Rossy Armyn Machfudiyanto* | Yusuf Latief | Ratih Fitriani | Amira Syifa
OPEN ACCESS
Construction Safety Planning is an element in the CSMS (Construction Safety Management System), which needs to be developed by the Contractor. Irrespective of this condition, the guidelines for preparing a safety program have not been appropriately disseminated by the project owner. This shows that many contractors are yet to appropriately implement the construction safety program. Therefore, this study aims to develop a safety program for Indonesian flat projects, especially architectural work. A qualitative method and secofndary data were used and obtained from a literature review, respectively. This was to determine the breakdown structure of architecture, which was then identified by hazards and operational risks. These processes led to the acquisition of the risk control used in preparing safety program targets, regarding resource analysis. The results showed that the resources needed in this architectural program included safety signs, PPE, warehouse construction, and transportation carts, which should be completed before work inception. In this case, an individual needs to be responsible for all the operational processes, namely the Safety Inspector/Supervisory Officer. These results are expected to be used as a guideline for contractors and project owners, to prepare a safety program and monitor the implementation of CS (construction safety).
construction safety program, flats building, resource analysis, contractor guideline
The Indonesian community was 3.51% of the world's population in 2021 [1], with continuous elevation capable of increasing the primary and secondary needs of the people. This shows that a house is a basic human need [2], although the housing backlog reportedly reaches 8.2 million with an increase of about 500,000 yearly. According to the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR, 2020), this backlog reached 7.64 million units in early 2020 [3]. In the project of high-rise buildings, the Director General of Construction Development of the Ministry of PUPR also stated that accidents should no longer be encountered in infrastructure development. In this context, various parties such as planners, implementers, supervisors, and construction managers need to consider and anticipate the non-occurrence of work hazards. Based on the Ministry of PUPR, a total of 14 (fourteen) infrastructure project accidents were encountered in the past two years, with at least five major causal points detected as follows: (1) Human error, (2) Building material disruptions, (3) Multiple uncertified equipment, (4) Field construction implementation methods, especially occupational safety and health (OSH) programs, and (5) Budget efficiency. In this case, the most suspected cause of work accidents emphasized the construction method [4].
The impact of construction accidents is divided into 3 (three) levels, namely the macro, meso, and micro. At the macro level, accidents often influence a country's competitiveness and the cost of implementing construction safety by 4% of GDP. A company's performance is also affected by these constructive hazards at the meso level. Meanwhile, construction accidents influence project performance and quality, as well as cost and time overrun at the micro level [5].
In the CSMS (Construction Safety Management System), a total of 5 integrative elements are found, namely Leadership, Planning, Safety Support, Operations, and Evaluation [6]. Based on Symbersky's theory, the potential occurrence of construction accidents was observed due to the inappropriate design at the conceptual stage, regarding noncompliance to the standards and regulations [7]. This leads to the focus on one element of the CSMS, namely Construction Safety Planning, whose indicators include Hazard/Risk Identification and SPT (Safety Program Targets). In developing SPT, the analysis of resources needs to be conducted regarding the calculation of construction safety cost values [8]. Therefore, this study aims to develop a construction safety program through a resource analysis, to estimate costs in apartment projects.
2.1 Construction safety plan
An occupational health and safety management plan is a document detailing construction risks and their controlled/preventive measures at the project site [9]. It is also a project document used to develop an effective safety program, through specific goal-oriented objectives, targets, and methods [10]. Furthermore, a safety plan is known as RKK (Construction Safety Plan) in Indonesia, based on the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Regulation No. 10 of 2021, which contains the identification of risk hazards from each activity. This regulation subsequently contains the configuration of SPT (safety program targets) through a resource analysis, to determine construction safety costs.
2.2 Construction safety resource
A safety program is an output of CSP (construction safety planning) [11], whose developmental processes include the analysis of preventive resources. In managing these resources, a good safety management system is required for optimal utilization. The resource component also contains the facilities needed to carry out projects toward the effective and efficient achievement of goals and objectives, through the development of zero accidents. In the architectural work of high-rise flats, resources are reportedly needed to realize construction safety, namely SR (safety resources). According to the study of Ferakhim and Latief [12], the required resources are described in Table 1.
Table 1. Construction safety resource type
|
No |
Construction Safety Resource Component |
Resource Type |
|
|
Personal protective equipment |
Equipment |
|
1 |
Safety Helmet |
Equipment |
|
2 |
Goggles, Spectacles |
Equipment |
|
3 |
Face Shield |
Equipment |
|
4 |
Ear Plug, Ear Muff |
Equipment |
|
5 |
Masks |
Equipment |
|
6 |
Safety Gloves |
Equipment |
|
7 |
Safety Shoes |
Equipment |
|
8 |
Full Body Harness |
Equipment |
|
9 |
Safety Vest |
Equipment |
|
10 |
Fall Arrester |
Equipment |
|
|
Safety Plan Development |
|
|
11 |
Manufacture of Manuals, Procedures, Instructions, as well as Work Permits and Forms |
Labor |
|
|
Safety Socialization and Promotion |
|
|
12 |
Safety Briefing and Meeting |
Labor |
|
13 |
Safety Simulation |
|
|
|
Work Protective Equipment |
|
|
14 |
Safety Net |
Equipment |
|
15 |
Safety Rope |
Equipment |
|
16 |
Safety Deck |
Equipment |
|
17 |
Safety Fence |
Equipment |
|
|
Insurance and Licensing |
|
|
18 |
Equipment Eligibility Permit |
Labor |
|
19 |
Operator Permit |
Labor |
|
|
Safety Personnel |
|
|
20 |
Safety Expert and Officer |
Labor |
|
|
Signs |
|
|
21 |
Hint |
Equipment |
|
22 |
Prohibition |
Equipment |
|
23 |
Warning |
Equipment |
|
24 |
Obligation |
Equipment |
|
|
Others related to Risk Control |
|
|
25 |
Light Fire Extinguisher |
Equipment |
|
Additional Components, including Others related to Risk Control |
|
|
|
1 |
Ear protector |
Equipment |
|
2 |
Noise measurement |
Equipment |
|
3 |
Material transport cart |
Equipment |
Based on Table 1, these resources were used to determine construction safety programs and estimate costs. From several previous reports, the identified resources contained PPE, Safety Plan Development, Personnel, and Signs, as well as Other Related Risk Control and Additional Components. In this context, the Additional Components included ear protection and noise measurements, which were only used for Exposed Concrete-Ceiling Finishing work. This was due to the utilization of a loud grinding tool for a long period. Additionally, the provided transport carts used for masonry and ceramics are quite large, with the transported load slightly heavy.
From the analysis of the CSR (construction safety resources) planning needs, a safety program is proposed for development. The required safety costs are also calculated for each multi-storey building architectural activity, regarding the Flat or Apartment project.
A literature review was initially conducted to determine the activity of construction projects in Flats or Apartments, using WBS. This was accompanied by the identification, assessment, and control of hazards and risks in each project activity. From the risk control process, the development of safety targets and programs was highly possible regarding the analysis of the resources needed for each construction activity. This analysis subsequently involved 3-5 Safety Experts, which validated each process through the Delphi Method, to produce a CSP (construction safety plan) for architectural work on Flats or Apartment projects. Figure 1 shows the study flow methodology.
Figure 1. Study flow methodology
The study process emphasized the continuation of previous reviews, leading to the development of WBS, as well as the risk identification, assessment, and control of each architectural activity in the flat project. Based on the questionnaire responses and the experts' validation, the job description of the architectural project included the following activities [13]:
1. Floor Work
2. Wall Work
3. Ceiling Work
4. Sanitary Work
5. Facade work
6. Roof Work
7. Other Jobs
According to the study of Ferakhim and Latief [12], a total of 17 potential hazards and risk factors were observed in the architectural work of the Rusunawa/Rusunami project. In this context, the following low-risk factors were identified:
1. Workers fall from heights.
2. Inhalation/absorption of harmful substances through the nose or skin.
3. Broken conveyance.
A total of 9 medium-level risk factors were also observed as follows:
1. Collision of workers with falling/moving objects.
2. Eyes exposed to/splashed with spray.
3. Workers are trapped in the screed layer.
4. Workers are exposed to temperature, air pressure, vibration, radiation, sound, light, and others.
5. Fire.
6. Damages to equipment due to vertical overload.
7. Tool collision with other hard objects.
8. Damage to public facilities.
9. Split materials.
Additionally, 5 high-risk factors were identified as follows:
1. Workers' collisions with falling and sharp objects.
2. Inhalation/absorption of harmful substances through breathing/skin.
3. Workers slip.
4. Workers' exposure to electric current.
5. Worker sprains.
Table 2. Development of construction safety program
|
No. |
Risk Control |
Reference |
Goals |
Program |
|||||
|
Activity |
Benchmark |
Resource |
Duration |
Indicator |
Monitoring |
PIC |
|||
|
Potential Risk: Workers' collision with falling and sharp objects |
|||||||||
|
1 |
Using gloves when working |
Project Document |
All workers wear appropriate PPE |
SNI/Indonesian National Standard gloves and the number of workers |
Gloves |
Before work |
100% standard |
Checklist |
Safety inspector/supervisor of work implementation |
|
2 |
Display "Careful" signs |
Project Document |
All locations are marked |
Standard sign |
Warning sign |
Before work |
100% standard |
Checklist |
Safety Officer |
|
3 |
Complete use of PPE |
Expert Judgment |
All workers wear appropriate PPE |
PPE according to SNI / Indonesian National Standard |
Standard PPE (Helmet, Vest, and Shoes) |
Before work |
100% standard |
Checklist |
Safety inspector/supervisor of work implementation |
|
Potential Risks: Inhalation/absorption of harmful substances into the body, through breathing/skin |
|||||||||
|
1 |
Wearing a mask at work |
Project Document |
All workers wear appropriate PPE |
SNI masks and the number of workers |
Mask |
Before work |
100% standard |
Checklist |
Safety inspector/supervisor of work implementation |
|
2 |
B3 is placed in a special area and separated from non-B3 materials |
Project Document |
All placements of B3 and non-B3 materials are neatly arranged |
Amount and type of material |
Warehouse building materials |
Before work |
B3 materials are not scattered |
K3 officer conducts area inspection |
Safety inspector/supervisor of work implementation |
|
3 |
Handling of B3 materials according to MSDS (Materials Safety Data Sheet) |
Project Document |
All materials are handled according to procedures |
Amount and type of material |
MSDS Document |
Before work |
Orderly implementation according to MSDS |
The supervisors carry out supervision |
Safety inspector/supervisor of work implementation |
|
4 |
Use eye protection |
Expert Judgment |
All workers wear safety glasses |
SNI safety glasses and the number of workers |
Safety glasses |
Before work |
100% standard |
Checklist K3 officers carry out periodic checks |
Safety inspector/supervisor of work implementation |
|
5 |
Installing information boards regarding the presence of B3 materials |
Expert Judgment |
An information board is installed in the B3 area |
B3 information board |
B3 information board |
Before work |
100% standard |
Checklist K3 officers carry out periodic checks |
Safety inspector/supervisor of work implementation |
|
Potential Risk: Workers Slip |
|||||||||
|
1 |
Material placement is neat and accessible for people to walk |
Project Document |
Material placements are arranged and accessible to people |
Amount and type of material |
Work Instructions document |
During the execution of the work |
Availability of access roads for people |
K3 officer conducts area inspection |
Safety officer |
|
2 |
Display "Careful" signs |
Project Document |
All locations are marked |
Standard sign |
Warning sign |
Before work |
100% standard |
Checklist |
Safety officer |
|
3 |
Perform regular cleaning of the work area/field |
Expert Judgment |
Work area cleaning |
Regular cleaning of the work area |
Water tank |
During the execution of the work |
100% standard |
Report |
Safety officer |
|
Potential Risk: Workers' exposure to electric current |
|||||||||
|
1 |
Install the "Electricity Hazard" sign |
Project Document |
All locations are marked |
Standard sign |
Warning sign |
Before work |
100% standard |
Checklist |
Safety officer |
|
2 |
Avoid multiple flow-sharing connections |
Project Document |
Avoiding multiple flow-sharing connections |
Electric current |
Work instructions document |
During the execution of the work |
No excessive electrical load |
K3 officer conducts area inspection |
Safety officer |
|
3 |
Provision of safety insulation on the chipped cable |
Project Document |
Ensure no exposed wires |
Power cable |
Work instructions document |
During the execution of the work |
No exposed wires |
K3 officer conducts area inspection |
Safety officer |
|
4 |
The electrical connection is coordinated with an electrician |
Project Document |
Coordinate electrical connections with electricians |
Power cable |
Work instructions document |
During the execution of the work |
Presence of the electrician when connecting the electricity |
Supervisors carry out supervision |
Safety officer |
|
4 |
Prevent/avoid puddles |
Project Document |
Ensure no puddles |
The entire area has no stagnant water |
Work instructions document |
During the execution of the work |
No puddles |
K3 officer conducts area inspection |
Safety officer |
|
5 |
Wear rubber gloves and safety shoes |
Project Document |
All workers wear appropriate PPE |
SNI for gloves and safety shoes, as well as the number of workers |
Rubber gloves and safety shoes |
Before work |
100% standard |
Checklist |
Safety inspector/supervisor of work implementation |
|
6 |
Periodic checks for electrical installations |
Project Document |
Carry out periodic inspections of electrical installations |
Electrical installation |
Work instructions document |
During the execution of the work |
Periodic check notes |
K3 officer conducts area inspection |
Safety officer |
|
7 |
Ensure that the cable is hung and not sticking to the floor, especially the wet one |
Project Document |
Hangs all cables and no floor stickers |
Power cable |
Work instructions document |
During the execution of the work |
No cables sticking to the floor |
K3 officer conducts area inspection |
Safety officer |
|
8 |
Ensure that the cable used is adjusted to the power capacity |
Project Document |
Using the cable according to its capacity |
Power cable |
Work instructions document |
During the execution of the work |
Cable usage according to capacity |
K3 officer conducts area inspection |
Safety officer |
|
9 |
Ensure that the electrical connection uses a socket and is connected to the specified panel |
Project Document |
Ensure all electrical connections use sockets and are connected to the specified panel |
Cable connection |
Work instructions document |
During the execution of the work |
The electrical connection is appropriately connected |
K3 officer conducts area inspection |
Safety officer |
|
10 |
Assign an electrician's PIC to facilitate electrical coordination |
Expert Judgment |
PIC of electrician from ME team |
Electrician PIC |
PIC |
During the execution of the work |
Min. 1 person |
Report |
PIC of electrician |
|
Potential Risk: Workers' Sprain |
|||||||||
|
1 |
Using carts for material transport |
Project Document |
All material transportation in large quantities and long distances using carts |
Amount of material and transport distance |
Transport cart |
During the execution of the work |
Carts are used to transport materials |
Supervisors carry out supervision |
Safety officer |
|
2 |
Consider the material's carrying capacity of the wagon load |
Project Document |
Transportation of materials by cart does not exceed the hauling load |
Material load and quantity |
Work instructions document |
During the execution of the work |
The cart is used easily |
Supervisors carry out supervision |
Safety officer |
|
3 |
Material lifting should not exceed the person's load |
Project Document |
Workers lifting materials do not exceed the weight of people |
Material load and quantity |
Work instructions document |
During the execution of the work |
Heavy materials are transported by assistive devices (carts) |
Supervisors carry out supervision |
Safety officer |
|
4 |
Handling is carried out in suitable positions |
Project Document |
Workers lift material in an appropriate position |
Material load and quantity |
Work instructions document |
During the execution of the work |
Workers are easy to handle |
Supervisors carry out supervision |
Safety officer |
|
5 |
Conduct ergonomics training for all workers or socialize through the safety weight load (SWL) sign |
Expert Judgment |
Ergonomics training |
Implemented min. 1 time |
Instructor |
During the execution of the work |
100% standard |
Activity Report |
Safety officer |
Based on this review, all 5 high risks were analyzed and subsequently identified, to develop targets and programs for the Rusunawa/Rusunami architectural project. This emphasized comprehensive risk control on construction safety resource requirements. From these architectural high-risk factors and potential hazards, the preparation of targets and programs was carried out to mitigate construction accidents, as shown in Table 2.
In architecture, workers often highly perform and use quite a lot of equipment. In this process, potential hazards and risk factors such as workers slipping, need to be avoided. According to the experts' validation, periodically cleaning the work area/field was necessary as a risk-control measure. This indicated that the required resources included water tanks and cleaners for cleaning processes during the project period. These processes should subsequently be monitored through a work report supervised by safety officers [14].
Based on the high-risk factors, the following are the construction safety resource requirements needed to mitigate hazard occurrences [15-17]:
1. Warning signs or information boards, listed in the PUPR Ministerial Regulation No. 10 of 2021.
2. PPE and APK, enacted in the PUPR Ministerial Regulation No. 10 of 2021.
3. Manufacturing warehouses, provided to activities and equipment related to construction safety risk control.
4. Water tanks.
5. PIC of the electrician, added to Socialization, Promotion, and Training.
6. Transport carts, integrated into the activities and equipment related to construction safety risk control.
7. Lifting, electric current, and MSDS documents, added to the construction safety plan preparation document.
8. Ergonomics training instructor, provided to Socialization, Promotion, and Training.
These requirements, especially those included in the PUPR Ministerial Regulation No. 10 of 2021, should be recommended for use as construction safety resources [18].
Based on the results, flats were arranged regarding the normal and advanced risk control obtained from project documents and experts' validation, including 70 targets and programs for architectural projects. Most of these developments emphasized the control of risk factors for workers, materials, equipment, and the environment/public. These results were in line with the study [19], where CSPs (construction safety programs) were explained as safety planning elements, which improved the preventive culture in construction projects.
The results also showed that flats generally prioritized the PUPR Ministerial Decree No. 10 of 2021, which contained 9 components and 74 subcomponents/items of the construction safety resources. In this case, 30 of the sub-components were generally used to mitigate all common risk factors as follows:
A. Construction safety plan preparation
1. Preparation of a Construction Safety Plan document.
2. Work procedures and instructions planning.
3. Preparation of reports on the implementation of the construction safety management system (daily, weekly, monthly, final).
B. Socialization, Promotion, and Training
1. Construction Safety Induction.
2. Construction Safety Briefing.
3. Safety Meetings, Talk, and/or Tool Box Gathering.
4. Safety patrol.
5. Construction Safety Training.
6. Construction Safety Simulation.
7. Banners.
8. Posters.
9. Safety information board.
C. Insurance and Licensing
1. Insurance.
2. Inspection or testing of equipment fitness to obtain permits.
D. Health Facilities
1. First aid kits.
2. First aid room.
E. Signs
1. Directional.
2. Prohibition.
3. Warning.
4. Obligation.
5. Information.
6. Temporary Job.
F. Consultation with Construction Safety Experts
1. Environmentalist.
2. Building engineering expert.
G. Construction Safety Risk-Control Activities and Equipment (Others)
1. Inspection of the work environment.
2. Safety flag.
3. Emergency lights (Emergency Lamps).
4. Environmental inspection and testing/Sampling test.
5. Making Worker Identity Card (KIP).
6. External audit.
7. CCTV.
Based on the results, an improvement was detected in the construction safety program (CSP) prepared according to the required policy, namely the Minister of Public Works and Housing Regulation No. 10/2021. This indicated that the CSP was the output of the construction safety planning implemented by the Project Owner or Contractor in Flats or Apartments Architecture. In preparing the CSP, the performance of a Resource Analysis was highly necessary as an important part of construction cost estimations. From these results, a role model was provided in the development of a construction safety program. This was obtained from the determination, identification, and assessment of architectural activities, hazards and risks, as well as risk-control measures. These results are then used as guides for contractors in architectural work, especially in Flat and Apartment projects.
The authors are grateful for the financial support provided by the Ministry of Research and Technology/National Research and Innovation Agency, through PDUPT Grant 2020 with contract number: NKB- 2875/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2020. This grant is managed by the Directorate for Research and Community Engagement (DRPM), Ministry of Research and Technology/National Research and Innovation Agency.
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