OPEN ACCESS
Airports are a local source of environmental impacts that should be estimated and evaluated in order to promote the right development of these transport nodes. The aim of this paper is to present a methodological approach to identify the environmental impacts produced by an airport node, particularly atmospheric pollution produced not only by aircraft but also by land vehicles for handling operations and airport connections, given the airport multifunction role as well as its interchange multimodal function. The identified methodology is formed by several steps; the most relevant ones address the estimation of the air transport demand (linked to the number of aircraft movements) and the car mode share to go in and out of the airport. The proposed methodology is useful in order to establish standard procedures to identify the airport environmental impact footprint for a sustainable development of the air transport within the larger transport system.
air transport demand module, airport catchment area module, airport nodes, carbon footprint, environmental impact assessment, ground movement module, transport function
[1] Upham, P., Thomas, C., Gillingwater, D. & Raper, D., Environmental capacity and airport operations: current issues and future prospects. Journal of Air Transport Management, 9, pp. 145–151, 2003. doi:10.1016/S0969-6997(02)00078-9
[2] Goetz, A. R. & Graham, B., Air transport globalization, liberalization and sustainability: post 2001 policy dynamics in the United States and Europe. Journal of Transport Geography, 12, pp. 265–276, 2004. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2004.08.007
[3] Lenzen, M., Murray, S.A., Kortec, B. & Dey, C.J., Environmental impact assessment including indirect effects. A case study using input–output analysis. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 23, pp. 263–282, 2003. doi:10.1016/S0195-9255(02)00104-X
[4] Graham, B. & Guyer, C., Environmental sustainability, airport capacity and European air transport liberalization: irreconcilable goals? Journal of Transport Geography, 7, pp. 165–180, 1999. doi:10.1016/S0966-6923(99)00005-8
[5] Graham, A., Managing the Airports: An International Prospective, 2nd edn, Elsevier, 2003.
[6] International Civil Aviation Organization, Environmental Protection, Annex 16 – Vol I, Aircraft Noise, Montreal, 1993.
[7] Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise.
[8] Air Transport Action Group, www.atag.org.
[9] Yu, K.N., Cheung, Y.P., Cheung T. & Henry, R.C., Identifying the impact of large urban airports on local air quality by nonparametric regression. Atmospheric Environment, 38, pp. 4501–4507, 2004. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.05.034
[10] Schürmann, G., Schäfer K., Jahn, C., Hoffmann, H., Bauerfeind, M., Fleuti, E. & Rappenglück B., The impact of NOx, CO and VOC emissions on the air quality of Zurich airport. Atmospheric Environment, 41, pp. 103–118, 2007. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.030
[11] Unal, A., Hu, Y., Chang, M.E., Odman, M.T. & Russell, A.G., Airport related emissions and impacts on air quality: application to the Atlanta International Airport. Atmospheric Environment, 39, pp. 5787–5798, 2005. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.05.051
[12] Lu, C. & Morrell, P., Determination and applications of environmental costs at different sized airports – aircraft noise and engine emissions. Transportation, 33, pp. 45–61, 2006. doi:10.1007/s11116-005-2300-y
[13] European Commission, Multi-annual indicative TEN-T programme (MAP) for the period 2007–2013, COM(2006)245, 25 May 2006.
[14] American Planning Association, The language of traffic. http://www.planning. org/ thecommissioner/19952003/spring02.htm, 2005, accessed December 6.
[15] Sheffi, Y., Urban Transportation Networks: Equilibrium Analysis with Mathematical Programming Methods, Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, 1985.
[16] Box, G.E.P. & Jenkins, G.M., Time-series Analysis, Forecasting and Control, Holden-Day: San Francisco, 1970.
[17] Judge, G.G., Griffiths, W.E., Lutkepohl, H., Hill, R.C. & Lee T.-C., Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Econometrics, 2nd edn, Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1988.
[18] Karlaftis, M.G. & Papastavrou, J.D., Demand characteristics for charter air-travel. International Journal of Transport Economics, XXV(3), pp. 19–35, 1998.
[19] Hensher D.A., Determining passenger potential for a regional airline hub at Canberra International Airport. Journal of Air Transport Management, 8, pp. 301–311, 2002. doi:10.1016/S0969-6997-(02)00010-8
[20] Lim, C. & McAleer, M., Time series forecasts of international travel demand for Australia. Tourism Management, 23, pp. 389–396, 2002. doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00098-X
[21] Inglada, V. & Rey, B., Spanish air travel and September 11 terrorist attacks: a note. Journal of Air Transport Management, 10, pp. 441–443, 2004. doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2004.06.002
[22] Postorino, M.N., Air demand modelling: overview and application to a developing regional airport (Chapter 4). Developments of Regional Airports: Theoretical Analyses and Case Studies, ed. M.N. Postorino, WIT Press: UK, 2009.
[23] Train, K., Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, MA, 2003.
[24] Harvey, G., Airport choice in a multiple airport region. Transportation Research, 21A, pp. 439–449, 1987.
[25] & Doucet, D.H., Effects of access distance and level of service on airport choice. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 116(4), pp. 507–516, 1990. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1990)116:4(507)
[26] Pels, E., Nijkamp, P. & Rietveld P., Access to and competition between airports: a case study for the San Francisco Bay Area. Transportation Research, 37A, pp. 71–83, 2003.
[27] Kroes, E., Lierens A. & Kouwenhoven, M., The airport network and catchment area competition model: a comprehensive airport demand forecasting system using a partially observed database. RAND Europe, Conference reference: ERSA, 2005.
[28] Hess, S. & Polak, J.W., Mixed logit modelling of airport choice in multi-airport regions. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11, pp. 59–68, 2005.
[29] Suzuki, Y., Modelling and testing the “two-step” decision process of travellers in airport and airline choices. Transportation Research, 43E, pp. 1–20, 2007.
[30] Hess, S., Modelling air travel choice behaviour. Developments of Regional Airports: Theoretical Analyses and Case Studies, ed. M.N. Postorino, WIT Press: UK, 2009. doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2004.09.001
[31] Ashford, N. & Wright, P.H., Airport Engineering, 3rd edn, Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1992.
[32] Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, Fourth Assessment Report, http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/aviation.
[33] Hickman, A.J. & Colwill D.M., The estimation of air pollution concentrations from road traffic, TRRL Laboratory, Report 1052, 1982.
[34] Benson P.E., CALINE 4. A dispersion model for predicting pollutant concentrations near roadways, FHHWA/CA/TL 84/15, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento (CA), 1986.