is given in Table 1, [15].

3.2 Elements to consider for the application of the developed model

In investigations carried out, the authors [15] show that Eqns. (39) to (43) can be used in the determination of a model for the calculation of the average coefficient of heat transfer by condensation, valid for any spatial configuration of the tube. This procedure allowing also reducing the uncertainty index up to 13 % for vertical and inclined tubes, while for horizontal tubes the average error is reduced up to 11.8 %.

Table 1. Validity range for the proposal model

Parameter

Range

Fluids

R-134A, R-142B, R-404A, R-410A, R-502, R-507, Water, isobutene, propylene, propane, benzene, ethanol, methanol, toluene, R-22, R32, R-113, R-123, R-125 and dowtherm 209.

Inner diameter of the tube (mm)

2 to 50

Orientation of the tube

Inclined downwards, horizontal and vertical downwards

Reduced pressure, $p_{R}$

0.0008 to 0.91

G (kg/m2s)

4 to 850

$P r_{L}$

1 to 18

$R e_{L}$

68 to 84832

$R e_{V}$

8210 to 523980

x (steam quality)

0.01 to 0.99

Z

0.005 to 20

$J_{g}$

0.6 to 20

Table 2 offers a comparison of the index of correlation obtained when compare the experimental available data with the obtained results by means of the uses of a group of existing models in literature [15, 21]. When verifying the given results, it could be verified that the proposed model evidences better values of adjustment, with an average error of the 15 %.

Table 2. Comparison of the some models with experimental values

Model

% average deviation in horizontal tubes

% average deviation in vertical and inclined tubes

Bohdal [11]

14.9

Dobson-Chato [9]

14.3

Akers et al. [17]

18.6

Carpenter-Colburn [9]

19.9

Shah [7]

13.9

15.7

Tandon [12]

21.2

Cavallini [10]

14.6

Camaraza et al. [21]

11.8

13.0

For vertical tubes, in the dispensable literature, only have a suitable model to predict the heat transfer coefficients, the Shah's equation, for this reason, in this paper, only are executed comparisons with this model. finding a deviation of 15.7 %, which is coincident with the 15.8 % showed in the original publication of the method [19-23].

4. Conclusions

The methods required for the mathematical deduction of a new model were developed, applying for this purpose the criterion of mobile boundaries of Green. The construction of the mathematical model was obtained with a process based on finite element techniques, determining for this purpose two dimensionless groups, obtaining from these a new model that allows reducing the uncertainty in the calculation of the average transfer coefficient of heat by condensation inside pipes.

The adequacy of the differential criterion of the profile of velocities in the interior of tubes and their subsequent combination with the differential equation of the temperature profile, it is possible to execute it by means of the use of the mathematical technologies propitiated by the method of mobile borders. This procedure allows including the effect of the propagation of heat in a two-dimensional confined space, with any spatial orientation.

The developed model is valid for horizontal, vertical and inclined tubes. The developed model was tested with similar solutions provided by other authors, and a better correlation index was found, with an average error of 11.8 % for horizontal tubes and 13 % for inclined and vertical tubes.

Acknowledgment

The authors give special thanks to Dr. Angel M. Rubio Gonzales, for the assistant in this paper.

Nomenclature

$a$

Thermal diffusivity,  m2∙s-1

$C_{p}$

Specific heat, J∙kg-1∙K-1

Q

Equivalent inner tube diameter, m

G

Mass flux, kg∙m-2∙s-1

g

Gravitational acceleration, m∙s-2

$h_{f, g}$

Latent heat of vaporization, J∙kg-1. K-1

h

Single-phase heat transfer coefficient, kg∙m-1∙K-1∙s-1

$h_{T}$

Two-phase heat transfer coefficient, kg∙m-2∙s-3∙K-1

$h_{C}$

Single-phase heat transfer coefficient, kg∙m-2∙s-3∙K-1

$h_{m e d}$

Experimental measured value, kg∙m-2∙s-3∙K-1

$J_{g}$

Dimensionless velocity

k

Fluid thermal conductivity, W∙m-1∙K-1

$k_{L}$

Fluid thermal conductivity for single-phase, W∙m-1∙K-1

$P r_{L}$

Prandtl number for single-phase

$p_{R}$

Reduced pressure

$R e_{L}$

Liquid Reynolds number

$R e_{V}$

Vapor Reynolds number

T

Mean fluid temperature, °C

$\Delta T$

Temperature difference across the condensate film

$T_{\text {sat}}$

Saturation temperature, °C

TP

Wall temperature, °C

V

Velocity profile, m∙s-1

$V_{M a x}$

Maximum velocity, m∙s-1

$V_{x}$

Velocity component in x axis, m∙s-1

$V_{y}$

Velocity component in y axis, m∙s-1

$V_{z}$

Velocity component in z axis, m∙s-1

x

Thermodynamic vapor quality

Z

Dimensionless Shah parameter

Greek symbols

$\beta$

Thermal expansion coefficient, K-1

$\mu$

Dynamic viscosity, kg∙m-1∙s-1

$\theta$

Tubes inclination respect to horizontal line

$\rho$

Density, kg∙m-3

$\xi$

Number of intervals in function form, Equation (30)

$\mathcal{V}$

Liquid kinematic viscosity, m2∙s-1

$\delta$

Film thickness of boundary layer, m

$\varphi$

Solution of the heat transfer problem, (Equation (26))

$\psi$

Source function, (Equation (24))

$\tau$

Temperature in Green’s functional, (Equation (22))

$\overline{\omega}$

Substituting term employed in Equation (28)

Subscripts

L

Liquid

V

Vapor

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