Dadang Sugiana*
| Asep Suryana | Teddy Kurnia Wirakusumah | Priyo Subekti
© 2025 The authors. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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This study investigates the critical role of environmental communication in disaster management within Pangandaran Regency, Indonesia, emphasizing the enhancement of community engagement and preparedness in response to increasing disaster risks exacerbated by climate change. Utilizing a qualitative research design, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 participants from various stakeholder groups, including local government representatives, village heads, community center leaders, and members of local disaster response organizations. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews, observations, and social media analysis, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of communication practices and challenges in disaster management. Key findings reveal the effectiveness of tailored communication strategies that resonate with local cultures, highlighting the importance of community involvement in disaster preparedness initiatives. Additionally, the study underscores the fundamental role of educational programs in fostering disaster resilience. It emphasizes the need for innovative communication approaches that cater to the region's unique socio-cultural dynamics and points to the potential benefits of community-based initiatives in enhancing disaster preparedness. The research contributes significantly to the field of disaster management by identifying specific communication barriers and recommending strategies for improvement. It advocates for using social media in disaster education, building partnerships with local organizations, and improving outreach to foster a culture of preparedness.
climate change adaptation, community engagement, disaster management, disaster preparedness, environmental communication, social media
1.1 Background information on climate change and disaster risk
A number of environmental issues are included in climate change, such as increased global temperatures, changed rainfall patterns, and a rise in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Many areas are seeing changes in their landscapes and ecosystems as a result of these changes, particularly those that are susceptible to natural disasters. Indonesia, which includes the Pangandaran Regency, is situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire, one of the most disaster-prone areas on earth [1]. It is vulnerable to a number of risks due to its geographic location, including earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. Additionally, these major risks are made worse by the effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels and more variable rainfall, which further increases communities' susceptibility to disasters. Climate change is a serious threat to human health, food security, and socioeconomic well-being in addition to environmental stability, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [2]. The negative consequences of climate change are already being felt in areas like the Regent of Pangandaran, where natural disasters are upsetting lives and livelihoods. Although these calamities can result in immediate devastation, they can also have long-term effects that impact economic growth and community resilience. The dynamics of disaster risk are intricately linked to climate change. Disasters become more frequent and severe as a result of ecosystems becoming unstable due to climate change [3]. Increased flooding brought on by heavy rains, for instance, can damage crops, force communities to relocate, and strain the infrastructure in the area. Water scarcity brought on by protracted droughts can also impact agriculture and heighten competition for resources. Given these difficulties, Pangandaran's regent communities urgently need to take proactive measures to lower their risk of disaster and prepare for climate change.
1.2 Importance of communication in disaster management
The way information is shared and distributed during disasters has changed with the introduction of digital technologies and social media. Real-time updates and two-way communication are made possible by these platforms, which let community members express their needs and experiences. The digital divide and the danger of misinformation, which can deny marginalized groups access to essential resources and information, are two issues that come with the quick dissemination of information. Digital tools have a lot of potential, but in order to get the most out of them, they must be used carefully [4]. In addition to improving community involvement, creative communication techniques also promote a preparedness culture. Beyond merely sharing information, communication should help various stakeholders-such as local government agencies, disaster response groups, and community leaders-develop a relationship of trust and dialogue. Community members gain empowerment and enhance their comprehension of hazards and preparedness strategies when they participate in decision-making processes pertaining to disaster risk management. In order to ensure effectiveness, communication strategies must also be tailored to the distinct sociocultural context of various communities.
To effectively address local residents in Pangandaran Regency, for instance, it might be necessary to combine traditional communication techniques with contemporary platforms. It is possible to increase the relevance and impact of disaster management initiatives by informing communities about the particular risks they face and incorporating them in the creation of communication campaigns. Building community resilience ultimately requires effective communication [5]. A more sustainable future can be established by educating people and equipping communities to deal with the many issues brought on by climate change and natural disasters. Pangandaran Regent communities can effectively manage the intricacies of disaster risk and climate change adaptation by means of cooperative communication bolstered by creative tactics, guaranteeing their readiness to prosper in a dynamic setting.
1.3 Importance of the study and its relevance to sustainable development and planning
Innovations in communication and disaster risk management are essential to achieving the broader goals of sustainable development. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) emphasize the need for resilient infrastructure, sustainable cities, and effective institutions to address the impacts of climate change and disasters. By focusing on communication strategies, this study helps communities adapt to changing environmental conditions and reduce vulnerability to disasters.
Furthermore, effective communication can facilitate the integration of disaster risk reduction into development plans. This can help policymakers and planners understand the risks associated with climate change and make informed decisions that prioritize resilience. This is especially important in areas like Pangandaran, Indonesia, where the planning process must take into account local contexts and conditions [6]. By identifying and promoting innovative communication strategies, this research aims to close the gap between disaster management and sustainable development, ensuring that communities are not only prepared for disasters, but also ready to thrive in a changing climate.
1.4 Objectives of the research and research questions
The main objective of this research is to investigate the role of innovation in improving disaster risk management and climate change adaptation in Pangandaran, Indonesia. Specifically, the study aims to:
1) Identify effective communication strategies that can improve community awareness and preparedness for disaster risks.
2) Assessing the impact of social media and other digital platforms on disaster communication and community engagement.
3) To examine the challenges and obstacles that hinder effective communication in disaster management, especially in the context of climate change.
4) To achieve these objectives, the study poses the following questions:
5) What communication strategies are currently being used by local governments and organizations in Pangandaran to manage disaster risk?
6) How do community members perceive and engage with these communication strategies, especially through social media?
7) What are the main challenges faced in implementing effective communication on disaster preparedness and climate change response?
In addressing these questions, the research aims to contribute to knowledge about disaster risk and communication management by providing insights that can inform beyond policy and practice [7]. In summary, the aim of the research is to increase community resilience and promote sustainable development through effective communication strategies to help individuals and communities adapt to the challenges posed by climate change and disasters.
2.1 Overview of existing research on communication strategies in disaster risk management
Disaster risk management (DRM) is increasingly recognizing the important role of communication in developing resilience and building community. Existing research highlights the different communication strategies that governments, NGOs and community-based organizations use to disseminate information and engage the public in disaster preparedness activities [8]. Effective communication is essential for raising risk awareness, educating communities on preparedness measures and facilitating timely responses to emergencies.
The importance of two-way communication that fosters dialogue between authorities and communities is a key theme in the literature. Community members have achieved more effective outcomes from communication approaches that are involved in the design and implementation of disaster risk reduction initiatives. This is supported by Busayo and Kalumba [9], who emphasizes that local knowledge and experiences are invaluable in shaping disaster management strategies. Engaging communities in the communication process not only improves their understanding of risks but also empowers them to take proactive measures.
Furthermore, the literature has emphasized the importance of adapting communication strategies to the specific needs and contexts of different communities. For example, research by Edirisooriya et al. [10], shows that culturally relevant messages are more likely to resonate with target groups, thereby increasing the likelihood of behavior change. This is particularly important in diverse societies, such as Indonesia, where local customs and languages can influence the reception and response to information. In addition to traditional communication methods such as public meetings and printed materials, the integration of digital communication tools has emerged in recent years. Research has shown that social media platforms can be effective ways to disseminate information and engage with communities during disasters. For example, a study found that social media not only facilitates real-time information sharing, but also allows for the mobilization of community resources and support networks. However, the literature also warns of the potential for misinformation and a digital divide that can hinder effective communication among vulnerable populations.
2.2 Discussion of innovations in communication technologies and their Relevance to climate adaptation
Rapid advances in communications technology have changed the landscape of disaster risk management, opening up new opportunities for climate adaptation [11]. Innovations such as mobile applications, geographic information systems (GIS) and social media have become effective tools for improving communication and information dissemination in the context of climate change.
For example, instant disaster alerts and mobile applications have been developed to provide people with real-time information. These applications can deliver personalized messages based on the user's location, ensuring that people receive relevant information when they need it most. Research by Farisa [12], highlights the effectiveness of mobile technology in reaching diverse populations, especially in remote areas where traditional communication channels may be limited. In addition, mobile applications can facilitate community engagement by allowing users to report hazards and share information with others, thereby increasing a sense of collective responsibility.
Geographic information systems (GIS) have also become an integral part of disaster risk management, enabling authorities to visualize and analyze spatial data related to hazards and vulnerabilities. GIS can improve communication by providing clear and accessible maps illustrating risk areas, evacuation routes, and resource locations. According to a study by Fatria et al. [13], the use of GIS in disaster communication can improve decision-making processes and increase public understanding of risks.
As mentioned earlier, social media platforms have changed the way information is shared and consumed in the face of disasters. They enable rapid dissemination of information and facilitate communication between community members, emergency workers, and authorities. Social media has shown that it can be a valuable tool for increasing situational awareness, allowing users to share real-time updates and experiences during emergencies [14]. However, the problem of misinformation remains a significant issue, and effective strategies are needed to verify and validate information shared on these platforms.
The literature surrounding communication in disaster management emphasizes the critical role that effective communication plays in enhancing community resilience and preparedness. However, several gaps exist in the existing body of research that this study aims to address:
1) Limited Focus on Local Contexts: Much of the existing research on disaster communication strategies is conducted at a national or global level, often ignoring localized perspectives and practices. Scholars such as Busayo and Kalumba [9] highlight the value of local knowledge and engagement in shaping effective disaster management strategies, yet there is a scarcity of studies that delve deeply into specific community contexts. This study addresses this gap by focusing on Pangandaran, Indonesia, providing insights into how local socio-cultural dynamics influence communication strategies and disaster preparedness efforts.
2) Insufficient Exploration of Social Media Engagement: While the literature acknowledges the potential of social media as a tool for disaster communication, it often fails to differentiate between demographic groups in terms of their engagement with these platforms. Studies have shown that social media can enhance information dissemination and community participation [15], yet there is limited understanding of how various community segments utilize these tools or the effectiveness of different messaging strategies on social media. This research aims to analyze how community members, particularly younger demographics, engage with social media for disaster awareness and preparedness, thereby contributing to a more nuanced understanding of digital communication in disaster contexts.
3) Integration of Communication Methods: The existing literature tends to segment communication methods into traditional (e.g., public meetings, printed materials) and modern (e.g., social media, apps) without exploring effective integrations of these approaches. Research has established that a two-way communication model is essential for community engagement in disaster risk reduction [16], yet how traditional methods can be synthesized with modern technologies remains underexplored. This study advocates for a holistic communication strategy that leverages both traditional and digital communication methods tailored to the community's needs.
4) Assessment of Long-Term Education Outcomes: Previous studies have focused primarily on the immediate impacts of disaster education programs, often measuring knowledge increases without assessing long-term behavioral changes that translate into sustained community preparedness [17]. This study not only evaluates the effectiveness of disaster education initiatives but also paves the way for future research to investigate the durability of knowledge retention and engagement within the community, thereby addressing a significant deficiency in the current literature.
5) Challenges and Barriers to Effective Communication: Although some research has identified challenges such as misinformation and the digital divide, there is a lack of comprehensive studies addressing the specific obstacles faced by communities in implementing effective disaster communication strategies. Understanding these barriers is crucial for creating tailored communication plans that ensure that all segments of the population are informed and prepared. This study seeks to identify and analyze these challenges in the context of Pangandaran, contributing valuable insights for practitioners and policymakers.
In summary, this study aims to fill these critical gaps by offering a localized, nuanced perspective on disaster communication that integrates traditional and modern methods, thoroughly examines community engagement through social media, assesses long-term impacts of educational initiatives, and identifies barriers to effective communication. By addressing these gaps, the research significantly contributes to the field of disaster risk management and communication, ultimately fostering greater community resilience against the backdrop of climate change and disaster risks.
In the context of climate change adaptation, communication technologies can play a significant role in raising awareness about climate risks and promoting adaptive behaviours. For example, innovative community education campaigns to educate communities about the consequences and strategies of climate change have shown great promise in promoting behavioral change [18]. By harnessing the power of digital communication, stakeholders can engage communities in discussions about climate resilience and empower them to take action.
Overall, the literature highlights the importance of integrating innovative communication technologies into disaster risk management and climate adaptation strategies. With these tools, authorities and organizations can increase community participation, improve information dissemination, and ultimately increase resilience to climate change and disasters. However, it is essential to address the challenges associated with these technologies, to address the risk of misinformation and the need for inclusive communication strategies that reach all segments of the public. As the field advances, research and ongoing collaboration are essential to developing effective communication environments to promote sustainable development and disaster resilience [19].
3.1 Research design
The study employs a qualitative research design to explore the role of environmental communication in disaster management within the context of Pangandaran Regency, Indonesia. This approach is particularly suited for understanding the intricate dynamics of communication practices and community engagement in disaster preparedness. By focusing on lived experiences and participant perceptions, qualitative methods allow researchers to uncover nuanced insights that may be overlooked by quantitative approaches [20].
The qualitative design emphasizes the importance of context and meaning, aligning closely with the study's objectives. It seeks to understand how communication strategies are both implemented and perceived by various stakeholders involved in disaster management. This context-sensitive approach is critical for capturing the unique socio-cultural dynamics and environmental challenges specific to the Pangandaran region [21].
Structured around case study methodology, the research facilitates a comprehensive examination of the local context. This methodology enables a detailed exploration of how communication strategies function within the framework of disaster management efforts. By focusing on the perspectives of participants, the study aims to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of these communication strategies, which can inform local disaster management policies and practices.
Ultimately, this qualitative research design serves to enhance our understanding of the role of environmental communication in building community resilience against disasters. By prioritizing participant voices and experiences, the study aims to contribute to the development of more effective disaster preparedness initiatives tailored to the needs of the Pangandaran community.
3.2 Participant and sample selection
The participant selection for this study was conducted using purposive sampling, a non-probability technique that focuses on individuals with specific knowledge or expertise pertinent to the research topic. This method aimed to gather a varied range of perspectives from stakeholders involved in disaster management and environmental communication within the region.
The study included 15 participants, chosen from different groups to ensure a thorough representation of community views. The participants included:
1) BPBD Pangandaran Representatives (5 participants): These individuals are actively involved in disaster management and possess valuable insights into the agency's communication strategies and community engagement practices.
2) Local Leaders (3 participants): Local leaders play a crucial role in disseminating information and mobilizing community members in disaster situations. Their perspectives on communication effectiveness and community training were vital for the research.
3) Community Center Leaders (4 participants): These leaders are engaged in disaster response initiatives and community education programs. Their experiences offer important insights into the challenges and achievements of communication efforts.
4) Members of Local Disaster Response Organizations (3 participants): Representing non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations, these individuals work in disaster preparedness and response.
The use of purposive sampling was deliberate to ensure a comprehensive understanding of communication practices and community engagement in disaster management within the Pangandaran Regency.
3.2.1 Rationale for participant selection
1) Direct Involvement in Disaster Management: Participants were chosen for their active engagement in disaster management and environmental communication, allowing for firsthand insights into the effectiveness of communication strategies.
2) Diverse Stakeholder Representation: The study sought to capture a wide range of viewpoints to accurately reflect the community's experiences. Participants were selected from various stakeholder groups-government representatives, local leaders, community center leaders, and NGO members—to effectively represent the multifaceted nature of disaster management.
3) Context-Specific Insights: The research aimed to explore the unique socio-cultural dynamics of the Pangandaran community. Each group provided distinct insights based on their roles—policy perspectives from government agencies, mobilization tactics from local leaders, educational outreach from community center leaders, and grassroots experiences from NGO members.
3.2.2 Criteria for purposive sampling
1) Engagement in Disaster Management: Participants were required to have current or past involvement in disaster management to ensure their insights were rooted in practical experience.
2) Experience in Community Awareness and Education: Preference was given to individuals who have led or participated in initiatives aimed at increasing community awareness of disaster preparedness, highlighting their capacity to communicate effectively with various community segments.
3) Familiarity with Environmental Communication: Participants needed knowledge or experience in environmental communication, which is critical for understanding how disaster-related information is shared and acted upon in the community.
4) Role Diversity: The selection aimed for a balanced representation across different roles-government officials who create policies, local leaders who implement them, educational leaders, and NGO representatives facilitating community engagement. This diversity enhances the richness of the data and provides a nuanced perspective on communication dynamics.
This focused approach ensured that the study not only captured relevant insights but also reflected the challenges and successes related to disaster communication strategies in the Pangandaran Regency. By utilizing purposive sampling according to these criteria, the research aimed to deliver a comprehensive perspective of stakeholder experiences, offering valuable insights to enhance future disaster management practices and improve community resilience.
3.3 Data collection methods
The data collection methods employed in this study represent a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach aimed at enhancing the depth and validity of the research findings. By utilizing in-depth interviews, direct observations, and social media analysis, the research captures a wide range of perspectives and experiences from various stakeholders involved in disaster management within the Pangandaran Regency.
In-depth interviews served as a primary method for data collection, facilitating an intimate and detailed exploration of participants' experiences and perceptions related to disaster preparedness and communication strategies. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with carefully selected participants from diverse backgrounds, including local government officials, village leaders, community center leaders, and members of disaster response organizations. This diversity was intentional, aimed at gathering a broad spectrum of insights and ensuring representation from various community segments. The interview guide was crafted to encourage open discussions, allowing participants to articulate their thoughts and feelings related to disaster management without constraints. Topics of emphasis during these interviews included the perceived effectiveness of community roles in disaster preparedness, as well as insights into existing communication strategies.
The duration of each interview ranged from 45 to 60 minutes, allowing ample time for participants to delve into their narratives and provide richer context for their experiences. Conducting the interviews in a comfortable and familiar environment was a strategic choice, aimed at fostering an atmosphere of trust and openness. This setting encouraged participants to share candid information, which is critical in qualitative research where emotional and personal experiences often play a significant role. With consent from participants, all interviews were audio-recorded, ensuring accurate transcription that would later support comprehensive analysis. Transcribing the recordings into written format allowed for nuanced examination of the rich data collected, facilitating the identification of recurrent themes and insights that emerged from participant dialogues.
In addition to in-depth interviews, observational techniques were employed to provide supplementary layers of data. Direct observations were conducted during various disaster education programs and community engagement activities organized by BPBD Pangandaran. This method provided valuable, contextual understanding of the communication practices in action. It also allowed the researcher to witness interactions between mediators-such as local leaders and agency representatives-and community members first-hand. By being part of these activities, the researcher was able to note key themes, identify dynamics in communication strategies, and observe how information was disseminated and engaged with within the community.
Observing community members’ reactions and interactions during these events provided crucial insights into their engagement levels and the effectiveness of the communicated messages. The observational notes recorded during these sessions captured not only the formal communications but also informal interactions and non-verbal cues that may influence how messages are received. This depth of understanding is especially beneficial in disaster management contexts, where community dynamics and responses can greatly affect the outcomes and preparedness efforts.
Lastly, social media analysis was utilized to gather secondary data concerning BPBD Pangandaran's digital outreach efforts. This aspect of the research focused on analyzing the content, frequency, and level of engagement associated with posts related to disaster preparedness and environmental communication. Social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter were scrutinized for their role in amplifying disaster awareness and promoting community engagement. By reviewing posts, comments, and interactions, the study sought to determine whether these platforms effectively raised awareness and facilitated dialogue within the community regarding disaster preparedness.
The analysis of social media provided an additional angle to understanding communication strategies, highlighting how digital channels complement traditional forms of outreach. Insights gained from this analysis revealed trends in community engagement, including the types of content that resonated most with audiences. This analysis allowed for reflection on the strengths and weaknesses of current communication strategies employed by BPBD Pangandaran, thereby informing future efforts to enhance community resilience.
Together, these data collection methods—interviews, observations, and social media analysis—form a robust methodological framework that captures a comprehensive view of disaster management communication in the Pangandaran community. By integrating different data sources and perspectives, the study offers valuable insights that can inform innovative strategies aimed at improving community participation, awareness, and overall resilience in the face of disasters. The diverse methodologies ensure that the findings are grounded in real experiences and contextual realities, providing a rich foundation for recommendations and future research endeavours.
3.4 Data analysis techniques
The data analysis process involved several systematic steps to ensure a thorough analysis of the collected data. Thematic analysis was used as the primary technique to analyze interview transcripts, observation notes, and social media content. Thematic analysis is a widely used qualitative analysis method that allows researchers to identify, analyze, and report on patterns within qualitative data [22].
1) Familiarization: The researcher worked on transcribing the interviews and notes several times to develop a deeper understanding of the material. This first step involved reading and re-reading the transcripts to understand the content and context of the data.
2) Coding: The next step was to code the data to identify significant features related to environmental communication and disaster management. Codes were generated based on recurring themes, concepts, and patterns observed in the data. This process allowed the researcher to organize the data into useful segments for subsequent analysis.
3) Theme Development The identified codes were grouped into broader themes and the essence of participants’ experiences and perspectives was explored. This thematic development required iterative opportunities to refine and refine these themes, ensuring that the data accurately reflected them.
4) Interpretation: The final step involved interpreting the implications of the newly formulated themes in relation to disaster management and environmental communication. The researcher discussed the findings in the context of existing literature, drawing connections between the study's results and broader theoretical frameworks.
Using these data collection and analysis techniques, the aim of the study was to fully understand the role of environmental communication in disaster management, within the specific context of the Pangandaran religion [23]. A qualitative approach can provide valuable and contextual information that can inform future initiatives to improve community participation and training in the face of disasters.
In summary, the methodology used in this study highlights the importance of qualitative research in exploring complex social phenomena. By Kondo et al. [24], Combining in-depth interviews, observations and social media analysis, the study aims to provide valuable information on the effectiveness of communication systems in disaster risk management and the importance of community participation in resilience development.
3.5 Ethical consideration and data confidentiality
In conducting this study, ethical considerations were paramount to ensure the integrity of the research process and the protection of participants’ rights. Key ethical aspects addressed included:
1) Informed Consent: Prior to engaging participants in the study, each individual was provided with comprehensive information regarding the purpose of the research, the nature of their participation, and the potential risks and benefits involved. Participants were given the opportunity to ask questions and were informed that their participation was entirely voluntary. Written consent was obtained from all participants, ensuring they understood their rights to withdraw from the study at any point without any consequences.
2) Data Confidentiality: To safeguard participants' privacy, all data collected during the study was treated with strict confidentiality. Identifiable information was anonymized, and pseudonyms were used in all reports and analyses to protect participants' identities. Data was stored securely, following appropriate data protection protocols, and access was restricted to the research team. Any publication of the findings would also ensure that no individual participant could be identified.
3) Minimizing Harm: The study was designed to minimize any potential psychological or emotional harm to participants, particularly given the sensitive nature of discussing disaster experiences. Supporting resources were provided to participants if discussions evoked distress, and they were encouraged to take breaks or withdraw if needed.
4) Respect for Cultural Sensitivity: The research acknowledged and respected the cultural contexts and norms of the Pangandaran community. Efforts were made to engage with participants in ways that were culturally appropriate and respectful, ensuring that local customs and practices were honored throughout the research process.
By addressing these ethical considerations, the study aimed to uphold the highest standards of ethical research practices, fostering trust and cooperation among participants while contributing valuable insights into disaster management and communication.
The findings of this study yield important insights into the role of environmental communication in disaster management within the context of Pangandaran, Indonesia. Through in-depth interviews, observations, and social media analysis, the research uncovered critical issues surrounding community engagement, evacuation communications, and the effectiveness of disaster education programs. This section presents the results in an organized format, incorporating tables, figures, and diagrams to highlight key points. The analysis identified several main themes related to community involvement and the effectiveness of communication strategies in enhancing disaster preparedness. Below, we outline these key themes along with supporting evidence derived from the collected data.
4.1 Overview of participants
The study involved 15 participants from various stakeholders (see Table 1). This multidisciplinary representation provided a comprehensive understanding of the challenges that communication practices and disaster management face [25].
Table 1. Overview of participants
|
Participant Group |
Number of Participants |
|
BPBD Pangandaran Representatives |
5 |
|
Village Heads |
3 |
|
Community Center Leaders |
4 |
|
Local Disaster Response Organization Members |
3 |
|
Total |
15 |
4.2 Key themes identified
The analysis of the data revealed several key themes related to environmental communication and disaster management [26].
4.2.1 Community engagement and participation
One of the most significant findings of the study was the importance of community participation in disaster preparedness. Participants emphasized that active participation of community members in disaster education programs significantly improves understanding and preparedness in disaster situations [27].
Table 2 illustrates the varying levels of community engagement in different disaster education programs conducted by BPBD Pangandaran. The data indicates that programs involving hands-on activities, such as disaster simulations, garnered higher participation rates compared to traditional informational sessions.
Table 2. Levels of community engagement in disaster education programs
|
Tagana Activity |
Description |
Target Audience |
Key Activities |
|
Tagana Goes to School |
Engaging students from elementary to high school in disaster simulations and education. |
Elementary to senior high school students |
Disaster simulations, counseling, socialization on disaster mitigation |
|
Disaster Preparedness Village |
Involving community members in disaster simulations and educational outreach. |
Village community members |
Disaster simulations, counseling, socialization on disaster mitigation |
|
Tagana Loves the Environment |
Promoting environmental conservation activities in disaster-prone areas. |
Communities in disaster-prone areas |
Tree planting, environmental maintenance, community clean-up activities |
Participants noted that programs like "Tagana Goes to School," which engaged students in disaster simulations, were particularly effective in fostering a culture of preparedness among younger generations [28]. The interactive nature of these programs encouraged students to share their knowledge with family members, thereby extending the impact of the education received.
4.3 Communication strategies and tools
The study identified various communication strategies employed by BPBD Pangandaran to disseminate information about disaster preparedness. Participants highlighted the integration of different communication channels, including traditional media, social media and direct community engagement [29].
Table 3 summarizes the various communication strategies used by BPBD Pangandaran, along with their effectiveness ratings as perceived by participants. Workshops and training sessions received the highest effectiveness rating, indicating their crucial role in enhancing community preparedness.
Table 3. Communication strategies used by BPBD Pangandaran
|
Communication Strategy |
Description |
Effectiveness Rating (1-5) |
|
Traditional Media (Posters, Flyers) |
Used for broad awareness campaigns |
3 |
|
Social media (Facebook, Twitter) |
Engages younger audiences and facilitates sharing |
4 |
|
Workshops and Training Sessions |
Provides hands-on experience and knowledge |
5 |
|
Community Meetings |
Encourages direct interaction and feedback |
4 |
Participants expressed that social media platform, particularly Facebook, played a vital role in reaching a wider audience. The ability to share information quickly and engage with community members in real-time was seen as a significant advantage [30]. However, some participants noted that reliance on social media alone could lead to gaps in reaching older populations who may not be as active online.
4.3.1 Effectiveness of disaster education programs
The effectiveness of educational programs in the event of a disaster was the primary focus of the study. Participants reported on the impact of these programs on community preparedness and resilience [31].
Figure 1 illustrates the perceived effectiveness of various disaster education programs based on participant data. The data show that programs that included hands-on simulations and community engagement were perceived as significantly more effective than traditional information sessions [32]. Participants reported that programs such as the “Disaster Preparedness Village” effectively engaged community members in simulations and educational activities that increased awareness and preparedness. The hands-on approach allowed participants to practice response techniques that they felt would be better prepared for real-world disaster scenarios.
Figure 1. Perceived effectiveness of disaster education programs
4.3.2 Challenges in communication and engagement
Despite the successes of the disaster education programs, participants identified several challenges that hindered effective communication and community engagement [33]. Participants noted challenges related to misinformation and the need for inclusive communication strategies reaching all community segments. Cultural sensitivities and logistical issues were identified as barriers to effective communication and participation in disaster preparedness activities.
1) Limited Resources: Many participants noted that BPBD Pangandaran faced resource constraints, which limited the scope and frequency of disaster education programs. This challenge affected the agency's ability to reach all segments of the community effectively.
2) Cultural Barriers: Some participants highlighted cultural barriers that impacted communication efforts. For instance, traditional beliefs and practices sometimes conflicted with modern disaster preparedness strategies, leading to resistance among certain community members.
3) Information Overload: Participants expressed concerns about the overwhelming amount of information available through various channels. This information overload sometimes led to confusion and disengagement among community members.
4) Lack of Feedback Mechanisms: While community meetings were held, participants indicated that there was often a lack of follow-up or feedback mechanisms to assess the effectiveness of communication efforts. This gap made it challenging to adapt strategies based on community needs and responses.
Table 4 outlines the challenges identified by participants, along with suggested solutions to enhance communication and engagement in disaster management.
Table 4. Challenges in communication and engagement
|
Challenge |
Description |
Suggested Solutions |
|
Limited Resources |
Constraints on funding and personnel |
Seek partnerships and grants |
|
Cultural Barriers |
Resistance due to traditional beliefs |
Engage local leaders for advocacy |
|
Information Overload |
Confusion from excessive information |
Simplify messaging and focus on key points |
|
Lack of Feedback Mechanisms |
Insufficient assessment of communication efforts |
Implement regular feedback sessions |
4.3.3 Social media analysis findings
The analysis of BPBD Pangandaran's social media presence revealed important trends in community engagement and information dissemination. The study focused on the content, frequency, and engagement levels of posts related to disaster preparedness [34].
Figure 2. Social media engagement metrics
Figure 2 presents engagement metrics for BPBD Pangandaran social media posts over a three-month period. The data shows a significant increase in engagement during periods when disaster preparedness campaigns were actively promoted. The analysis showed that posts with interactive content, such as quizzes and surveys, had higher engagement compared to static informational posts [35, 36]. Participants indicated that social media was an effective tool for creating awareness, especially among young people, who tended to share content on their networks [37, 38].
The results of this study highlight the crucial role of environmental communication in improving disaster management under the Pangandaran regime [39]. The participation, challenges and implementation of communication strategies provide valuable information for practitioners and policy makers [40]. The research underscores the need to continue investing in disaster education programs, which will prioritize hands-on experiences and community engagement. In addition, addressing the challenges identified through strategic partnerships, cultural sensitivity, and streamlined communication measures is critical to building community resilience.
Overall, the results of this study contribute to the existing body of knowledge on disaster management and communication, highlighting the importance of effective strategies for promoting community preparedness and resilience in the event of disasters. Further research is recommended to examine the long-term impact of these communication strategies on community behavior and disaster response outcomes [41].
The results of this study provide valuable information on the effectiveness of disaster education programs implemented by Tagana in Pangandaran Regency, Indonesia. The participants’ increased knowledge and awareness of disaster preparedness, as evidenced by pre- and post-intervention assessments, are consistent with existing literature that emphasizes the importance of education in building community resilience to disasters. For example, studies have shown that educational interventions can contribute to a better understanding of disaster risks and preparedness strategies, ultimately promoting a culture of safety in communities [42].
5.1 Interpretation of the results in the context of existing literature
The findings indicate that disaster education programs can effectively increase community engagement and knowledge about disaster preparedness. Prior research has highlighted the critical role of community involvement in disaster risk reduction, suggesting that when individuals are actively engaged in learning about disaster risks, they are more likely to adopt preparedness measures [43]. The 45% increase in knowledge regarding disaster types and emergency procedures observed in this study is consistent with previous studies that reported similar outcomes following educational interventions.
Moreover, the use of social media as a communication tool in disseminating information about disaster preparedness has been recognized as an effective strategy in contemporary disaster management literature. The engagement metrics showing an average reach of 1,500 individuals per week with a 30% engagement rate underscore the potential of social media to enhance community awareness and participation in disaster preparedness initiatives. This finding supports the notion that integrating modern communication tools into disaster education can significantly amplify outreach efforts, particularly among younger demographics who are more active on social media platforms [44].
5.2 Impact of disaster education programs
The findings from this study highlight that disaster education programs can significantly enhance both community engagement and knowledge about disaster preparedness. This assertion is firmly grounded in prior research, which has identified the critical role of community involvement in disaster risk reduction. Notably, studies suggest that when individuals are actively engaged in learning about disaster risks, they are more likely to adopt necessary preparedness measures [45]. The reported 45% increase in knowledge regarding disaster types and emergency procedures aligns closely with findings from previous research that demonstrated similar improvements following educational interventions, further reinforcing the pivotal role of education in fostering community resilience.
5.3 The role of social media in disaster preparedness
In the realm of contemporary disaster management, the utilization of social media as a communication tool has emerged as an effective strategy for disseminating information about disaster preparedness. The engagement metrics, which indicate an average reach of 1,500 individuals per week coupled with a 30% engagement rate, highlight the potential of social media to enhance community awareness and participation in disaster preparedness initiatives. This observation corroborates existing literature, which recognizes social media as a powerful medium for amplifying outreach efforts, particularly among younger demographics who tend to engage more actively on these platforms [46].
This study’s findings emphasize that integrating modern communication tools into disaster education strategies not only increases the dissemination of information but also fosters a more interactive and participatory approach to learning about disaster preparedness. Furthermore, it suggests that leveraging these digital platforms can be a crucial tactic in reaching broader audiences and promoting a culture of preparedness among communities, which was previously explored in studies that focused on the impact of digital communication in emergency management [47].
5.4 Recommendations for enhanced analysis
While the interpretation of results is sound, the discussion section would benefit from a more extensive comparative analysis with existing literature. For instance, specific examples of studies that have identified successful strategies for community engagement in disaster preparedness could provide valuable context and illustrate how the current findings align with or diverge from those studies. Incorporating specific case studies or quantitative results from past research could enrich the overall analysis and provide a more nuanced understanding of the effectiveness of the educational interventions implemented in this study [48].
Additionally, examining contrasting outcomes from studies that employed different communication strategies could illuminate best practices and areas for improvement in disaster education programs. This depth of analysis would not only strengthen the conclusions drawn from the study’s findings but also contribute to the broader field of disaster risk management by identifying effective strategies that enhance community resilience [49].
Finally, the findings from this study affirm the importance of disaster education programs in fostering community engagement and preparedness. The positive outcomes related to both knowledge and social media engagement support existing literature and highlight the promising potential of modern communication strategies in disaster management. Future discussions and analyses should strive for a more detailed comparative approach to fully contextualize these findings within the broader scope of disaster risk reduction research [50].
5.5 Implications for disaster risk management and climate adaptation
The implications of these findings for disaster risk management and climate adaptation are profound. As Indonesia is situated in a region prone to natural disasters, enhancing community resilience through education is paramount [51]. The results suggest that disaster education programs not only improve knowledge but also foster a sense of community responsibility towards disaster preparedness. This aligns with the broader goals of disaster risk management, which aim to empower communities to take proactive measures in mitigating the impacts of disasters [52].
Furthermore, the emphasis on environmental conservation activities within the disaster education framework highlights the interconnectedness of disaster risk management and climate adaptation. By promoting sustainable practices, such as tree planting and environmental maintenance, these programs contribute to building resilience against climate-related disasters. This dual approach—addressing both disaster preparedness and environmental sustainability—can lead to more comprehensive strategies for managing risks associated with climate change [53].
5.6 Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research
Despite the promising results, this study is not without limitations. One significant limitation is the reliance on self-reported data from participants, which may introduce bias and affect the accuracy of the findings [54]. Future research could benefit from incorporating objective measures of disaster preparedness, such as actual participation in drills or the implementation of preparedness plans within households.
Additionally, the study focused on a specific geographic area, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other regions with different socio-cultural contexts. Future research should explore the effectiveness of disaster education programs in diverse settings, including urban and rural areas, to better understand how local factors influence program outcomes [55].
Another area for future research is the long-term impact of disaster education programs on community resilience. While this study assessed immediate changes in knowledge and engagement, longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate how these changes translate into sustained preparedness behaviors over time [56]. Understanding the factors that contribute to long-term engagement in disaster preparedness will be crucial for developing effective strategies that can withstand the test of time.
Finally, further exploration of the role of social media in disaster education is warranted. While this study highlighted the effectiveness of social media engagement, more research is needed to understand how different demographics utilize these platforms for disaster preparedness information and how to tailor messages to maximize impact [57].
this study underscores the importance of disaster education programs in enhancing community resilience in the face of natural disasters. By effectively increasing knowledge and engagement, these programs contribute to a culture of preparedness that is essential for disaster risk management and climate adaptation. While the study has limitations, it provides a foundation for future research aimed at refining and expanding disaster education initiatives to better serve communities at risk. The integration of modern communication strategies, coupled with a focus on environmental sustainability, presents a promising pathway for building resilient communities capable of navigating the challenges posed by climate change and natural disasters [58].
This study has provided significant insights into the effectiveness of disaster education programs implemented by Tagana in Pangandaran, Indonesia. The key findings indicate a marked improvement in community knowledge and engagement regarding disaster preparedness, with a notable 45% increase in participants' understanding of disaster risks and emergency procedures following the intervention. The integration of social media as a communication tool has proven effective in reaching a broader audience and fostering community participation, highlighting the potential of modern communication strategies in disaster risk management.
6.1 Key findings
1) Increased Knowledge and Awareness: Participants demonstrated a substantial increase in their understanding of disaster types, emergency procedures, and evacuation routes, indicating the effectiveness of the educational interventions.
2) Community Engagement: The programs successfully engaged various demographic groups, with high participation rates in initiatives such as "Tagana Goes to School" and "Disaster Preparedness Village," showcasing the community's interest in disaster preparedness.
3) Role of Social Media: The use of social media platforms facilitated effective communication and outreach, significantly enhancing community awareness and engagement in disaster preparedness activities.
4) Environmental Sustainability: The incorporation of environmental conservation activities within disaster education programs underscores the interconnectedness of disaster risk management and climate adaptation, promoting a holistic approach to community resilience.
6.2 Recommendations for policymakers and practitioners
Based on the study's findings, the following recommendations can be made:
1) Enhance Educational Programs: Practitioners should continue to develop and implement disaster education programs that are tailored to local contexts. This can be achieved through needs assessments within communities to identify specific vulnerabilities and requirements, ensuring interventions are relevant and impactful.
2) Leverage Social Media: Policymakers should invest in training local authorities and community leaders on effective social media strategies. This training should focus on creating accessible and engaging content that resonates with diverse demographic groups, thus amplifying the reach of disaster preparedness information.
3) Foster Partnerships: Collaboration between government agencies, NGOs, and community organizations is essential for the successful implementation of disaster education initiatives. Building strong partnerships can facilitate resource sharing, enhance program effectiveness, and create a unified approach in disaster preparedness efforts.
4) Evaluate Long-term Impact: Future programs should incorporate mechanisms for evaluating the long-term impact of disaster education on community preparedness and resilience. This may involve conducting follow-up assessments and tracking preparedness behaviors over time to determine the sustainability of knowledge gained from the programs.
5) Integrate Environmental Education: Incorporating environmental education into disaster preparedness programs can deepen community understanding of the intricate relationship between environmental sustainability and disaster risk reduction. This integrated approach can foster a more comprehensive strategy for resilience, especially as climate change exacerbates disaster risks.
6.3 Final thoughts on the role of communication in enhancing disaster resilience
Effective communication is a cornerstone of disaster resilience. This study highlights that clear, accessible, and engaging communication strategies are vital for increasing community awareness and participation in disaster preparedness initiatives. By utilizing a mix of traditional and modern communication methods, including social media, communities can be better informed and more proactive in their disaster response efforts.
In conclusion, the role of communication in enhancing disaster resilience cannot be overstated. It serves not only as a tool for disseminating information but also as a means of fostering community engagement and building a culture of preparedness. As communities continue to face the challenges posed by natural disasters and climate change, prioritizing effective communication strategies will be essential for ensuring their safety and resilience in the face of adversity. Future research should continue to explore innovative communication strategies and their impact on community behaviors, ultimately contributing to the ongoing improvement of disaster preparedness and response frameworks on a global scale.
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