Umair Yaqub Qazi
© 2021 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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The effect of different additives on the AgNPs formation process was explored in this study. AgNPs were synthesized in an aqueous solution of silver nitrate-containing surfactants by photoreduction of silver ions. The concentration dependency of AgNPs formation suggested that stability was induced by the equilibrium of AgNPs adsorbed by surfactants with higher carbon chain molecules such as SDS and AOT. These results open up a new window both for structural control and the development process. It also indicated that different additives had an impact on the morphology of NPs. The hydrocarbon chain influenced the growth process and demonstrated that <10 carbon chain surfactants such as SMS, SOS, did not constitute the CGC and had a minor effect on the mechanism of growth. However, the NPs formation begun at a lower limit indicated as CGC. It was observed only with hydrocarbon chains of > 10 carbon atoms such as AOT, SDS. Fluorescence results confirmed that after laser irradiation, hemi-micelle formation after the development of AgNPs.
Critical micelles concentration (CMC), Silver nanospheres (AgNSs), Laser irradiation, Nanotechnology, Critical growth concentration (CGC)
Nanotechnology was the most quickly developing field in global development, and nanomaterials were developed by modern, simple processes by researchers. Science has become popular over time in various fields, including materials science, electronics, and biotechnologies [1-12]. Nanoparticles are of considerable scientific importance in bridging the gap between bulk substances and atomic or molecular structures [13]. The metal nanoparticles are the most promising among different types of nanoparticles because of their antibacterial effects due to the high surface to volume ratio. The changes in the composition of size or surface can affect the physical and chemical characteristics of the nanoparticles [14, 15]. Metal nanoparticles have been used in many industries in recent decades due to their wide variety of applications [16–33]. The physical, chemical, and electrical properties of nanoparticles dramatically change at a specific size range (1–100 nm). These properties depend on the size and characteristics of metal nanoparticles, such as melting temperature, magnetic computability, redox potential, and color [34]. In recent years the use of silver nanoparticles in several fields, including the medical sciences, in order to cope with HIV viruses, infectious disease, the food processes as antibacterial agents in food packaging and antibacterial properties and as antibacterial agents in nutrient packing, has drawn attention to a strong conductiveness, chemical stability, and use as a catalytic agent [35-50]. Studies have shown that metal nanoparticles highly influence the bulk, morphology, stability, and (chemical and physical) properties of the experimental conditions, the Kinetics of metal ions interaction with reduced agents, and adsorption of metal nanoparticles by stabilizing agent [51-53]. In general, precise regulation of the structure, size, and distribution of the nanoparticles generated is accomplished with improvements in synthesis methods, reducing and stabilizing factors [54].
Adequately compensated chemical reductions, polyol, thermal decomposition, laser ablation and radiation, electron beam irradiation, and chemical in situ synthetic pathway, are currently the methods developed for synthesizing silver nanoparticles [6, 9, 51, 55]. Most recommended solutions are focused on the usage of chemicals such as metal ions reduction, conventional form of capping agents, and suspension maintenance stabilizers. The application prefers processes with fewer contaminants since these chemicals eventually need to be eliminated for NP synthesis. Instead of reducing agents, the photo-reduction approach was suggested to investigate the role of chemical additives in the NP formation process. Reducing agents may serve as capping agents that regulate the final shape of NPs, or capping agents and stabilizers may be chemically or photochemically oxidized and supporting the growth process by metal ion adsorption. It looks challenging to clarify the individual roles of the additional chemicals as long as we focus on those additives27.
In this article, we propose the use of UV irradiation for the reduction of silver nitrate aqueous solution. This study has presented us with a new methodology to produce standardized NPs with fewer additives. In addition, we can investigate the individual role for NP formation. This critical analysis has been documented in our previous studies with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) [56]. Silver nitrate has been dissolved in ultra-pure water like a silver salt precursor and prepared the necessary sample solution (2×10-4 M). Researchers have implemented diverse approaches to synthesize NPs using surfactants [57]. AOT, SDS, and several other SMS, SOS additives have been added. Silver salt concentration remained constant in all experiments; however, the AOT concentration ranges from 3.5×10-5 - 7×10-4 M. AOT's (CMC value: 1.4×10-3 M) [58]. The molecular structure has 20 carbon atoms that make long hydrocarbon chains and a sulfate group connected to the middle. However, SDS (CMC value: 8.0 × 10-3 M) [59] have 12 carbon chain. The specific molecular structure can have a specific influence on the development and size of the photo product. Focused on these points, thorough experiments were performed, and the results are presented. Herein, we investigated surfactant concentration dependence on AgNPs formation upon pulsed laser irradiation without reducing agents and found critical growing concentrations for surfactants. We utilized fluorescence probes to investigate structural changes in solution after nanoparticle formation.
2.1 Materials
Silver nitrate was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich with 99.9 percent purity. Sodium bis (2-ethyl hexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium methyl sulfate (SMS), sodium octyl sulfate (SOS), and 9-diethylamino-5H-benzo[α]phenoxazine-5-one (Nile Red) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals, Co. Japan. Ultra-pure water (Millipore, 18 MΩ.cm) was used to prepare sample solutions.
Silver nitrate solution was kept in standard quartz cell (10×10×45 mm3) with a magnetic stirrer and irradiated (Quantel Brilliant, 355 nm wavelength, 6 ns pulse width, 300 mJ /cm2 pulse, 10 Hz repetition) with UV-laser pulses. Silver nitrate was dissolved in ultra-pure water (2 ×10-4, 1×10-3 M) and irradiated with nanosecond laser pulses on a quartz cuvette without using a focus lens. After laser irradiation, a small portion of the solution was taken for the sample preparation and then observed in SEM, TEM. Figure 1 displays the schematic representation of the Experimental setup 1 for AgNPs synthesis by ns laser irradiation.
2.2 Characterization techniques
The UV-visible and fluorescence spectrophotometer Shimadzu UV-1600 was used for spectral recoding. The morphology and microstructure of the samples were studied by transmission electron microscopy using an acceleration voltage of 200 kV (TEM). For SEM sample preparation, drop-casting photo reduced stock on ITO substrates, and drying in a desiccator is implemented. SEM images have been captured on Hitachi's FE-SEM-S4300 devices with 20.0 KV to assess the shape and size of AgNP. To evaluate the size of the synthesized AgNPs, a high-performance digital light scattering (DLS) particle size analyzer was used by Malvern Instrument Co., MAL501088.
Silver nitrate was dissolved in ultrapure water with various amounts as a silver salt precursor. In this research paper, AOT, SDS, SOS, and SMS are added, and extensive experimental support is explored to expand our previous research results. The synthesized product morphology can be influenced by different molecular configurations and the carbon chain. The significant effect of these surfactants on the development of AgNPs is addressed.
3.1 Optical properties and concentration effect of SDS
Previously, photoproducts without using any additives were discussed in detail. A variety of products and their aggregates were formed without additives, including NCs with irradiation time. The addition of SDS markedly changed the photoproducts to homogeneous NSs with an average diameter of 14 nm (See S1 in supporting information). These results suggest that a variety of shapes, including NCs can be formed if silver atoms generated by photo-reduction of silver ions crystallize without any additives in the water, and SDS would be solely responsible for shaping NSs [56]. Figure 1 indicates the SDS concentration effect on the absorption spectra after pulsed laser irradiation. The increase in absorption peak position at constant silver nitrate concentration explains the growth rate, and the yield of AgNPs are SDS concentration-dependent. The lowest limit of the SDS concentration for AgNP formation was ~5 × 10-4 M, which is ten times lower than its CMC (8 × 10-4 M) [59]. It is not likely that SDS aggregates in solution work as a “template” of NSs. A particular concentration of SDS was required for silver nanoparticles formation. The lowest limit did not depend on the concentration of silver ions. The lowest limit, critical growing concentration (CGC), may be determined by a dynamic equilibrium between free SDS and SDS supporting AgNPs by adsorption [56].
Figure 1. Maximum peak absorption after pulsed laser irradiation as functions of SDS concentration
3.2 Optical properties and concentration effect of Aerosol OT (AOT)]
A surface plasmon absorption band at a peak position of 396 nm was observed, when silver nitrate solution containing AOT with different concentrations was irradiated with ns pulsed laser light. It indicated that absorption peak rosed over time, reached saturation, and then dropped down. Figure 2 displays absorption spectra at various concentrations of AOT along with corresponding peak positions. A small portion of the irradiated sample was used to investigate the photoproduct's morphology by TEM and DLS (See figure S2 in supporting information). It was confirmed that the average particle size was 8 nm and spherical. In the past, scientists have proclaimed that absorption peak at 395 nm corresponds with small spherical nanoparticles in the range of 1-10 nm [60-62]. Hence, AOT showed a similar trend, as observed in SDS. The CGC of AOT was ~1 × 10-4 M, which is ten times lower than its CMC (~1.4 × 10-3 M).
Figure 2. Showed maximum peak absorption after pulsed laser irradiation at constant silver nitrate concentration of 2×10-4 M while various AOT concentration as a) 7×10-4 M b) 2×10-4 M c) 1.4×10-4 M d) 9.3×10-5 M e) 7×10-5 M f) 4.6×10-5 M g) 3.5×10-5 M
3.3 Optical properties and concentration effect of SOS and SMS
In different SOS concentrations in aqueous solution, silver nitrate was irradiated at different times using ns pulsed laser light, and a surface plasm absorption strip was observed at 400-600 nm. It increased with time, reached saturation, and then decreased. Figure 3 provided the absorption spectra of AgNPs observed after different times of irradiation. Broad absorption spectra demonstrate that the AgNPs are spread in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. The absorption spectra also indicate an increase in photoproduct formation production as the amount of SOS increases. Enhanced AgNPs are indeed part of SOS concentration owing to the development of broader absorption peaks, and because of the addition of NPs, the irradiated sample solution was not stable. There is no support for the formation of AgNPs with shorter alkyl chain surfactants. The inset of Figure 3 displays a plot of the maximum yield of NPs as a function of SOS concentration. The CMC value of SOS is 139 M [63]. The absorption peak was broader, and CGC was not evident with a shorter alkyl chain as observed in AOT and SDS. Based on these results, it was concluded that the hydrocarbon chain played a significant role in the formation process. In order to further validate, the influence of the hydrocarbon chain was incorporated into the production phase of various molecules with a short carbon chain.
Figure 3. Absorbance spectra after laser irradiation (300 mJ/cm2) with various concentrations of SOS; 5×10-3 M and 8×10-4 M while silver nitrate concentration kept constant (2×10-4 M). Inset shows Maximum absorption as a funtion of SOS concentrations.
Figure 4. Absorbance spectra after laser irradiation (300 mJ/cm2) with various concentrations of SMS; 10-3 M and 10-2 M while silver nitrate concentration kept constant (2×10-4 M)
Figure 4 shows the absorption spectra of SMS after laser irradiation. Sample solutions have been developed with different SMS concentrations (10-3 and 10-2 M) and irradiated with a pulsed laser having power 300 mJ/cm2. Even at high concentrations o SMS, no significant improvement in absorption spectra was observed. It indicates that SMS does not participate in AgNPs' progress, and the absorption spectra appeared identical to silver nitrate absorption spectra.
3.4 Hydrocarbon chain effect on AgNPs growth.
We implemented different models of the same functional group with different carbon chains like SMS, SOS, SDS, and AOT to validate the effect of the hydrocarbon chain on the AgNPs yield. In particular, the SMS and the SOS effects were not as influential as they were when the sum of carbon atoms in the carbon chain was below 10. Based on previous studies on various additives, the hydrocarbon chain has been a significant factor influencing the photoproduct yield. Long carbon-chain molecules (>10) as found in SDS and AOT were used to assist the AgNps growth process, and the lower number of carbon atoms (<10) did not contain CGC. Therefore, the photoproduct yield does not affect.
3.5 Surfactant effect studied by fluorescence probe, Nile Red
Nile red is well known as a fluorescence probe [64]. In a polar solvent, Nile red is not fluorescent. The fluorescence intensity becomes high, and the emission peak shifts in a non-polar environment, like in lipid and micelle. Figure 5a indicates the fluorescence peak variation spectra of Nile Red at an excitation wavelength of 540 nm with different SDS concentrations. In contrast, Figure 5b indicates clear evidence for fluorescence peak position shift with changing SDS concentrations. It is concluded that with the higher concentration of SDS, the fluorescence peak moved to short wavelengths. The intensity of emission also became higher with higher SDS concentration. The detailed experimental procedure for the Nile Red setup is shown in Figure 6. After AgNP formation by pulsed laser irradiation, Nile red aqueous solution was added into the AgNP/SDS solution, and then fluorescence spectra were obtained.
Figure 5. a) shows the fluorescence spectra of Nile Red (Ex. 540 nm) with various SDS concentrations (0 mM-10 mM). b) shows fluorescence peak wavelength as a function of SDS concentrations
Figure 6. Experimental setup for Nile Red experimental proceedure
3.6 Fluorescence spectral changes upon NP formation
Figure 7. shows the fluorescence spectra of Nile Red (Ex. 540 nm) with AgNPs formation in the presence of SDS after pulsed laser irrediation at various time
Figure 7 displays the spectra for Nile Red fluorescence (Ex. 540 nm) in AgNP formation following pulsed laser irradiation at different time intervals (varies from 0-10 min) in the presence of SDS. It was noticed that without laser irradiation, an emission peak was at ~655 nm. However, after 2, 3 min irradiation, emission at ~620 nm was also observed, indicating a hydrophobic region was formed in solution after AgNP formation. The emission intensity also increased after 2, 3 min irradiation. This result also implies hydrophobic region formation. SDS aggregation upon AgNP formation. With longer laser irradiation, broader emission was still observed, but the intensity became lower. It could be emission quenching at the AgNP surface, or AgNPs prevents excitation light penetration.
3.7 Model for AgNPs formation with SDS
The maximum production of NSs is shown as a function of the concentration of SDS in Figure 8. Since the SDS CMC is known to be 8.0 x 10-3 M, even with 10 times lower than CMC is explained as critical growth concentration (CGC), it has supported the NS formation. The lowest limit of the SDS concentration at which the NSs would start to grow fell in the range between 5 × 10-4 and 6 × 10-4 M. We are well aware that even below the CMC value of SDS support few aggregates formation. However, with the concentration of 5 × 10-4 M, 30% of SDS would form antiparallel dimers, and the others are present in the form of free monomers in an aqueous solution [65, 66]. SDS aggregates in solution are thus unlikely to act as a "template" for NSs. The interaction between silver NS surfaces and SDS molecules, as described above, should be explained to clarify the role of SDS in the growth of NS at this low concentration [67]. When the SDS concentration was lower than CGC, the SDS adsorbed amount on AgNPs was too small to keep AgNP stable. However, When the SDS concentration was higher than CGC, SDS molecules were adsorbed onto AgNPs produced and formed hemi-micelle structures. Even though there are no micelle structures in the solution before AgNP formation. The amount of SDS adsorbed on AgNPs is large enough to keep AgNP stable. It has been reported that SDSs adsorbed onto a charged surface via Coulombic force make aggregates, hemi-micelles, on the surface by the interaction between alkyl chains even below the CMC. The threshold concentration is known as Critical Hemi-micelle concentration (CHMC). It is therefore concluded that the AgNPs growth process can be accelerated by fully overlaying positively charged silver surfaces and by neutralizing adsorption of SDS monolayers [68, 69].
Figure 8. Shows a plot of the maximum yield of NSs as a function of SDS concentration. Each step for the growth process for AgNPs are shown at lower and higher critical growth concentration (CGC)
In this research, the impact of various additives on the mechanism of AgNPs formation was studied. AgNPs were synthesized as a result of photo-reduction of silver ions in an aqueous solution containing surfactants. The concentration dependence of AgNP formation indicates that the stabilization is a result of dynamic equilibrium between free SDS and SDS adsorbed on AgNPs. These findings open a new window for the regulation of the structure and growth process and suggest that various additives influence the shape and the size of NPs. The hydrocarbon chain influenced the growth process and showed that the hydrocarbon chain <10 carbon atoms such as SMS, SOS did not form the CGC and had a little impact on the growth process. However, the CGC observed with hydrocarbon chain > 10 carbon atoms like AOT, SDS. The NPS started to develop and regulate the size and shape of the photoproduct at the lowest limits. Fluorescence experiments implied that hemi-micelle formed upon AgNP formation by laser irradiation. According to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to discuss the potential effect of each additive directly using light as a reducing agent.
Dr. Umair Yaqub Qazi extends his appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research, University of Hafr Al Batin, for funding this work through the research group project No. G-122-2020. Dr. Umair Yaqub Qazi is also thankful for Prof. Hiroshi Fukumura and Dr. Shinji Kajimoto for partial laboratory instruments usage and technical assistance to complete this research work at Tohoku University.
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