OPEN ACCESS
Throughout its life, the United Nations has played a pioneering role in the world of ideas. COP21 – also known as Paris 2015 – shows the path for the United Nations to establish a new governance that will enforce the compliance of a new planetary carbon-pricing system. Maintaining global warming below 2 °C means implementing an efficient carbon-pricing system, supported by effective measures promoting a green energy transition. A planetary carbon governance yields a number of new insights that include the following: (1) a bonus-malus system with a fixed signal price for carbon, (2) a planetary carbon market that will gather existing regional carbon markets, (3) a hybrid carbon-pricing system linking a carbon tax and a carbon market for advanced countries and (4) a support mechanism for emerging and developing countries to assist them with a carbon-pricing system. This new governance will promote an energy transition plan. In the COP21 context, responsible policymaking requires key characteristics for the enforcement of a successful planetary carbon-pricing system
carbon market, carbon signal-price, greenhouse gases, international governance, United Nations
[1] Robine, J.M., Cheung, S.L., Le Roy, S., Van Oyen, H., Griffiths, C., et al., Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003. C R Biol, 331, pp. 171–175, 2008. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001
[2] International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook, Paris, France: International Energy Agency, 2012.
[3] Stern, N., The economics of climate change: the Stern review. London, HM Treasury, pp. 712, 2006.
[4] Jones, B., Keen, M., Norregaard, J. & Strand, J., Climate change: economic impact and policy responses. International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook, pp. 53–65, 2007.
[5] International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook, Paris, France: International Energy Agency, pp. 12, 2013.
[6] The World Bank, The World Bank Annual Report 2009, pp. 68, 2009.
[7] European Commission. Scaling up international climate finance after 2012. Commis- sion Staff Working Document, European Commission, Brussels, pp. 46, 2011.
[8] De Perthuis, C., Jouvet, P.-A., Trotignon, R., Solier, B., Meurisse, B. & Quemin, S., Economic instruments and the 2015 Paris Climate Conference: the catalyst of carbon pricing. Climate Economics Chair, pp. 12, 2015.
[9] The World Bank, The World Bank Annual Report 2011, pp. 43, 2011.
[10] World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland, pp. 60, 2014.
[11] Harrison, K., The political economy of British Columbia’s carbon tax. OECD Environ- ment Working Papers, pp. 23, 2013.
[12] Den Elzen, M., Lucas, P. & van Vuuren, D., Abatement costs of post-Kyoto climate regimes. Energy Policy, 33(16), pp. 2138–2151, 2005. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. enpol.2004.04.012
[13] Persson, T.A., Azar, C. & Lindgren, K., Allocation of CO2 emission permits – economic incentives for emission reductions in developing countries. Energy Policy, 34(14), pp. 1889–1899, 2006. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.02.001
[14] Flachsland, C., Marschinski, R. & Edenhofer, O., To link or not to link: Benefits and disadvantages of linking cap-and-trade systems. Climate Policy, 9(4), pp. 358–372, 2009. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2009.0626
[15] Fay, M., Hallegatte, S., Vogt-Schilb, A., Rozenberg, J. & Narloch, U., Decarbonizing development, World Bank Group, 2015.
[16] Till, C.E. & Chang, Y., I., Plentiful Energy: The Story of the Integral Fast Reactor United States, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, pp. 116, 2011.