C.B. Schoeman
OPEN ACCESS
The debate of transportation and urban form integration has been reported on by several authors since the early 1960s. However, in 2015, the challenges were much more dynamic, diverse and complex. From research undertaken it is evident that the approach to integration is determined by the disciplinary focus of the researcher and/or practitioner and the research methodology used and is closely related to the conditions (case study research) prevailing within a specific spatial system (countries).
This article is an endeavour to assess and evaluate different integration approaches and outcomes de duced from existing research and case studies by critically evaluating its point of departure, approaches and practices applied in various spatial systems (international perspectives) and more specifically by the disciplines involved in this discourse. It includes the theoretical founding and related empirical research considerations where this phenomenon is an important focus in transportation planning and spatial integration in promoting and attaining sustainable development and urban resilience.
The process is, however, dependent on the relationship between the principles underpinning this research theme. There is a co-dependence between transportation and urban form. This co-dependency is, however, being complicated by decision making and the environmental reality that needs to be factored into this reality.
The outcome of the article will focus on isolating international guiding principles from an integration perspective in promoting sustainable development and resilience in spatial systems. It will include strategic directions and decision-making processes inclusive of environmental considerations, optimizing urban form and land-use planning (patterns), related impacts, accessibility, modal integration, transportation network development and energy and pollution influences, effects and implications. The need for trans-disciplinary practices and application of strategic approaches in integrating planning, development and operational-level interfaces within urban spatial systems will be demonstrated.
The use and application of modelling and simulation techniques are becoming more important as an instrument to guide and measure the attainment of higher levels of integration and sustainability. Transportation and spatial development integration paradigms are dependent on the application of technology that is measureable for all spatial development scenarios in terms of effects, progress, implications and pre-conditions to enhance integration.
Integration, land uses, network planning, spatial systems planning, transportation, urban form
[1] Schoeman, C.B., Transformation within transportation planning in South Africa: implications for the implementation of the National Transport Master Plan (NATMAP) of 2011. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, 130, pp. 3–26, 2013, ISSN 1743 3509.
[2] Schoeman, C.B., Intermodal transportation perspectives in South Africa: a case study of its application to the Gauteng Province and lessons learned from other metropolitan areas. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, 138, pp. 3–15, 2014, ISSN 1743 3509.
[3] Schoeman, C.B., Transportation planning within the Gauteng Province of South Africa: an overview of instruments on strategic planning between 1970 and 2014. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, 146, pp. 119–130, 2015, ISSN 1743 3509.
[4] Schoeman, C.B. (Ed.). Land Use Management and Transportation Planning. WIT Press: Southampton, UK, 2015.
[5] Dawkins, C.J., Regional development theory: Conceptual foundations, classic works, and recent developments. Journal of Planning Literature, 18(2), pp. 131–172, 2003.
[6] Warner S.B. & Whittemore A. American Urban Form: A Representative History. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 2012.
[7] L arkham, P.J., The study of urban form in Great Britain. Urban Morphology, 10(2), pp. 117–141, 2006.
[8] Donovan, S., Cagney, M.R. & Munro, I., Impact of urban form on transport and economic outcomes. NZ Transport Agency Research Report 513. Wellington, New Zealand, 2013.14 C.B. Schoeman, Int. J. Transp. Dev. Integr., Vol. 1, No. 1 (2017)
[9] Kenworthy, J. & Hu, G., Transport and urban form in Chinese cities: An international comparative and policy perspective with implications for sustainable urban transport in China. DISP 151. China, 2002.
[10] M uller, P.O., Transportation and urban form-stages in the spatial evolution of the American metropolis. The Geography of Urban Transportation. eds. S. Hanson & G. Guiliano, Guildford Publications, Inc.: New York, 2004.
[11] R odrique, J.-P., The Geography of Transport Systems, 3rd ed., Routledge: New York, 2013.
[12] OECD International Conference Proceedings. Guidelines for Sustainable Transportation. Vancouver, Canada, 1996.
[13] B anister, D. & Lichfield, N., Key issues in transport and urban development. Transport and Urban Development, ed. David Banister. E & F.N. Spon: London, 1995.
[14] G ist, N.P. & Fava, S.F., Urban Society. Thomas Cromwell Co: New York, 1974.
[15] M umford, L., The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations and Its Prospects. Secker and Warburg: London, 1963.
[16] Keeble, L., Principles and Practice of Town and Country Planning. The Estates Gazette Limited: London, 1968.
[17] Friedmann, J., Regional Development Policy – A Case Study of Venezuela. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1966.
[18] Friedmann, J.A., General theory of polarized development. Growth Centres in Regional Economic Development, ed. Hansen, The Free Press: New York, 1972.
[19] M urphy, R.E., The American City: An Urban Geography. McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, 1966.
[20] C arter, H., The Study of Urban Geography. Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd: London, 1973.
[21] M urphy, R.E., The American City: An Urban Geography. McGraw-Hill, Inc: New York, 1974.
[22] Kaplan, D., Wheeler, J. & Holloway, S., Urban Geography, 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, 2009.
[23] B ertraud, A., The spatial organization of cities: Deliberate outcome or unforeseen consequence? Available at duatreb@msn.com or http://alain-bertaud.com, 2004 (accessed 15 November 2015).
[24] A urousseau, M., The distribution of population – A constructive problem. Geographical Review, XI, 1921.
[25] Duncan, O.D., Scott, W.R., Lieberson, S., Duncan, B. & Winsborough, H.H., Metropolitis and Region. Published for Resources for the Future, Inc. John Hopkins Press: Baltimore, 1960.
[26] Nijkamp, P. & Abreu, M., Regional Development Theory. Publication Series Research Memoranda 0029, VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics, 2009.
[27] Szajnowska-Wysocka, A., Theories of regional and local development – abridged review. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series No.12, 2009, pp. 75–90.
[28] C apello, R., Location, regional growth and local development theories. AESTIMUM, 58. Firenze University Press, 2011.
[29] A lbrecht, L., Healey, P. & Kunzman, R., Strategic planning and regional governance in Europe. APA Journal, 69(2), pp. 113–129, 2003.
[30] A lbrecht, L., Strategic (spatial) planning reexamined. Environmental and Planning B; Planning and Design, 31, pp. 743–758, 2004.
[31] Oleson, K., The neoliberalisation of strategic spatial planning. Planning Theory, 13(3), pp. 288–303, 2014.
[32] Pinson, G., Urban and regional planning. Encyclopedia of Governance. Vol. 2, ed. Mark Bevir, University Jean Monnet of Saint-Etienne: France, 2007.
[33] L itman, T., Planning principles and practices. Transport Policy Institute (www.vtpi.org/Info@vtpi.org) Victoria. Canada, 2010.
[34] Schoeman, C.B., Urban and regional planning and the interface with environmental management and transportation planning. Inaugural Address. Nr. 238, Scientific Contributions. North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
[35] E lmqvist, T., What is the difference between sustainability and resilience and how does it matter for cities? Lecture delivered at the NWU (Potchefstroom Campus). Stockholm Resiekience Centre, Stockholm University, Sweden.
[36] G eerlings, H. & Stead, D., The integration of land-use planning, transport and environment in European policy and research. Transport Policy, 10(3), pp. 187–196, 2003. DOI: 10.1016/S0967-070X(03)00020-9.
[37] Stead, D., Geerlings, H. & Meijers, E., Integrated land-use planning and environmental policy: An international comparison, Vol. 1. OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment. Delft University for Technology, Rotterdam, 2003.
[38] Stead, D. & Meijers, E., Policy integration in practice: some experiences of integrating transport, land-use planning and environmental policies in local government. Berlin Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change: Greening of Policies-Linkages and Policy Integration, Conference Proceedings, 2004.
[39] United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Integrating the environment in urban planning and management – key principles and approaches for cities in the 21st century. Nairobi, Kenya, 2013.
[40] Iacono, M., Levinson, D. & EL-Geneidy, A., Models of transportation and land use change: A guide to the territory. Journal of Planning Literature, 22(4), pp. 323–340, 2008.
[41] Sivakumar, A., Modelling Transport: A Synthesis of Transport Modelling Methodologies. Imperial College: London, 2007. DOI: 10.1177/0885412207314010.
[42] G iuliano, G., New directions for understanding transportation and land use. Environment and Planning A, 21, pp. 145–159, 1989. DOI: 10.1068/a210145.
[43] E ggenberger, M. & Partiario, R., Development of a framework to assist the integration of environmental, social and economic issues in spatial planning. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 18(3), pp. 201–207, 2000.
[44] Goodstadt, v. & Partidaro, M.R., Spatial Planning and Environmental Assessments. Department of Environmental Affairs. Part III: The Practice, TEEB for local and regional decision makers. https://www.environment.gov.za/.../economicsof_ecosystems_spatialplanning_enviroassessment.pdf. pp. 105–123, 2010 (accessed 19 January 2016).
[45] Davis, M., Green infrastructure in-depth case analysis: Theme 7: Mapping for Planning. IEEP, Ecologic, GHK, TAU, University of Antwerp, VITO, 2010.
[46] Waddell, P., Integrated land use and transportation planning and modelling: Addressing the challenges in research and practice. Transport Reviews, 31(2), pp. 209–229, 2011. DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2010.525671.
[47] Waddell, P., Modelling urban development for land use, transportation, and environmental planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 68930, pp. 297–314, 2002. DOI: 10.1080/01944360208976274.