Adaptive Terminal Synergetic Synchronization of Hyperchaotic Systems

Adaptive Terminal Synergetic Synchronization of Hyperchaotic Systems

Yamina HaddadjiMohamed Naguib Harmas Abdlouahab Bouafia Ziyad Bouchama 

Electrical Engineering Department, University Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, Setif 19000, Algeria

QUERE Laboratory University Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, Setif 19000, Algeria

Electrical Engineering Department, University Mohammed El Bachir El-Ibrahimi BordjBou-Arreridj, BordjBou-Arreridj 34000, Algeria

Corresponding Author Email: 
y.haddadji@univ-setif.dz
Page: 
789-795
|
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.18280/jesa.540515
Received: 
26 October 2020
|
Revised: 
7 July 2021
|
Accepted: 
15 July 2021
|
Available online: 
31 October 2021
| Citation

© 2021 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: 

This research paper introduces an adaptive terminal synergetic nonlinear control. This control aims at synchronizing two hyperchaotic Zhou systems. Thus, the adaptive terminal synergetic control’s synthesis is applied to synchronize a hyperchaotic i.e., slave system with unknown parameters with another hyperchaotic i.e., master system. Accordingly, simulation results of each system in different initial conditions reveal significant convergence. Moreover, the findings proved stability and robustness of the suggested scheme using Lyapunov stability theory.

Keywords: 

hyperchaotic Zhou system, terminal synergetic, synchronization, Lyapunov

1. Introduction

Chaos theory and chaotic systems are deterministic, irregular, and aperiodic with unpredictable behavior having an extra-sensitive dependence on initial conditions [1]. Hence, chaotic systems are generally defined as a set of two or three autonomous nonlinear equations. Accordingly, a three-dimensional chaotic system includes one positive, one zero, and one negative Lyapunov exponents. Thus, if a system has more than three states and displays chaotic behavior, then it is referred to as a hyperchaotic system [2], that was first discovered by Rössler [3]. For instance, among the classical common systems are, Lorentz system [4], hyperchaotic Lü system [5], Chua’s circuit [6], and Qi system [7]; in addition, the recent hyperchaotic systems are Dadras system [8], hyperchaotic Vaidyanathan systems [9], hyperchaotic Sampath system [10], and hyperchaotic Pham system [11]. On the other hand, a four-dimensional hyperchaotic system contains one more positive Lyapunov exponent. It has complex dynamics and characteristics than chaotic systems; therefore, this type of dynamics has miscellaneous applications in engineering such as secure communications [12, 13], cryptosystems [14], encryption [15, 16], and electrical circuits [17, 18].

Furthermore, in the last two decades, synchronization of chaotic and hyperchaotic systems has been a crucial topic of research, it is required when a chaotic system drives another chaotic system reaching asymptotically zero error between master and slave systems states. Among synchronization types studied recently in the literature are: complete synchronization [19], anti-synchronization [20, 21], hybrid synchronization [22, 23], lag synchronization [24], phase synchronization [25], anti-phase synchronization [26], generalized synchronization [27], projective synchronization [28], generalized projective synchronization [29-31], etc.

In the same vein, since the discovery of chaos synchronization applications, various control techniques and methods have been developed, such as active control method [32] can be used when the system parameters are known, adaptive control method [31, 33] is applied when the system parameters are unknown., nonlinear feedback [34], backstepping control [35] and sliding mode control [36].

Similar to sliding mode (SMC) but without chattering, the synergetic technique is a robust approach which doesn’t need linearization with no discontinuous term in its control law is thus more suited for real-time implementation. As in sliding mode control upon reaching the equilibrium point, the system dynamics remain insensitive to a class of parameter deviations and disturbances. A variety of successful applications of this approach exist such as a battery charging system [37], a power system stabilizer [38, 39], a quadrotor helicopter system [40], and DC_DC power converter control [41, 42].

The goal considered in this paper, is to force the master-slave hyperchaotic systems to be synchronized even if they have differential initial conditions. Simulation results show that the proposed controller effectively drives the slave system in spite of different initial conditions. In this paper, Section 2 introduces the hyperchaotic Zhou system while Section 3 covers the main results for the adaptive terminal synchronization of the identical Zhou systems with unknown parameters using terminal synergetic control. Finally, the concluding remarks are given in Section 4.

2. System Description

In 2009, hyperchaotic Zhou system [43] is described by a fourth order model.

$\dot{x}_{1}=a\left(x_{2}-x_{1}\right)+x_{4}$

$\dot{x}_{2}=c x_{2}-x_{1} x_{3}$

$\dot{x}_{3}=-b x_{3}+x_{1} x_{2}$

$\dot{x}_{4}=d x_{1}+0.5 x_{2} x_{3}$     (1)

x1, x2, x3 and x4 represent the system variables, and a, b, cand d are system parameters. Hyperchaotic comportment for (1) can be observed for:

a=35, b=3, c=12, 0<d<34.8     (2)

Using (2), the system linearization matrix at the equilibrium point E0=[0 0 0] is obtained as:

$A=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}-a & a & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & c & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -b & 0 \\ d & 0 & 0 & 0\end{array}\right]$    (3)

Eigenvalues of A are:

$\lambda_{1}=c, \lambda_{2}=-b, \lambda_{3}=\frac{-a+\sqrt{a^{2}+4 d}}{2}$

$\lambda_{4}=\frac{-a-\sqrt{a^{2}+4 d}}{2}$     (4)

It is obvious that system (1) is unstable, λ1being positive.

In the simulation study, the values of a, b, c are as given in (2) and the value of d is chosen as d=1.Projections of different attractors are shown in Figure 1. This figure shows the behavior chaotic of Zhou system.

Figure 1. Hyperchaotic Zhou system phase plane portrait

3. Synergetic Control

Synergetic control is a robust nonlinear approach very similar to sliding mode control technique; it relies on a suitable macro-variable choice which comprises variables of interest and a desired performance based constraint.

Synthesis of the controller begins with a choice of a function of two or more state variables called the macro-variable (5):

$\dot{x}(t)=f(x, u, t)$     (5)

x is the system state vector and u the control law.

Synergetic control includes the choice of a function of two or more system variables called the macro-variable as in (6):

$\Psi=\Psi(x, t)$     (6)

The synergetic control goal is to drive the system to a chosen manifold.

$\dot{\Psi}=\frac{d \Psi}{d x} \dot{x}$     (7)

T represents the desired speed convergence to the selected manifold.

$\dot{\Psi}=\frac{d \Psi}{d x} \dot{x}$     (8)

Substituting (9) and (6) into (8) gives:

$\mathrm{T} \frac{d \Psi}{d x} f(x, u, t)+\Psi=0$     (9)

Solving (9) for u leads to (10):

$u=g(x, \Psi(x, t), \mathrm{T}, t)$    (10)

4. Adaptive Synchronization Using Terminal Synergetic Control

An adaptive scheme will be used in this section in conjunction with a terminal synergetic approach to provide a robust control law for globally synchronizing identical hyperchaotic Zhou systems with unknown parameters.

Letting the master system be given as:

$\dot{x}_{1}=a\left(x_{2}-x_{1}\right)+x_{4}$

$\dot{x}_{2}=c x_{2}-x_{1} x_{3}$

$\dot{x}_{3}=-b x_{3}+x_{1} x_{2}$

$\dot{x}_{4}=d x_{1}+0.5 x_{2} x_{3}$      (11)

The slave system with the terminal synergetic controllers (ui) is defined as follows:

$\dot{y}_{1}=\hat{a}\left(y_{2}-y_{1}\right)+y_{4}+u_{1}$

$\dot{y}_{2}=\hat{c} y_{2}-y_{1} y_{3}+u_{2}$

$\dot{y}_{3}=-\hat{b} y_{3}+y_{1} y_{2}+u_{3}$

$\dot{y}_{4}=\hat{d} y_{1}+0.5 y_{2} y_{3}+u_{4}$      (12)

 $y_{1}, y_{2}, y_{3}, y_{4}$ represent system states and $u_{1}, u_{2}, u_{3}, u_{4}$ the adaptive controls to be elaborated based on estimates $\hat{a}, \hat{b}, \hat{c}, \hat{d}$  for the unknown parameters a, b, c, d.

For the complete synchronization of the master and slave systems, the synchronization errors must rapidly reach a zero value i.e.: $\lim _{t \rightarrow \infty} e_{i}=0$. Where ei is defined by: 

$e_{i}=y_{i}-x_{i}$    (13)

Thus, the synchronization errors dynamics can be described by (14):

$\dot{e}_{1}=\hat{a}\left(y_{2}-y_{1}\right)+y_{4}-a\left(x_{2}-x_{1}\right)-x_{4}+u_{1}$

$\dot{e}_{2}=\hat{c} y_{2}-y_{1} y_{3}-c x_{2}+x_{1} x_{3}+u_{2}$

$\dot{e}_{3}=-\hat{b} y_{3}+y_{1} y_{2}+b x_{3}-x_{1} x_{2}+u_{3}$

$\dot{e}_{4}=\hat{d} y_{1}+0.5 y_{2} y_{3}-d x_{1}-0.5 x_{2} x_{3}+u_{4}$     (14)

4.1 Control design

The main objective here is to design adaptive terminal synergetic controllers $\left(u_{1}, u_{2}, u_{3}, u_{4}\right)$ to synchronize the hyperchaotic systems in Eq. (12) with Eq. (11).

First, a macro-variable $\Psi$ is defined to construct a manifold for the nonlinear system to be controlled given as:

$\Psi_{i}=e_{i}+k_{i} \int_{0}^{t} e_{i}^{\frac{p_{i}}{q_{i}}}(\tau) d \tau$

$\Psi_{i}=0$     (15)

The derivative of (15) leads to:

$\dot{\Psi}_{i}=\dot{e}_{i}+k_{i} e_{i}^{\frac{p_{i}}{q_{i}}}$    (16)

where, $i=1,2,3,4$ and $k_{i}>0, p$ and $q$ are positive odd constants, such that 0< $\frac{p}{q}$ <1. Upon reaching the terminal attractor $\Psi=0$, the error system dynamics is constrained by (17):

$\dot{e}_{i}=-k_{i} e_{i}^{\frac{p_{i}}{q_{i}}}$    (17)

which may be written as (18):

$d t=-\frac{1}{k_{i}} e_{i}^{-\frac{p_{i}}{q_{i}}} d e_{i}$     (18)

Time integrating (18) $\left(e_{i}(0) \neq 0, e\left(t_{f}\right)=0\right)$ leads to the following equation:

$t_{f}=\frac{e_{i}(0)^{1-\frac{p_{i}}{q_{i}}}}{k_{i}\left(1-\frac{p_{i}}{q_{i}}\right)}$     (19)

When the system reaches the terminal synergetic mode at $t=t_{f}$, the system state error converges to zero in finite-time.

The adaptive synergetic controllers obtained are given in (20):

$u_{1}=-\hat{a}\left(e_{2}-e_{1}\right)-e_{4}-k_{1} e_{1}^{\frac{p_{1}}{q_{1}}}-\frac{\Psi_{1}}{\mathrm{~T}_{1}}$

$u_{2}=-\hat{c} e_{2}+y_{1} y_{3}-x_{1} x_{3}-k_{2} e_{2}^{\frac{p_{2}}{q_{2}}}-\frac{\Psi_{2}}{\mathrm{~T}_{2}}$

$u_{3}=\hat{b} e_{3}-y_{1} y_{2}+x_{1} x_{2}-k_{3} e_{3}^{\frac{p_{3}}{q_{3}}}-\frac{\Psi_{3}}{\mathrm{~T}_{3}}$

$u_{4}=-\hat{d} e_{1}-0.5 y_{2} y_{3}+0.5 x_{2} x_{3}-k_{4} e_{4}^{\frac{p_{4}}{q_{4}}}-\frac{\Psi_{4}}{\mathrm{~T}_{4}}$      (20)

The estimated unknown parameters are obtained using the following adaptive laws:

$\dot{\hat{a}}=-\Psi_{1}\left(x_{2}-x_{1}\right)$

$\dot{\hat{b}}=\Psi_{3} x_{3}$

$\dot{\hat{c}}=-\Psi_{2} x_{2}$

$\dot{\hat{d}}=-\Psi_{4} x_{1}$      (21)

4.2 Robust stability analysis of the controller

Lyapunov stability analysis is used to study the stability of the controlled system.

Theorem: The adaptive terminal synergetic control input law in Eq. (20) with $k_{i}>0$ and $T_{i}>0$ stabilizes the system.

Proof: A Lyapunov function candidates chosen as:

$V=\frac{1}{2} \sum_{1}^{4} \Psi_{i}^{2}+\frac{1}{2} \sum_{1}^{4} \alpha_{i}^{2}$     (22)

where the parameter estimation errors are defined as:

$\alpha_{1}=\hat{a}-a$

$\alpha_{2}=\hat{b}-b$

$\alpha_{3}=\hat{c}-c$

$\alpha_{4}=\hat{d}-d$    (23)

The derivative of the Lyapunov function gives:

$\dot{V}=\sum_{1}^{4} \Psi_{i} \dot{\Psi}_{i}+\sum_{1}^{4} \alpha_{i} \dot{\alpha}_{i}$    (24)

Using (16) and (23) in (24) results in (25)

$\dot{V}=\Psi_{1}\left[\hat{a} y_{2}-\hat{a} y_{1}+y_{4}-a x_{2}+a x_{1}-x_{4}+u_{1}+k_{1} e_{1}^{\frac{p_{1}}{q_{1}}}\right]$

$+\Psi_{2}\left[\hat{c} y_{2}-y_{1} y_{3}-c x_{2}+x_{1} x_{3}+u_{2}+k_{2} e_{2}^{\frac{p_{2}}{q_{2}}}\right]$

$+\Psi_{3}\left[-\hat{b} y_{3}+y_{1} y_{2}+b x_{3}-x_{1} x_{2}+u_{3}+k_{3} e_{3}^{\frac{p_{3}}{q_{3}}}\right]$

$+\Psi_{4}\left[\hat{d} y_{1}+0.5 y_{2} y_{3}-d x_{1}-0.5 x_{2} x_{3}+u_{4}+k_{4} e_{4}^{\frac{p_{4}}{q_{4}}}\right]$

$+\alpha_{1} \dot{\hat{a}}+\alpha_{2} \dot{\hat{b}}+\alpha_{3} \dot{\hat{c}}+\alpha_{4} \dot{\hat{d}}$      (25)

which leads after some basic mathematical manipulations to (26):

$\dot{V}=\Psi_{1}\left[u_{1}+\hat{a}\left(e_{2}-e_{1}\right)+e_{4}+k_{1} e_{1}^{\frac{p_{1}}{q_{1}}}\right]$

$+\Psi_{2}\left[u_{2}+\hat{c} e_{2}-y_{1} y_{3}+x_{1} x_{3}+k_{2} e_{2}^{\frac{p_{2}}{q_{2}}}\right]$

$+\Psi_{3}\left[u_{3}-\hat{b} e_{3}+y_{1} y_{2}-x_{1} x_{2}+k_{3} e_{3}^{\frac{p_{3}}{q_{3}}}\right]$

$+\Psi_{4}\left[\hat{d} e_{1}+0.5 y_{2} y_{3}-0.5 x_{2} x_{3}+u_{4}+k_{4} e_{4}^{\frac{p_{4}}{q_{4}}}\right]$

$+\alpha_{1}\left[\Psi_{1}\left(x_{2}-x_{1}\right)+\dot{\hat{a}}\right]+\alpha_{2}\left(\Psi_{2} x_{2}+\dot{\hat{c}}\right]$

$+\alpha_{3}\left(-\Psi_{3} x_{3}+\dot{\hat{b}}\right)+\alpha_{4}\left(\Psi_{4} x_{1}+\dot{\hat{d}}\right)$     (26)

Making use of (20), (21) in (26) permits to write:

$\dot{V}=-\frac{\Psi_{1}^{2}}{\mathrm{~T}_{1}}-\frac{\Psi_{2}^{2}}{\mathrm{~T}_{2}}-\frac{\Psi_{3}^{2}}{\mathrm{~T}_{3}}-\frac{\Psi_{4}^{2}}{\mathrm{~T}_{4}}$     (27)

where, $T_{i}>0, i=0, \ldots, 4$.

Thus, one concludes:

$\dot{V}=0$    (28)

It’s obvious that (28) confirms the stability of the system.

5. Simulation Results

Numerical simulations are carried out to assess the proposed method performance; the parameters of the Zhou system for hyperchaotic behavior are: $a=35, b=3, c=12, d=1$.

Two different sets of initial conditions are chosen:

$x_{1}(0)=25, x_{2}(0)=-16, x_{3}=(0) 20, x_{4}(0)=-30$, for the master system (11) and: $y_{1}(0)=14, y_{2}(0)=28, y_{3}(0)=-10, y_{4}(0)=6$, for the salve system.

Initial values for the parameter estimates are taken as: $\hat{a}=6, \hat{b}=10, \hat{c}=20, \hat{d}=15$. The synergetic control parameters used are $T=100, k_{i}=30$, (i=1,..,4).

A comparative study is realized using identical initial conditions between the proposed method and a sliding mode controller. Simulation results are shown in Figure 2 for the synchronization of states of the two identical hyperchaotic Zhou systems, where was it noted that the states of the slave.

Systems in terminal synergetic control are synchronized with the master system faster than the states of SMC.

In Figure 3 the simulation responses of errors of proposed method presents a faster convergence to zero than the sliding mode control errors. Figure 4 shows the parameter estimates of the slave system with terminal synergetic control do converge to parameter values in the master system with faster responses and less oscillations than SMC.

These tables recapitulate the comparison between the two methods TSC and SMC.

Figure 2. Synchronization of the states with SMC and TSC

Figure 3. Synchronization of the errors with SMC and TSC

Figure 4. Comparison of the parameter estimates $\hat{a}, \hat{b}, \hat{c}, \hat{d}$ between SMC and TSC

Table 1. Comparison of the response time of states between TSC and SMC

Methods/response time of states

TSC

SMC

x1,y1

0.031 sec

0.26 sec

x2,y2

0.047 sec

0.17 sec

x3,y3

0.046 sec

0.19 sec

x4,y4

0.059 sec

0.18 sec

Table 2. Comparison of error response time between the two methods TSC and SMC

Methods/response time of errors

TSC

SMC

E1

0.127

0.44

E2

0.059

0.36

E3

0.048

0.45

E4

0.06

0.39

It is evident from Tables 1 and 2 that faster synchronization can be obtained using terminal synergetic control than with the use of SMC by a factor of 4. Sliding mode control induced errors subsides up to 0.4 seconds whereas those related to the proposed approach fade away within 0.15 seconds. So, thanks to the terminal synergetic control (TSC), the accuracy and the dynamic stability of the system is improved.

6. Conclusion

In this paper, an adaptive synergetic terminal approach has been proposed in a synchronization process of two hyperchaotic Zhou systems. Accordingly, the system model used was dismantled, then two identical hyperchaotic systems were synchronized using adaptive terminal synergetic control; provided that the system parameters are unknown. Finally, the findings were compared to sliding mode control results. The simulation outcomes show the prevalence of the synergetic approach over the sliding mode control. Indeed, two identical hyperchaotic systems have been synchronized using adaptive terminal synergetic control assuming unknown system parameters with good overall performance.

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