Musram Abadi*
| La Ode Nafiu | Muhammad Rezky | Hasbullah Syaf | Lukman Yunus | La Baco Sudia | La Gandri
© 2024 The authors. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
OPEN ACCESS
Watersheds are areas that hydrologically have the capacity to drain water, conservation areas, drain water gradually, maintain water quality and reduce mass discharges, and can also be utilized for socio-economic purposes. Improper management and over-utilization of natural resources in the watershed can lead to damage and criticality of the surrounding area. As is the case with the Poleang watershed, due to population growth and activities to fulfill economic needs, it is able to change the function of forests in the Poleang watershed area to other uses that can reduce the quality of the Poleang watershed, therefore monitoring and evaluating watershed management performance is needed. Watershed monitoring and evaluation is carried out to assess watershed support capacity based on the watershed monitoring and evaluation method according to PERMENHUT RI No. P.61/MENHUT-II/2014. In this study, the performance of the Poleang watershed was analyzed by assessing the performance of the watershed based on its socio-economic carrying capacity. Based on the results of the analysis of socio-economic carrying capacity parameters, it was found that social criteria in the form of population pressure on agricultural areas were in the high category, from economic criteria it was found that the population welfare index was in moderate condition, and institutions through the existence and enforcement of laws in the good category. Based on the assessment of the condition of these three criteria, the socio-economic carrying capacity of the Poleang watershed is in the good category with a value of 83.75. which means that the socio-economic conditions of the community are classified as good with the current condition of the Poleang watershed.
carrying capacity, socio-economic, Poleang watershed
Watershed commonly abbreviated as DAS is a combination of river and land areas that have a function as a reservoir and storage of water and drain rainwater either to the lake or to the sea that occurs on its own [1]. According to Beruntu et al. [2], watershed (DAS) is the area of life of living things in the area, meaning that watersheds are utilized by various activities in supporting the basic needs of living things, therefore with the increase in the number of living things in an area, the need for natural resources continues to increase. Watershed which is seen as a water system ecosystem [3] or hydrological study unit [4, 5] and positive interactions between agroforestry components [6].
Human efforts in managing watersheds (DAS) are an intermediary in the mutual relationship between humans and natural resources and the various activities that exist in it [3] The watershed is an intermediary in the reciprocal relationship between humans and natural resources and the various activities in it [3], whose performance can be optimized in terms of water management, land use, and socio-economics and institutions [7]. Watershed management in principle optimizes the use of land for various interests in a rational manner [8, 9]. Especially in developing countries, watershed management will be a very useful technology in development [10]. In addition, watershed management is a technology that is processed and used to improve poor management [11].
According to Anggraeni et al. [12] in monitoring various activities in the watershed area and preventing poor management, as well as regulating the load by pollution carried out by living things, it is necessary to assess the criteria for water quantity, quality and continuity. Meanwhile, appropriate watershed classification is based on the state of the region as well as the quality, quantity and continuity of water, socio-economic, water building investment and spatial utilization area [13]. Meanwhile, according to Aini et al. [14] the shift of economic activities of the community, especially those who work in the agricultural sector to the industrial, trade and service sectors, is evident throughout the watershed area.
Watersheds are very useful for the community in maintaining water availability. The availability of water for the community is very important, both for the needs of drinking water, washing, and bathing and for livelihood needs such as farmers, planters, farmers and ranchers. All of them need sufficient water. The Poleang watershed area of Southeast Sulawesi Province is an opportunity for most people to improve social and economic welfare by utilizing the potential of available natural resources. There are three areas of the Poleang watershed in Southeast Sulawesi Province, namely Bombana, Kolaka and East Kolaka. The existence of the watershed can help the surrounding community in fulfilling every need of life and encourage the improvement of socio-economic and welfare. Syaf et al. [15] stated that changes in activities carried out by the Poleang watershed community caused various problems, namely changes in its utilization, such as the opening of mining areas, use for agricultural land areas, opening new settlements, and other land function changes.
As an area with hydrological functions to drain water, conservation areas, drain water gradually, maintain water quality and reduce mass discharges, as well as being utilized for socio- economic interests, the quality of the watershed is very important to maintain its sustainability, therefore to monitor watershed performance, it is necessary to monitor and evaluate the carrying capacity of the watershed in carrying out its functions. Especially in the socio-economic support capacity because for the surrounding community, the Poleang watershed is an opportunity to fulfill the needs of their socio-economic life.
Based on the description above, it is very important to assess the performance of the Poleang watershed, so the purpose of this study is to assess the Sosail Support Capacity of the Poleang watershed economy of Southeast Sulawesi Province in providing environmental services. The assessment of Supportability is based on Government Regulation No. 04 of 2009 [16], which states that the three benchmarks are on the social parameter, namely: (1) concern from oneself; (2) community involvement; and (3) population pressure. Meanwhile, there are four benchmarks seen in the economic parameters, namely: (1) human dependence on agricultural land, (2) the level of community income, (3) the level of land productivity, and (4) environmental services.
Assessment of the socio-economic carrying capacity of the Poleang watershed was carried out [13]. The criteria analyzed were Social, Economic and Institutional, with sub-criteria of community pressure on agricultural land, level of community welfare, and Existence and Enforcement of Regulations, which were then used to determine the classification of Watershed Supportability in Poleang watershed.
2.1 Location and time of research
This study was conducted in the Poleang watershed area of Southeast Sulawesi Province, which covers three districts: Bombana, Kolaka and East Kolaka. Overall, the Poleang watershed has an area of 108,830.42 ha. Based on information obtained through the research of Syaf et al. [15], it is known that the largest area of Poleang watershed is in the administration of Bombana Regency with an area of 72,027.20 ha, the area in the administration of Kolaka Regency is 18,487.03 ha and in East Kolaka Regency is 18,316.19 ha. This research was conducted from April to September 2022.
2.2 Data collection and analysis methods
This research is guided by the watershed monitoring and evaluation method [13]. The data collected starts from the survey and desk analysis stages, where the data consists of primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through surveys and interviews with resource persons while secondary data from related agencies such as BPS, DLHK, BPDAS, and DPU data [17, 18]. Secondary data in the form of Poleang watershed land area, agricultural land area, and total population in each administrative area passed by the Poleang watershed.
In supporting watershed performance analysis activities, several variables are needed, including population, poor families, number of farmer households, number of poor households, number of all households and agricultural area as well as regulations regarding watersheds, land conversion, and availability of environmental services. The criteria, sub-criteria, and benchmarks used are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Criteria, sub-criteria, and parameters for assessing the performance of a watershed based on socio-economic carrying capacity [13]
|
Criteria |
Sub Criteria |
Parameters |
|
Social |
Community Pressure |
Community Pressure is measured by the Land Availability Index (LAI), where: $L A I=\frac{\text { Farmland area }(A)}{\text { Number of farmer households }}$ |
|
Economic |
Community Welfare Level |
The level of community welfare is measured by the percentage ratio of the total number of poor families to the total number of families in the watershed |
|
Institutional |
Existence and Enforcement of Regulations |
The existence or absence of community regulations related to conservation in the watershed |
Source: Regulation of the Minister of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia: P.61/Menhut-II/2014 [13].
2.3 Monitoring and evaluation of socio-economic conditions
Monitoring activities continued at the initial evaluation stage of socio-economic conditions in the watershed area are based on PERMENHUT RI NO. P.61/MENHUT-II/2014 [13]. Based on the social criteria and economic criteria carried out, the weight of the role and influence of watershed carrying capacity conditions is 100, where community pressure weighs 50, community welfare has a weight of 35 and the existence and enforcement of regulations has a weight of 15.
2.4 Community pressure
The criteria for community pressure based on the land availability index (LAI) is a comparison of the area of agricultural areas with the total number of farmer households in the watershed. The calculation of community pressure is presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Sub criteria, parameter, value, class and the score of community pressure
|
Sub Criteria |
Parameters |
Value |
Class |
Score |
|
Community Pressure |
$L A I$=$\frac{\text { Farmland area }(A)}{\text { Number of farmer households }}$ |
LAI > 40 2.0< LAI ≤4.0 1.0< LAI ≤2.0 0.5< LAI ≤1.0 LAI ≤0.5 |
ST T S R SR |
0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 |
Description: ST = Very High, T = High, S = Medium, R = Low, SR = Very Low, LAI = Land Availability Index.
2.5 Community welfare index
The level of community welfare is based on the ratio (percentage) of poor households to the total number of households in the watershed area. The calculation of the level of community welfare can be seen in Table 3 below.
Table 3. Community welfare sub-criteria, parameters, values, classes, and scores
|
Sub Criteria |
Parameters |
Value |
Class |
Score |
|
Tingkat Kesejahteraan Masyarakat (TKM) |
TKM $=\frac{\text { Number of Poor Households }}{\text { Total number of households }}$ × 100% |
TKM ≤ 5 5< TKM ≤10 10< TKM ≤20 20< TKM ≤30 TKM > 30 |
SB Ba S Br SB |
0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 |
Description: SB = Very Good, Ba = Good, S =Medium, Br = Poor, SB = Very Poor.
2.6 Existence and enforcement of regulations
The criteria used in the existence and enforcement of regulations in monitoring and evaluating the carrying capacity of watersheds are based on the presence or absence of regulations and institutions owned by the community in the watershed area. The criteria used are seen in Table 4.
Table 4. Sub-criteria, parameters, values, classes and scores of existence and enforcement of regulations
|
Sub Criteria |
Parameters |
Value |
Class |
Score |
|
Existence and Enforcement of Regulations |
The presence or absence of regulations and institutions owned by the community in the watershed area |
Existing, widely practiced Existing, limited practice Existing, not practiced No regulation There is regulation but it is counter-conservation |
SB Ba S Ma’am SB |
0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 |
Description: SB = Very Good, Ba = Good, S = Medium, Br = Poor, SB = Very Poor.
2.7 Watershed deliverability assessment
Based on the results of the criteria assessment by weighting, a classification is made based on the total score. Comparison of values with the classification of watershed carrying capacity (DDD) is presented in Table 5.
Table 5. Comparison of values with watershed carrying capacity classes (DDD)
|
No. |
Value |
Class |
|
1 |
DDD ≤ 70 |
SB |
|
2 |
70< DDD ≤90 |
Ba |
|
3 |
90< DDD ≤110 |
S |
|
4 |
110< DDD ≤130 |
Bu |
|
5 |
DDD > 130 |
SB |
Source: Regulation of the Minister of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia No: P.61/Menhut-II/2014 [13]
Description: SB = Very Good, Ba = Good, S = Medium, Br = Low, SB = Very Low.
3.1 Assessment of Poleang watershed carrying capacity based on community pressure levels
The Poleang watershed area of Southeast Sulawesi Province has community pressure in the use of agricultural land in the high category, meaning that community pressure on the land exceeds the upper limit of land capability, making the carrying capacity of the land low. This situation arises because each community organizes the expansion of agricultural areas because the productivity of their agricultural areas cannot meet their basic needs. The ratio between the total number of farmers, the total number of people and the growth rate of the community and the agricultural area is no longer balanced. Community pressure that falls into the high category will cause environmental imbalance and disrupt the surrounding ecosystem. For more details, it is presented in Table 6.
Table 6. Community pressure on agricultural land by sub-district in the Poleang watershed area of Southeast Sulawesi Province in 2022
|
District |
Total Population (People) |
Watershed Land Area |
Value |
TP Parameters |
Category |
|
Bombana |
40,177 |
72,027.20 |
1.79 |
1.0<TP ≤2.0 |
Medium |
|
Kolaka |
6,534 |
18,487.03 |
2.83 |
2.0<TP ≤4.0 |
High |
|
East Kolaka |
5,229 |
18,316.19 |
3.50 |
2.0<TP ≤4.0 |
High |
|
Total |
51,940 |
108,830.42 |
2.10 |
2.10 |
High |
Source: Primary Data Processed, 2022.
In general, high and low population pressure on land in a watershed area is influenced by several factors, including the high rate of community growth, limited agricultural land cultivated by the community, land management that is not maximized, and spatial plans have not been implemented properly and responsibly. Communities in managing land, there are often some problems between them such as those related to development, where people want to continue to build but without realizing it will be related to the carrying capacity of the land which of course will be a problem [19, 20]. The level of community density in the Poleang watershed of Southeast Sulawesi Province can be used to measure community pressure on the existence of natural resource management. Poleang watershed of Southeast Sulawesi Province covers an area of 108,830.42 hectares with a total population of 51,940 inhabitants, and it has a density level of 2.10 Ha/inhabitant. Based on the sub-criteria, weights, and values and classification of population pressure is at a weight of 50, a value between 2.0<IKL<4.0, in the high class with a score of 0.75. This value shows that there is an imbalance between the amount of agricultural land and the total population in the Poleang watershed area as a whole, one of the causes is the increasing demand for land for non-agricultural purposes due to higher population growth causing land conversion from agricultural land to non-agricultural land. High pressure on land can cause vulnerability to food security and can reduce the ability of agricultural land [20].
3.2 Assessment of Poleang watershed carrying capacity based on community welfare level (TPM)
The level of community welfare in the Poleang watershed of Southeast Sulawesi based on the ratio of the poor and the total population can be seen in Table 7.
Table 7. The level of community welfare in the Poleang watershed of Southeast Sulawesi based on the ratio of poor people and total population
|
No. |
District |
Total Population (People) |
Number of Poor People (People) |
TKP Indeks |
TPK Parameters |
Category |
|
1 |
Bombana |
40,177 |
5,219 |
12.99 |
10<TP ≤20 |
Medium |
|
2 |
Kolaka |
6,534 |
906 |
13.87 |
10<TP ≤20 |
Medium |
|
3 |
East Kolaka |
5,229 |
866 |
16.56 |
10<TP ≤20 |
Medium |
|
Total |
51,940 |
6,991 |
14.47 |
10<TP ≤20 |
Medium |
|
Source: Primary Data Processed, 2022.
The total number of poor people in the Poleang watershed area of Southeast Sulawesi Province reached 6,991 people with a total population of 51,940. Thus, the classification of the index of the level of community welfare in the Poleang watershed of Southeast Sulawesi Province reached 14.47 so that it is included in the value between 10 <KP<20, which is in the medium category and a score of 1. Law No. 11 of 2009 explains that a prosperous society is those whose material, religious and social needs are fulfilled as citizens so that they have a decent life and can develop themselves to carry out their social functions. The level of community welfare through a two-way approach, namely first looking at the ratio of poor families and the second by looking at the average level of community per capita per year is the ratio of the ratio of the amount of income a year to the total community [7]. One of the benefits of watershed management is community welfare, where there must be alignment between economic development activities and environmental protection, so as to achieve sustainable watershed development for better utilization of natural resources.
3.3 Assessment of Poleang watershed carrying capacity based on the existence and enforcement of regulations
Based on the results of the field survey, it is known that there are rules related to conservation in the watershed area formed by local communities and village governments only in Kabupaten Bombana, which are rules agreed upon only verbally by the community and local village officials such as the prohibition of throwing garbage in the river, fishing in the river using poison and the prohibition of clearing land around the embankment. These rules have been in place since 1990. Meanwhile, in Kolaka Regency and East Kolaka Regency, there are none. For more details, see Table 8 below.
Table 8 shows that in general the existence and enforcement of rules have been carried out even though the practice is still limited. Based on the classification of rule enforcement in the Poleang watershed, Southeast Sulawesi Province is in the Good category and has a score of 0.75.
Table 8. Existence and enforcement of regulations in the Poleang watershed, Southeast Sulawesi
|
No. |
District |
Value |
Category |
Score |
|
1 |
Bombana |
Existing, limited practice |
Good |
0.75 |
|
2 |
Kolaka |
Not Existing |
Low |
1.25 |
|
3 |
East Kolaka |
Not Existing |
Low |
1.25 |
Source: Primary Data Processed, 2022.
Table 9. Assessment of social and economic carrying capacity of Poleang watershed Southeast Sulawesi
|
No. |
Variable/Parameter |
Weight Parameter |
Score Parameters |
Class |
Value (Weight*Score) |
|
1 |
Community Pressure |
50 |
0.75 |
High |
37.5 |
|
2 |
Community Welfare Index |
35 |
1 |
Medium |
35 |
|
3 |
Existence and Enforcement of Regulation |
15 |
0.75 |
Good |
11.25 |
|
Total |
83.75 |
||||
Source: Primary Data Processed, 2022.
3.4 Socioeconomic support capacity of watershed
Assessment of the carrying capacity of the watershed (DDD) is based on indicators of Socio-Economic (Sosek) of the watershed with the accumulated value of each social and economic parameter. The acquisition of the Poleang watershed socio-economic value is presented in Table 9.
Table 9 shows that the value obtained on the carrying capacity of the socio-economic conditions of the Poleang watershed is 83.75. This value is in the category 70 < DDD ≤ 90, which means that the socio-economic conditions of the community are classified as good. The decline in the carrying capacity of community land can be overcome in various ways, namely land conversion, land intensification, and land conservation.
Land conversion is changing the variety of land use towards small and large businesses that are more profitable but must be in accordance with the region, by choosing crops that have good/high economic value (to reduce the minimum area of the area to live properly). Land intensification, namely using the latest technology on farms that are being cultivated by doing land intensification, the ability of an area to support people's lives commonly called the carrying capacity of the land, can change for the better. Land conservation is an effort to prevent land degradation and surface runoff. This condition occurs if each individual expands agricultural land because the productivity of agricultural land is no longer able to meet the basic needs of life. The ratio between the total number of farmers, the total number of people, and the growth rate of society with the area of agricultural areas is not balanced. Land intensification and extensification can be done to increase the production of agricultural commodities while still paying attention to soil and water regulations [21] (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Map of Poelang watershed area of Southeast Sulawesi
This study concludes that the socio-economic conditions of the Poleang watershed of Southeast Sulawesi Province, community pressure on agricultural land which is classified in the very high category. The population welfare index is in the medium category and the existence and law enforcement criteria are in the good category, so the carrying capacity for the Poleang watershed is in the good category with a value of 83.75. From the socio-economic aspect, the carrying capacity of the Poleang watershed is in a condition where it is able to provide functions both hydrologically and as a provider of environmental services, but it should be noted that the condition of agricultural land pressure due to population growth and conversion of agricultural land, one of the things that can be done is to optimize the economic potential of the agricultural sector and create jobs in the agricultural sector by involving the government and related stakeholders.
[1] Peraturan Mentri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat (PERMEN PUPR) Nomor 4/PRT/M/2015 concerning Criteria and Determination of River Areas. (2015). https://bappelitbangda.purwakartakab.go.id/assets/upload/files/95c1daa21f662214d5d1412915edea53.pdf.
[2] Beruntu, N., Lumbantoruan, W., dan Astuti, A.D.J. (2015). Environmental supportability analysis of deli river watershed. Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 21(79): 78-84. https://doi.org/10.24114/jpkm.v21i79.4830
[3] Government of Indonesia. (2012). Government Regulation (Peraturan Pemerintah) Number 37 Year 2012 about Watershed Management. https://www.dsdan.go.id/?mdocs-file=3951.
[4] Isnan, W., Hasnawir, H. (2017). Study of the carrying capacity of MAPILI watershed in West Sulawesi province [Kajian Daya Dukung Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Mapili Provinsi Sulawesi Barat]. INFO TEKNIS EBONI, 14(2): 89-102. https://doi.org/10.20886/buleboni.5102
[5] Juhadi. (2013). Spacio ecological dimensions of agricultural land utilization in hilly mountainous area girimulyo, kokap and pengasih Kulon progo regency Yogyakarta Special Province. Dissertation, School of Postgraduate, Faculty of Geography, Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta. https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/59281.
[6] Pujowati, P., Arifin, H.S., dan Muqnisjah, W.Q. (2010). Socioeconomic analysis of communities in Karang mumus watershed in agroforestry landscape management plan. Epp., 7(1): 8-13. https://agb.faperta.unmul.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/jurnal-vol-7-no-1-penny.pdf.
[7] Jariyah, N.A. (2020). Analysis of socio-economic aspects to support management of Moyo Watershed, Sumbawa Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan (Faloak), 4(2): 95-114. https://doi.org/10.20886/jpkf.2020.4.2.95-114
[8] Susetyaningsih, A. (2012). Land use regulation in the upper area of cimanuk watershed as an effort to optimize water resources utilization. Jurnal Konstruksi Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Garut, 10(1). http://doi.org/10.33364/konstruksi/v.10-01.107
[9] Sudarwanto, A.L.S. (2015). Implementasi kelembagaan forum pengelolaan daerah aliran sungai berbasis masyarakat. Jurnal Ekosains, 7(3): 295-296. https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/ekosains/article/view/61874/35828.
[10] Reddy, V.R., Saharawat, Y.S., dan George, B. (2017). Watershed management in South Asian: A synoptic review. Journal of Hydrology, 551: 4-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.05.043
[11] Pirani, F.J., Mousavi, S.A. (2016). Integrating socio-economic and biophysical data to enhance watershed management and planning. Journal of Hydrology, 540: 727-735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.072
[12] Anggraeni, N.L., Yusrianti, Auvaria SW, dan Amrullah. (2021). Analysis of das support capacity based on water management criteria and the capacity of the Gedek River pollution load. Serambi Engineering, 6(3): 2180-2189. https://doi.org/10.32672/jse.v6i3.3252
[13] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor: P.61 /Menhut-II/2014 concerning Criteria for Determining Watershed Classification. (2014). https://jdih.menlhk.go.id/new2/home/portfolioDetails/61/2014/5.
[14] Aini, N., Kusumastanto, T., Adrianto, L., Sadelie, A. (2018). Identification of the economic activities and spatial economic value of the Ciliwung Watershed. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Dan Lingkungan, 8(2): 223-234. https://doi.org/10.5555/20183338792
[15] Syaf, H., Abadi, M., Ode Hasani, U., Basri, A., Kasno Arief, L., dan Gandri, L. (2022). Assessment of Poleang watershed management performance in Southeast Sulawesi based on land condition indicators. Jurnal Ilmiah Membangun Desa dan Pertanian, 7(5):188-199. https://doi.org/10.37149/jimdp.v7i5.132
[16] P.04/V-Set/2009. (2009). Annex to the Regulation of the Director General of RHL and Social Forestry on Watershed Monitoring and Evaluation Guidelines. https://toolsfortransformation.net/indonesia/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/P_4_2009_RLPS_Lampiran-KRA.pdf.
[17] Singarimbun, M., Effendi, S. (1989). Survey Research Methods. Jakarta: LP3ES. (ID).
[18] Sugiyono. (2010). Quantitative Research Methods Qualitative and R&D [Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R & D]. Alfabeta Publisher, Bandung. (ID).
[19] Herlindawati, A., Trimo, L., Noor, T.I. (2018). Analysis of population pressure on rice paddy farmers (A case in Cilamaya Kulon District, Karawang Regency, West Java). Jurnal Pemikiran Masyarakat Ilmiah Berwawasan Agribisnis (MIMBAR AGRIBISNIS), 4(1): 12-24. https://jurnal.unigal.ac.id/index.php/mimbaragribisnis/article/view/715.
[20] Imansyah, Harisandi, D., Tamia, N., Rahmawati, D. (2020). Analysis of agricultural land support to population pressure in Sandik Village [Analisis Daya Dukung Lahan Pertanian Terhadap Tekanan Penduduk Di Desa Sandik]. Media Komunikasi Geografi, 21(2): 120-129. https://doi.org/10.23887/mkg.v21i2.27671
[21] Edwin. (2021). Study of socio-economic conditions of farming communities in sumpur singkarak sub das. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Kajian Ilmiah, Menara Ilmu, XV(2): 19-20. https://jurnal.umsb.ac.id/index.php/menarailmu/article/view/2593.
