OPEN ACCESS
This work aims at demonstrating the possibility of producing 2-butanol from lignocellulosic biomass through a new thermochemical approach. The production of biobutanol was carried out using different lignocellulosic feedstock through a 3-step process: first the whole lignocellulosic biomass is hydrolyzed under acid catalyst to produce levulinates, then the levulinates go through decarboxylation to produce 2-butanone which is, in a final step, reduced to produce of 2-butanol. The experimental conditions for the first two steps of the process were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). The latter could represent an opportunity for the production of economical second-generation butanol without having to go through the classical pathway requiring the production of sugar prior to microbial conversion.
homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst, Lignocellulosic biomass, levulinates, platform chemicals, pyrolysis, 2-butanol, biofuel
[1] Steinfeld, J.I., Energy futures and green chemistry: competing for carbon. Sustainability Science, 1(1), pp. 123–126, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-006-0004-7
[2] Bayraktar, H., Experimental and theoretical investigation of using gasoline–ethanol blends in spark-ignition engines. Renew Energy, 30(11), 1733–1747, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2005.01.006
[3] Anderson, J.E., DiCicco, D.M., Ginder, J.M., Kramer, U., Leone, T.G., R aney-Pablo, H .E. & Wallington, T.J., High octane number ethanol–gasoline blends: Quantifying the potential benefits in the United States. Fuel, 97, pp. 585–594, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.03.017
[4] Pereira, L.G., Dias, M.O.S., Mariano, A.P., Maciel Filho, R. & Bonomi, A., Economic and environmental assessment of n-butanol production in an integrated first and second generation sugarcane biorefinery: Fermentative versus catalytic routes. Applied Energy, 160, pp. 120–31, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.09.063
[5] Ndou, A.S., Plint, N. & Coville, N.J., Dimerisation of ethanol to butanol over solidbase catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 251(2), pp. 337–345, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(03)00363-6
[6] Paul, B.J., Enhanced pyruvate to 2,3-butanediol conversion in lactic acid bacteria. US8455224B2, 2013.
[7] Canada, N.R., Current lumber, pulp and panel prices 2013. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/industry/current-prices/13309 (accessed 5 February 2019).
[8] Dernotte, J., Mounaim-Rousselle, C., Halter, F. & Seers, P., Evaluation of Butanol–Gasoline blends in a port fuel-injection, spark-ignition engine. Oil Gas Sci Technol – Rev L’Institut Fr Pétrole, 65(2), pp. 345–351, 2010. https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2009034
[9] Xu, W., Al-Shahrani, F.M., Bourane, A. & Vogel, S.R., Process for the hydration of mixed butenes to produce mixed alcohols. EP2665697A2, 2013.
[10] Rakopoulos, D.C., Rakopoulos, C,D., Papagiannakis, R.G. & Kyritsis, D.C., Combustion heat release analysis of ethanol or n-butanol diesel fuel blends in heavy-duty DI diesel engine. Fuel, 90(5), pp. 1855–1867, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.12.003
[11] Rice, R.W., Sanyal, A.K., Elrod, A,C. & Bata, R.M., Exhaust gas emissions of Butanol, Ethanol, and Methanol-Gasoline Blends. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 113(3), pp. 377–381, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2906241
[12] Timokhin, B.V., Baransky, V.A. & Eliseeva, G.D., Levulinic acid in organic synthesis. Russian Chemical Reviews, 68, pp. 73–84, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1070/rc1999v068n01abeh000381
[13] Chang, C., Xu, G. & Jiang, X., Production of ethyl levulinate by direct conversion of wheat straw in ethanol media. Bioresource Technology, 121, pp. 93–99, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.105
[14] Ding, D., Xi, J., Wang, J., Liu, X., Lu, G. & Wang, Y., Production of methyl levulinate from cellulose: selectivity and mechanism study. Green Chemistry, 17(7), pp. 4037–4044, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5gc00440c
[15] Peng, L., Lin, L. & Li, H., Extremely low sulfuric acid catalyst system for synthesis of methyl levulinate from glucose. Industrial Crops and Products, 40, pp. 136–144, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.03.007
[16] Peng, L., Lin, L., Li, H. & Yang, Q., Conversion of carbohydrates biomass into levulinate esters using heterogeneous catalysts. Applied Energy, 88(12), pp. 4590–4596, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.05.049
[17] Rataboul, F. & Essayem, N., Cellulose reactivity in supercritical methanol in the presence of solid acid catalysts: direct synthesis of methyl-levulinate. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 50(2), pp. 799–805, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie101616e
[18] Zhang, J., Wu, S., Li, B. & Zhang, H., Advances in the catalytic production of valuable levulinic acid derivatives. ChemCatChem, 4(9), pp. 1230–1237, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201200113
[19] Le Van Mao, R., Zhao, Q., Dima, G. & Petraccone, D., New process for the acid-catalyzed conversion of cellulosic biomass (AC3B) into alkyl levulinates and other esters using a unique one-pot system of reaction and product extraction. Catalysis Letters, 141, pp. 271–276, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-010-0493-y
[20] Mao, R.L.V., Catalytic conversion of ligno-cellulosic biomass into fuels and chemicals. WO2013127006A1, 2013.
[21] Garves, K., Acid catalyzed degradation of cellulose in alcohols. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 8(1), pp. 121–134, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1080/02773818808070674
[22] Wu, X., Fu, J. & Lu, X., One-pot preparation of methyl levulinate from catalytic alcoholysis of cellulose in near-critical methanol. Carbohydrate Research, 358, pp. 37–39, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2012.07.002 310 M. Martinez, et al., Int. J. of Energy Prod. & Mgmt., Vol. 4, No. 4 (2019)
[23] Moldoveanu, S.C., Pyrolysis of Organic Molecules: Applications to Health and Environmental Issues. Elsevier, 2009.
[24] Williams, R., Crandall, R.S. & Bloom, A., Use of carbon dioxide in energy storage. Applied Physics Letters, 33, pp. 381–383, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.90403
[25] Wiener, H., Blum, J., Feilchenfeld, H., Sasson, Y. & Zalmanov, N., The heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of bicarbonate to formate in aqueous solutions. Journal of Catalysis, 110(1), pp. 184–190, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(88)90308-9
[26] Jeya, M., Kalyani, D., Dhiman, S.S., Kim, H., Woo, S., Kim, D. & Lee, J., Saccharification of woody biomass using glycoside hydrolases from Stereum hirsutum. Bioresource Technology, 117, pp. 310–316, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.047
[27] Li, H., Peng, L., Lin, L., Chen, K. & Zhang, H., Synthesis, isolation and characterization of methyl levulinate from cellulose catalyzed by extremely low concentration acid. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 22(6), pp. 895–901, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-4956(14)60269-2
[28] Ya’aini, N., Amin, NAS . & Asmadi, M., Optimization of levulinic acid from lignocellulosic biomass using a new hybrid catalyst. Bioresource Technology, 116, pp. 58–65, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.097
[29] Olson, E.S., Kjelden, M.R., Schlag, A.J. & Sharma, R.K., Levulinate esters from biomass wastes. American Chemical Society, pp. 51–63, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2001-0784.ch005
[30] Prasad, K., Jiang, X., Slade, J.S., Clemens, J., Repič, O. & Blacklock, T.J., New trends in Palladium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenations using Formic Acid. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, 347(14), pp. 1769–1773, 2005. doi:10.1002/adsc.200505132