Adaptation of Crew Resource Management Training in High-risk Industries

Adaptation of Crew Resource Management Training in High-risk Industries

V. Schuermann N. Marquardt 

Rhine-Waal University of Applied Science, Kamp-Lintfort, Germany

Page: 
341-350
|
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.2495/SAFE-V6-N2-341-350
Received: 
N/A
| |
Accepted: 
N/A
| | Citation

OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: 

Crew resource management (CRM) is a training concept for optimising the use of all available resources (e.g. human, technology, organisation) within high-risk operations. It has its origins in aviation, but the principles and methods of CRM are already used in many other industries, like medicine or fire service. In order to raise the reliability of teams working in these industries, it is important to train them in non-technical skills (e.g. cooperation, managerial and leadership skills, decision making or situation awareness). Despite many years of research on CRM training, the amount of detailed information about these training programmes is often limited. Thus, the picture about CRM is not as clear as it should be. This makes it difficult to assess the effectiveness of such training programmes to prevent human error and industrial accidents. During a research project on the adaptation of CRM training, scientists of Rhine-Waal University in Kamp-Lintfort (Germany) conducted an empirical study. They interviewed 10 CRM experts from civil and military aviation, aircraft engineering, fire service, seafaring and medicine, about their experiences with CRM training to gain an overview about the current state of CRM in different industries. They identified cross-industry and industry-specific lessons learned as well as success factors of these training programmes. The results can be used to improve current CRM programmes, which in turn may increase safety standards in high-risk work domains.

Keywords: 

crew resource management, high risk operations, human error, team training

  References

[1] Reason, J., Human Error, Cambridge University Press, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139062367

[2] Helmreich, R.L., Merritt, A.C. & Wilhelm, J.A., The evolution of crew resource management training in commercial aviation. The International Journal of Aviation  Psychology, 9(1), pp. 19–32, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327108ijap0901_2

[3] Safety Regulation Group, Crew Resource Management (CRM) training. Guidance for flight crew, CRM instructors (CRMIS) and CRM instructor examiners (CRMIES), Civil Aviation Authority, Norwich, UK: TSO, p.1, 2006.

[4] Flin, R., Martin, L., Goeters, K.M., Hörmann, H.J., Amalberti, R., Valot, C. & Nijhuis, R., Development of the NOTECHS (non-technical skills) system for assessing pilots’ CRM skills. Human Factors and Aerospace Safety, 3(2), pp. 95–117, 2003.

[5] European Aviation Safety Agency, Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) and Guidance Material (GM) to Part-ORO, available at http://easa.europa.eu/system/files/dfu/ Annex%20to%20ED%20Decision%202014017-R%20-%20Part-ORO_0.pdf.

[6] Federal Aviation Administration, Crew Resource Management Training (Advisory Circular No: 120-51E), Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, 2004.

[7] Helmreich, R.L., On error management: lessons from aviation. British Medical Journal, 320, pp. 781–785, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7237.781

[8] Flin, R., O’Connor, P. & Mearns, K., Crew resource management: improving team work in high reliability industries. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 8, pp. 68–78, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13527590210433366

[9] Hayward, B.J. & Lowe, A.R., The migration of crew resource management training. Crew Resource Management, eds. B.G. Kanki, R.L. Helmreich & J. Anca, Academic Press: San Diego, pp. 317–342, 2010.

[10] Lubnau II, T.E. & Okray, R., Crew Resource Management for the Fire Service,  available at http://www.fireengineering.com/articles/print/volume154/issue8/features/ crew-resource-management-for-the-fire-service.html, 2001.

[11] Marquardt, N., Robelski, S. & Hoeger, R., Crew resource management training within the automotive industry: does it work? Human Factors, 52, pp. 308–315, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720810366258

[12] O’Connor, P., Assessing the effectiveness of bridge resource management training. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 21(4), pp. 357–374, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2011.606755

[13] O’Connor, P., Flin, R. & Fletcher, G., Techniques used to evaluate crew resource management training: a literature review. Human Factors and Aerospace Safety, 2(3), pp. 217–233, 2002.

[14] Strohschneider, S., Human-factors-training. Human Factors, ed. P. BadkeSchaub, G. Hofinger & K. Lauche, Springer Verlag: Heidelberg, pp. 313–332, 2012.

[15] Salas, E., Wilson, K.A., Burke, C.S. & Wightman, D.C., Does crew resource management training work? an update, an extension, and some critical needs. Human Factors, 48, pp. 392–412, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/001872006777724444

[16] Salas, E., Prince, C., Bowers, C.A., Stout, R.J., Oser, R.L. & Cannon-Bowers, J.A., A Methodology for enhancing crew resource management training. Human Factors, 41, pp. 161–172, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/001872099779577255

[17] Salas, E., Burke, C.S., Bowers, C.A. & Wilson, K.A., Team training in the skies. does crew resource management training work? Human Factors, 43, pp. 641–674, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/001872001775870386

[18] Salas, E., Diaz Granados, D., Klein, C., Burke, C.S., Stagl, K.C., Goodwin, G.F. & Halpin, S.M., Does team training improve team performance? a meta-analysis. Human Factors, 50, pp. 903–933, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/001872008X375009

[19] Mayring, P., Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. Grundlage und Techniken, Beltz Verlag: Weinheim, Basel, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-92052-8_42

[20] Cohen, J., A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, pp. 37–46, 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104

[21] Landis, J.R. & Koch, G.G., The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, pp. 159–174, 1977. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2529310