Administrative Law in Sustainable Development: A Case Study of the Interaction Between Eco-Business and Government in Jordan

The issue of interaction between business and government in the region is actively considered in scientific and practical literature, which indicates its relevance and importance. Researchers from different countries offer various approaches and methodologies to analyze these interactions, considering them through the prism of administrative and legal support, management efficiency, and impact on sustainable development.

The study by Mitkus and Cibulskienė [1] examines in detail how the legal environment influences the organization of housing construction, with a particular focus on the persistence of this industry. The authors analyze how changes in legislation can promote or hinder the development of environmentally sustainable building practices, and highlight the importance of adapting business models to legal regulations in the context of promoting sustainable development.

An interesting study by Alazzam et al. [2] proposes an innovative methodological approach to the selection of business management strategies as part of a change in business activity that is critical to adapting to the requirements of sustainable development. The authors draw attention to the need to respond to rapid changes in the global business environment and highlight how this affects the sustainability of entrepreneurial activity.

In a study by Tunčikienė et al. [3] considers aspects of developing partnerships between the public and private sectors, which are key to sustainable development. The study focuses on the managerial aspects of such partnerships, recognizing their potential to achieve sustainable development goals through shared efforts and innovation.

An interesting study by Alazzam et al. [4] highlights the legal issues and challenges of e-commerce, with particular attention to ways to overcome them in Jordan and other jurisdictions. The authors focus on the importance of legal regulation to support established business models in the digital era.

Pylypenko et al. [5] focus on the legal security of land relations, and the importance of legislative support for the sustainable use of land resources. The authors explore how effective regulations can promote resource conservation while promoting economic development.

The work of Al-edenat and Alhawamdeh [6] focuses on the role of business intelligence competencies in improving the effectiveness of organizational processes important for sustainable development. The study points to the need to develop skills and knowledge to adapt to a fast-paced business environment.

Alazzam et al. [7] explore threats to environmental security in the context of COVID-19, highlighting the importance of legal measures to ensure sustainable development during the pandemic. The authors note the role of legal practice in adapting to environmental challenges.

At the same time, Bazyliuk et al. [8] analyze the institutional dynamics of regional development in Ukraine from the point of view of publishing and printing activities, focusing on the importance of methodological and practical aspects of the sustainable development of this industry.

An interesting study by Rushchyshyn et al. [9], draws attention to the regulatory and legal component in ensuring the financial security of the state, which has a direct connection with sustainable development. The authors consider the importance of legislative support for economic stability as the basis for sustainable development.

In a study by Sylkin et al. [10] the use of crisis management to ensure the financial security of enterprises is discussed, which is important for their sustainable development in conditions of economic fluctuations. The authors show how process modelling can help enterprises adapt to crisis events.

At the same time, Fedorova et al. [11] attention paid to the problems of training leaders in the field of public administration in the context of the digital economy, which has a significant impact on sustainable development. The work emphasizes the need to develop the competencies of managers to effectively address modern challenges of sustainable development.

Albalawee et al. [12] examines the public administration of economic security systems through a human rights perspective in changing political and legal environments. Their research provides valuable insights into the integration of human rights in economic governance. However, their study largely focuses on the theoretical framework without offering concrete examples or case studies of how these principles are applied in specific environmental or sustainability contexts. This lack leaves a gap in understanding the practical implementation and effectiveness of such frameworks in actual environmental policy and business operations. Ahmed et al. [13] explores the interaction between administrative decision-making and environmental sustainability in urban settings. It highlights the complexities and conflicts that can arise between urban development and environmental conservation. Gap: The research, while comprehensive in the urban context, does not extend its findings to the broader interactions between national governments and business entities, missing a broader perspective on how these dynamics play out on a larger scale. Yesimov and Borovikova [14] discuss the administrative and legal frameworks that support the rights of business entities, providing insights into the legal scaffolding that supports business operations. Gap: Their study, while insightful, lacks a focused discussion on how these legal structures interact with sustainable development goals, particularly in sectors that are environmentally sensitive or require sustainable practices. Flanagan and Hannikainen [15] work on the intrinsic morality of law and its perception provides an interesting philosophical angle to the understanding of the law. Gap: However, the philosophical approach does not translate into actionable insights for administrative law or its application in sustainable development, leaving a practical gap in applying these philosophical concepts to real-world legal challenges in environmental governance. Aldrou et al. [16] delves into the administrative and legal factors that influence regional sustainable development amid changing external environments. Their analysis is crucial in understanding how external pressures affect regional policies. Gap: Despite its relevance, the study focuses more on regional dynamics without a deeper exploration into the specifics of business-government interactions that could enhance or impede sustainability, which is critical for comprehensive policy-making.

The reviewed literature collectively underscores the complexity of integrating administrative law into sustainable development initiatives. While they offer broad theoretical insights and some regional analyses, there is a notable lack of detailed, empirical research that connects these broader frameworks with specific business-government interactions in environmental contexts. Moreover, the existing studies do not sufficiently address the operationalization of these legal frameworks in real-world settings, particularly in countries with unique challenges like Jordan.

The reviewed literature provides a comprehensive overview of the various challenges and strategies in the system of interaction between business and government, particularly in the context of sustainable development. However, there are also key gaps in the scientific and practical literature for our chosen research problem (Figure 1).

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Figure 1. The key gaps in the scientific literature in our study

Thus, the scientific task of the article is to form a modern approach to identifying and countering administrative and legal methods, key obstacles in the system of interaction between business and government in the context of sustainable development.

The interaction between business and government in Jordan has its own characteristics that differ from other countries, given its unique political, economic and social context. This interaction is the basis for ensuring sustainable sustainable development. For businesses, effective interaction with the Jordanian authorities can bring a number of benefits. It should be noted that political instability in the region affects public-private partnership projects, as investors often seek stability and predictability in their investments. An uncertain political climate may discourage private investors who fear risks associated with political changes or social unrest. Economic instability also plays an important role. When a country's economy is weak or unstable, it can limit the availability of capital for large projects, as well as reduce the potential return on investment in such projects. Private companies are often reluctant to invest in projects where economic returns are guaranteed. Regulatory barriers and bureaucracy can get in the way. The complexity and opacity of regulatory procedures can complicate the implementation of public-private partnership projects. Private companies may find it difficult to navigate the complex regulatory environment, which reduces their interest in such projects (Figure 3).

Thus, by attracting 50 leading experts in the field of security in the region, representatives of business and government in Jordan, we, based on the results of the survey, identified the 7 most significant problems that impede effective interaction between business and government in Jordan in the context of sustainable development.

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Figure 3. Dynamics of the number of partnerships between business and government in Jordan for 2019-2023, units

1. Insufficient integration between different sectors of the economy. Lack of coordination between different economic sectors and lack of built-in strategies hinder the creation of joint initiatives between business and government.
2. Social inequalities and lack of inclusion. Social inequality and lack of inclusiveness in interactions between business and government have led to social tensions and limit economic development.
3. Political and economic instability. Political instability may deter investors, and economic instability may limit financing and investment opportunities.
4. Regulatory interference. Poor legislation or excessive regulation hinders business development and forces entrepreneurs to waste resources on legal issues.
5. Corruption and lack of transparency. Corruption can distort market competition and limit the effectiveness of interactions between the government and the private sector.
6. Costs in infrastructure and education. Insufficient infrastructure and limited educational opportunities hinder the development of a skilled workforce and technological progress.
7. Insufficient development of innovations and technologies. Lack of investment in research and development, as well as lagging technological progress, limit the ability of businesses to compete internationally.

For further modelling, we will establish a mathematical designation for a certain list of problems as B. Thus, the set of certain obstacles to the interaction between business and government is the following set of changes: $\mathrm{B}=\left\{\mathrm{B}_1, \mathrm{~B}_2, \mathrm{~B}_3, \mathrm{~B}_4\right.$, $\left.\mathrm{B}_5, \mathrm{~B}_6, \mathrm{~B}_7\right\}$.

To begin with, let’s build a graph of connections between certain problems that impede effective interaction between business and government in Jordan in the context of sustainable development (Figure 4).

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Figure 4. A graph of connections between certain problems that impede effective interaction between business and government in Jordan in the context of sustainable development

Given the constructed graph, we can fill the matrix by taking into account the following Eq. (1):

$\mathrm{M}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}1, \text { if there is connection } \\ 0 \text { if not }\end{array}\right.$          (1)

So, according to the constructed graph and Eq. (1), we fill in the matrix (Figure 5).

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Figure 5. Completed dependency matrix between specific issues

Next, we need to fill out another matrix in which the entire diagonal, according to the modeling procedure, is 1 and there are inverse values. In this case, the following Eq. (2) should be achieved:

$M_2=\left\{\begin{array}{c}1, \text { if from one problem is arrow to other } \\ 0 \text { if not }\end{array}\right.$          (2)

So, according to the constructed graph and Eq. (2), we fill in matrix number two (Figure 6).

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Figure 6. Completed reachability matrix between specific issues

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Figure 7. Calculation matrix for determining the level of action of problems that impede effective interaction between business and government in Jordan in the context of sustainable development

Further, problem b is considered solved in the presence of another problem b, if in the context of this analysis (Figure 4) there is a chain of solutions leading from problem b to the solution of another problem b. Such problems are classified as interrelated. So, we denote the set of problems that can be solved based on b as S(b). Similarly, a problem b is primary to another problem b if it directly contributes to its solution. The set of all such primary problems forms the subset P(b). Moreover, if this is true: S(b) $\cap$ R(b) then we denote this as R(b). Moreover, if R(b) = P(b), then this forms the lowest level of negative impact of the problem. Let us present a calculation matrix for determining the level of action of problems that impede effective interaction between business and government in Jordan (Figure 7).

As can be seen from Figure 6, equality holds for B₆ and B₂. Thus, they form the 3^rd lowest level of negative impact on the interaction between business and government in the region. These problems are removed from the matrix and then we repeat this until there are only one or two left. Omitting these intermediate calculations, let us present the finished results. Thus, we will hierarchically organize the modeling results into one holistic model of the levels of impact of problems on the interaction between business and government in Jordan in the context of sustainable development (Figure 8).

To improve the effectiveness of interaction between business and government in Jordan, special attention should be paid to addressing the problems of insufficient integration between different sectors of the economy and combating corruption and lack of transparency. A good place to start is by developing and implementing integrated strategies that promote coordination across different sectors of the economy. This can be achieved through the creation of interdepartmental commissions and councils that focus on the development and implementation of comprehensive economic plans. These structures could include representatives from government, business, academia and civil society to ensure diversity of views and interests. The key is to establish clear goals and mechanisms for tracking progress to ensure that strategies are not only formulated, but also effectively implemented. The very model for introducing administrative and legal measures to improve the efficiency of interaction between business and government in Jordan is presented in Figure 9.

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Figure 8. Model of orderly action of problems that impede effective interaction between business and government in Jordan in the context of sustainable development

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Figure 9. Model for the implementation of legal support for sustainable development to improve the efficiency of interaction between business and government in Jordan

In the context of fighting corruption and increasing transparency, attention must be paid to strengthening the legislative framework and control mechanisms. This includes both improving existing anti-corruption laws and introducing new regulations aimed at raising standards of transparency in relations between the government and the private sector in the context of sustainable development. An important aspect is the creation of independent oversight bodies capable of effectively identifying and prosecuting acts of corruption. Particular attention should be paid to areas where interaction between business and government is most intense, for example, in the distribution of government contracts and licensing.

The primary limitation of this study is its focus solely on Jordan. While this allows for a deep dive into the country’s specific challenges and opportunities, it also restricts the broader applicability of the findings. Jordan's unique geopolitical, economic, and environmental conditions might not mirror those of other regions, particularly outside the Middle East. This specificity may limit the generalizability of the conclusions drawn, as legal frameworks and business-government interactions can vary significantly across different cultural, economic, and legal landscapes.