A N M Zakir Hossain
© 2022 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
OPEN ACCESS
Rohingya refugees are one of the top displaced communities in the world. Refugee crises have been a global concern in recent times, involving inclusive research. This bibliometric analysis aims to produce an overview of Rohingya refugees and help researchers build intuitions on them. To this end, the author implements a bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer and Biblioshiny software for cluster analysis and three-factor analysis using publications from Scopus and Web of Science. The author uses180 WoS and 202 Scopus documents to analyse the data based on inclusion criteria. The study results indicate sharp increasing trends of publications and citations in recent times after the major influx in 2017. Bangladesh, the USA, and Australia made the highest number of publications and collaborations on Rohingya refugee research. Besides, the study results visually demonstrate the sub-areas linking with the Rohingya refugees concerning the scientific journals, leading areas, major influencing countries, authors, sources, institutions, and exciting research directions. The study also identifies the research collaborations between countries and authors. Finally, based on keywords and three-field analyses, it is concluded that Rohingya, refugees, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Rohingya refugees, mental health, and forced migration have captivated extensive attention by the researchers on Rohingya refugees in the last three years.
Rohingya, refugee, crisis, research, bibliometric
The refugee population has increased in numbers in many parts of the world [1] and has become the highest ever in history that has never been witnessed. Their life becomes vulnerable in many aspects of livelihood, security, and sustainability [2, 3]. The political leaders and policy-makers are still juggling adapting policies for humanitarian support and ensuring their rights [4]. Rohingya refugees are among the top refugee and displaced people globally and highest in Southeast Asia [5]. Since decolonisation, their life has been a historical tragedy in Southeast Asian politics [6]. Rohingya refugees face several challenges in their camps. At the same time, the well-structured policy and governance overcome many challenges, current global crises of COVID-19 create pressure on these people's vulnerability. Rohingya refugees have different challenges since persecution [7], ethnic cleansing, and genocide [8], which they need to encounter for their lives and safety. It is also true that the organisations and people working on them also face difficulties in implementing their support services in refugee camps [9]. These are happening due to the diversity of legal and international instruments and support systems operating within the jurisdictions and the current COVID-19 crisis [10]. In the 21st century, refugees are also hosted by countries that are not accustomed to the refugee convention acts and do not ratify any global convention while holding many refugees [11]. According to the UNHCR estimation, 70 per cent of refugees live in countries where they do not have the right to work, 66 per cent are without limited freedom of movement, and 47 per cent live without or no right to bank accounts [12]. However, legal and instrumental support is necessary when humanitarian organisations are willing to support them and intend to create a favourable environment in their camps for future repatriation or migration for peaceful resettlement. Besides, the political fracture of a country of origin is embedded and prevails with the refugee and displaced peoples' lives when they migrate with fragility and seek asylum in a neighbouring country for migration into a third country [13]. The government of Myanmar denies the Rohingya community’s rights and opportunities in Rakhine. These people were restricted for forced labour and eviction and rejected citizenship, seizing their freedom of movement and impounding their land. It was a complete desecration of human rights. In Myanmar, ethnic diversity is common, and about 140 ethnic groups reside in the country, but the government does not acknowledge Rohingya as an ethnic group. They were recognized as a minority group before 1962 and given the right to vote. Before they fled to Bangladesh (Figure 1), the actual official figure of Rohingya in Rakhine was 2.6 million. However, there is a tale that besides 2.6 million, one million additional Rohingya still reside in Rakhine [14]. This period is uncertain for stateless [15] Rohingya as it depends on many more issues related to national, regional, global politics and the legal aspects of international migration scenarios. It can be more perilous and frustrating as a refugee does not have any control at this juncture. The international legal instrument is essential to pave the refugee and displaced peoples journey smoother, faster for rights and security, and organised resettlement.
The government of Bangladesh ensured the protection of Rohingya refugees by the existing laws of the land and secured them by connecting to the UN human rights conventions and covenants. The governance of refugees in any country is about protecting and ensuring the rights and opportunities essential for their future well-being where local and international legal instruments are crucial to providing the rights and opportunities. In the case of Rohingya, undoubtedly, limiting comprehensive services were underpinned by the inadequate legal framework for their status, fairness, and prospects. Rohingya is confined within the worlds largest refugee camp with denial from free movement, education, and right to work, which contradicts the current global refugee management model that intends to enable refugees for self-reliance and self-determinant. However, education and economic inclusion are necessary for long-term integration in the host society, while it will not limit or prevent voluntary returns.
Figure 1. Rohingya Refugee in Bangladesh (UNFPA 2019)
Table 1. Demographic distribution of rohingya refugee in Bangladesh
|
Age Group |
Male |
Female |
Total |
|
|
n (%) |
n (%) |
n (%) |
|
|
|
Infant-4 years |
8 |
7 |
15 |
Total Children |
|
5-11 years |
11 |
11 |
22 |
51 |
|
12-17 years |
7 |
7 |
14 |
|
|
18-59 |
20 |
25 |
45 |
Total adult |
|
60+ |
2 |
2 |
4 |
49 |
|
Total |
48 |
52 |
100 |
|
Source: UNHCR 2021
In this situation, the international donor agencies and humanitarian organisations support them under the umbrella of the hosting country, which is sometimes a legal burden for them to deliver the services due to the governments prescription, which always does not support their operational principles to help the refugees. They provide food, shelter, and health-related services [16], while education is crucial as more than half are children (Table 1). The absence of educational chances exposed particular vulnerabilities, i.e., child trafficking, early marriage, girls' abuse, forced labour, and exploitation. Education can broaden the scope for acquiring knowledge and skills to empower and expand the opportunities for building confidence for the promising future where local and international agencies can offer education to them. It can drive them to reduce their inequality and equip them with the diverse skills and competencies required to manage diversities of their distress journey in the various political systems. At the same time, the approved limited scope for self-reliance for refugees [17] in Bangladesh needs increased attention [18].
Many success stories in Rohingya refugee camps were unique and life-saving for the refugees and host communities in socio-economic and environmental perspectives and protection. These instances are impressive for the remaining countries dealing with refugee problems. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) intervention in refugee management in Bangladesh connected them to the broader society and became more accessible by others. Though the data on refugees is fragmented, it has two-folded benefits when refugees create data themselves for better service management and sack the data. It impacted the safety of life, rebuilding families, completing biometric registration, and providing identity cards to secure their livelihoods [19]. These data also help the global agencies know about them and maintain human rights in their camps when they live in a country that is not adapted to any recognised refugee conventions. These people are also given ATM cash cards and organised food supplies for their livelihoods in refugee camps, which smoothen their lives besides basic medical services and household groceries essential for them. The Skills Development Framework was also adapted and formed to ensure cross-sectoral, inter-agency cooperation for further operation. The Bangladesh government allowed local and international NGOs to work on refugees for their lives, security, and betterment without formal education and ample economic opportunity as a non-signatory state to the 1951 convention.
The current bibliometric review aims to analyse the evolution of scientific literature related to the Rohingya refugee crisis. It will not only focus on the current state of research publications but also intends to discover the direction of future research trends where it is heading to. The study attempts to provide an overview of the literature and identify the influencing research areas on Rohingya refugees related to the crisis, rights and protection in Bangladesh and Myanmar. The scholarship intends to offer a coherent and concise snapshot of the bibliometric overview of the Rohingya refugee research landscape based on Scopus and Web of Science databases. It also classifies the previous literature and the future potentials, the pieces of literature that are presently under-focused, and what might be focused on in the future based on the recent publications for designing and implementing further research on the Rohingya refugee crisis.
The study followed a bibliometric review to analyse and explore the shifting research landscape on the Rohingya refugee perspective. The bibliometric analysis is a well-known scientific method by the top research institutions, i.e., National Research Foundation (NRF) or the European Commission [20] that utilise mathematical and statistical tools and techniques at different levels (by journals, authors, research organisations, countries, among others) to assess the study results based on a reference the principle of citation networks [21]. Besides, the author used the h-index to describe the performance and production of the scientific research works [22].
The author initially included articles, conference proceedings, book and book chapters written in English, resulting in 245 documents in Scopus and 188 documents in the WoS database. The author then filtered the references from the initial survey of documents and only included research articles for impact analysis that were applied for this study (Table 2). These two databases are world-renowned citation index databases, selected due to their global acceptability and its rigorous review process and retaining high quality in their publications [23, 24]. However, it has several benefits [25] because they have i) a wide-ranging collection of publications on Rohingya refugees from multiple disciplines and ii) citation- index system that indicates the linkages of citations between scientific publications [26], and iii) yearly citation counts of their journals reveal their cite score (Scopus) and Impact Factor (WoS) that helps to identify the high quality and impact articles in the arena of Rohingya refugee; lastly the generated data from Scopus and WoS can easily be transformed to use for the bibliometric analysis in VOSviewer [27] and Biblioshiny (version 1.0.136). Labels like Rohingya crisis, Rohingya refuge, displaced Rohingya, health and nutrition, citizenship crisis, asylum seekers and security, migration and security, humanitarian support, human rights, education, the migration crisis, etc. were more or less under the main field of refugee studies where Rohingya refugee and their rights and security become a popular one in the contemporary refugee crisis in the Southeast Asian context [14, 28-34]. To find the "Rohingya refugee crisis" research data, the first paper appeared in 1993 on the Scopus and WoS database [35] where it discussed the effect of war and conflict on mass migration and refugee influx; it also explained the death rate of children and women, which was higher than male and older children among the displaced and refugee peoples. The paper concluded with an appeal for global initiatives for public health, food, shelter, water, education and control of communicative diseases. The search terms and policies of Rohingya refugee research are depicted in Figure 2.
Table 2. Distribution of publications
|
|
WoS |
Scopus |
|
Article |
180 |
202 |
|
Book and Book Chapter |
0 |
13 |
|
Review |
7 |
17 |
|
Proceeding Paper |
1 |
13 |
Source: Authors results based on Scopus and WoS data
Figure 2. Keyword selection process
Initially, the author found 385 documents in the Scopus database where the exclusion of documents published in 2021 and editorial, note, erratum, short survey, letter, article in press and exclusion of other language documents except English made 242 documents that contained an only article, book and book chapter, review and proceedings. Then the author finally selected only article documents eliminating book and book chapters, reviews, and proceedings and found 202 documents for final inclusion from the Scopus database.
On the other hand, in the WoS database initially found 300 documents where the elimination of 2021 published documents, early access, editorial materials, book review, meeting abstracts and inclusion of only English language documents identified 201 documents that restricted articles, reviews, book chapters, and proceedings, then the author selected only articles for final inclusion which became 180. The exported data from both Scopus and WoS comprises ample information i.e., publishing year, authors name, title, years of publications, abstract, journal title, category of the main subject, references etc. Therefore, the extracted data from the Scopus and WoS databases can efficiently be used to perform bibliometric analysis and visualisations of information networks [36].
Finally, the information related to refugee migration and security has also been filtered by coding the material gleaned and analysing it from the databases. The VOSviewer (Visualisation of Similarities) software has been used to construct and visualise the bibliometric network through cluster analysis by fractional counting technique. It also helps to visualise the networks among the authors, journals, countries, co-citations, and terms [37]. In this method, all actions, i.e., co-authorship or citing a population, hold the same weighting irrespective of author number, citations or references of scientific publications. The author also used Biblioshiny (Version 1.0.136) software for three-factor analysis and country production and collaboration mapping. The bibliometric analysis of this study followed the above-mentioned stages (Figure 2). The analysis stages start with the defining criteria to search the documents. Primarily, the author decided to use "Rohingya" OR" Rohingya refugee" to analyse the impact of the refugee crisis on Rohingya. There are many studies that used the concept of refugee and Rohingya separately or collectively, even with rights and security, but not in any bibliometric review. That is why the current study aims to include a broader study entirely from 1993 to 2020 and a documents search that includes the concept of Rohingya impacted by the Rohingya refugee crisis in a regional and global perspective as well as the comparative analysis of the WoS and Scopus databases.
3.1 Number of publications per year
The number of scientific publications in any field of research indicates the development trends of the research area. Besides the accounts of citations, others' counts of any research publications measure the publication quality. Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the evolution of the volume of published articles and citations on Rohingya refugees by Scopus and WoS indexed journal publications. The first published article was registered in 1993 both in Scopus and WoS database; however, there was no article found in the WoS database from 1994 to 2006 (Table 3), while Scopus had published one article yearly from 1994 to 2009.
The first article was published both in Scopus and WoS in 1993. Scopus published two articles, and WoS published one article in 1993. Wijnroks et al. wrote the first article related to Rohingya in 1993 and concentrated on the health and nutritional status and their surveillance for better support when more than two fifty hundred Rohingya fled to Bangladesh in 1992. Besides, Toole and Waldman [35] focused on protecting and support for refugees and displaced people. He concluded with the call for robust relief programs on health, education, shelter, and nutrition for Rohingya and others. The child mortality and women death rate among the Rohingya refugees was several times higher than others. It is also crucial to mention that this article received the highest citation counts in both databases on Rohingya refugee research. On the other hand, Wijnroks et al. received only five citations to date related to Rohingya refugees.
Since then, there were very few publications in both databases related to Rohingya refugees until 2013. It increased sharply by 60-70 per cent annually from 2017. Scopus received the most citations (Table 3) after the military crackdown in Myanmar that exploded with millions of refugees and displaced people (Figure 1) [38]. These people have been suffering for years with several fragilities, especially in health, education, and human rights, proving that scholars publish research articles on those issues.
The highest number of publications counted for both databases in 2020 (Scopus 80 and WoS 82) and reached the highest number of citations, 214 and 216, respectively (Table 3). The number of refugees has increased globally since the beginning of the 21st century, and authors from diverse backgrounds have highlighted their problems since then. It yields an increasing number of article publications annually (Figure 3). As a result, the number of publications rapidly increased in Scopus and WoS database from 2017. Besides, the effects of COVID-19 made them more vulnerable due to inability in diverse aspects [39]. That greatly influenced the scientific community from multiple disciplines [10] and rigorous relevance in their scientific publication numbers, trends, and citations in Scopus and WoS databases (Figure 3 and Figure 4).
In 2017 the citation counts crossed a hundred after the major influx because of the relevance. Riley et al. [40] published an article, "Daily stressors, trauma exposure, and mental health among stateless Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh." This article received the highest citations in both databases (Scopus 71 and WoS 68) published in 2017. It argued that persecution had severe effects on their mental health, resulting in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, etc., during their statelessness in a confined refugee camp.
Table 3. Annual distribution of Publications
|
Year |
Scopus |
WoS |
||||||
|
A |
TC |
TC/A |
H -index |
A |
TC |
TC/A |
H- index |
|
|
2020 |
80 |
214 |
2.675 |
7 |
82 |
216 |
2.63 |
8 |
|
2019 |
52 |
187 |
3.60 |
8 |
50 |
173 |
3.46 |
8 |
|
2018 |
30 |
173 |
5.77 |
7 |
27 |
143 |
5.3 |
6 |
|
2017 |
12 |
116 |
9.67 |
5 |
5 |
93 |
18.6 |
3 |
|
2016 |
7 |
64 |
9.14 |
4 |
6 |
50 |
8.33 |
4 |
|
2015 |
4 |
21 |
5.25 |
2 |
3 |
17 |
5.67 |
2 |
|
2014 |
3 |
59 |
19.67 |
3 |
3 |
51 |
17 |
3 |
|
2013 |
2 |
40 |
20 |
2 |
1 |
8 |
8 |
1 |
|
2012 |
1 |
29 |
29 |
1 |
1 |
32 |
32 |
1 |
|
2011 |
2 |
60 |
30 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2010 |
2 |
41 |
20.5 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2009 |
1 |
15 |
15 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2007 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
2006 |
1 |
6 |
6 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
1997 |
1 |
5 |
5 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
1996 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
1993 |
2 |
176 |
88 |
2 |
1 |
144 |
144 |
1 |
Source: Authors results based on Scopus and WoS
Figure 3. Yrarly number of articles
Source: Authors results based on Scopus and WoS
Figure 4. Evolutions in the numbers of citations
This upward trend of publications and citations has continued since 2015 and became the highest in 2020. Truelove et al. [39] published an article on "The potential impact of COVID-19 in refugee camps in Bangladesh and beyond: A modelling study" that received the highest citations in Scopus and WoS 41 and 38, respectively. The authors suggested inclusive plans for refugees against the dreadful effect of COVID-19. The other top-cited articles concentrated on energy, environmental aspect, disasters, vaccinations and mental health-related issues and discussed their impact on Rohingya in their refugee camps in Bangladesh combining different knowledge areas.
3.2 Distribution of major knowledge area
Table 4. Distribution by major knowledge area
|
Scopus |
|
WoS |
|
|
Research Areas |
Article |
Research Areas |
Article |
|
Social Sciences |
100 |
Psychiatry |
29 |
|
Medicine |
80 |
Public Envtl. Occuptl. Health |
19 |
|
Psychology |
29 |
Social Sciences Interdisciplinary |
14 |
|
Nursing |
26 |
Demography |
13 |
|
Arts and Humanities |
22 |
Environmental Sciences |
12 |
|
Environmental Science |
17 |
Ethnic Studies |
12 |
|
Economics, Econometrics and Finance |
14 |
Political Science |
12 |
|
Earth and Planetary Sciences |
10 |
Medicine General Internal |
11 |
|
Business, Management and Accounting |
8 |
Religion |
11 |
|
Engineering |
8 |
Area Studies |
9 |
Source: Authors results based on Scopus and WoS data
The distribution of knowledge areas and their categorisations are different in WoS than in Scopus. The main area of research publications on Rohingya refugees in the Scopus database included social science (100 documents), medicine (80) and psychology (29) whereas, WoS combines many branches of social science, environmental science, public health.
The highest number of publications in WoS related to psychiatry (29), public environmental and occupational health (19) and social science (14)), and demography (13) (Table 4) published by the authors from different institutions across the world.
3.3 Geographical distribution of institutions and cooperation
The University of Dhaka published the highest number of articles among the top ten institutions in both databases and published them between 2018 to 2020. It published (9) articles in Scopus and 11 in the WoS database, while Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, Switzerland tied with nine publications with University of Dhaka according to Scopus data and the University of New South Wales published ten research articles in WoS so far related to Rohingya refugee (Table 5). Though the University of Dhaka published the highest number of articles, the top citations count by the Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, Switzerland.
It published the first research article and received the highest citations (221) in Scopus, which is more than two times higher than the second-highest (96) counts by UNHCR (Table 5).
Besides, in the WoS, WHO received the highest numbers of citations (179), followed by the Center for Diseases Control Prevention, USA (158) (Table 5). There can be two possible reasons for this- i) because the publications are recent compared to others and ii) their scope, relevance, and quality are higher than the publications by the top university. These studies are primarily related to mental health, stress, post-traumatic behaviours, sexual violence etc. (Table 5) published by top authors.
Table 5. Distribution by institutions
|
Scopus |
|||||
|
Institution |
Country |
Article |
TC |
TC/A |
h-index |
|
University of Dhaka |
Bangladesh |
9 |
42 |
4.67 |
3 |
|
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé |
Switzerland |
9 |
221 |
36.83 |
6 |
|
UNSW Sydney |
Australia |
8 |
32 |
4 |
3 |
|
BRAC University |
Bangladesh |
6 |
1 |
0.17 |
1 |
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
USA |
6 |
88 |
31.33 |
3 |
|
UNHCR |
Switzerland |
6 |
96 |
16 |
4 |
|
North South University |
Bangladesh |
5 |
24 |
4.8 |
3 |
|
UNSW, School of Medicine, and Psychiatry |
Australia |
5 |
19 |
3.80 |
3 |
|
Perdana University |
Malaysia |
5 |
31 |
6.20 |
3 |
|
United Nations Children's Fund |
USA |
4 |
10 |
2.5 |
1 |
|
Web of Science |
|||||
|
University of Dhaka |
Bangladesh |
11 |
12 |
1.09 |
2 |
|
University of New South Wales |
Australia |
10 |
42 |
4.2 |
4 |
|
University of London |
UK |
8 |
78 |
9.75 |
6 |
|
Jagannath University |
Bangladesh |
7 |
46 |
6.57 |
5 |
|
WHO, USA |
USA |
7 |
179 |
25.57 |
4 |
|
BARC |
Bangladesh |
6 |
28 |
4.67 |
2 |
|
Harvard University |
USA |
6 |
49 |
8.17 |
3 |
|
Perdanan University |
Malaysia |
6 |
40 |
6.67 |
4 |
|
Center for Diseases Control Prevention |
USA |
5 |
158 |
31.6 |
3 |
|
Harvard School of Public Health |
USA |
5 |
48 |
9.6 |
3 |
3.4 Distribution of authors by publications
The distribution of authors indicates that Elshazly publishes the highest number of articles in both databases; however, he tied with Ventevogel in Scopus (Table 6) and with Khan, Tay, and Ventevogel in WoS (Table 6). Elshazly published all his articles in the Invention journal. The highest number of citations was achieved by Ventevogel in both Scopus (97) and WoS (95) databases. The researchers focused on Rohingya in 2019, and 80 per cent of their articles were published from 2019 to 2020 when the refugee crisis and COVID-19 pandemic emerged as a double crisis for the refugee and displaced people and challenged on their rights and opportunities. In addition, the number of publications has sharply increased over the years from 2017, and authors from social, political, public health, environmental, and medicine are focusing on health, education, rights, and opportunities for their durable solutions to the Rohingya refugee crisis.
Table 6. Distribution by author
|
Top Ten Researchers in Scopus |
||||||||
|
Authors |
ID |
Country |
TA |
TC |
TC/A |
H-index |
1st Article |
Last Article |
|
Elshazly, M.. |
57208632219 |
Bangladesh |
6 |
21 |
3.5 |
2 |
2019 |
2019 |
|
Ventevogel, P. |
6506940643 |
Switzerland |
6 |
97 |
24.25 |
4 |
2017 |
2020 |
|
Ahmed |
57205327364 |
Bangladesh |
4 |
21 |
5.25 |
3 |
2019 |
2020 |
|
Badrudduza, M |
57210833526 |
Australia |
4 |
23 |
5.75 |
3 |
2019 |
2020 |
|
Balasundaram, S |
5575886600 |
Malaysia |
4 |
23 |
5.75 |
3 |
2019 |
2020 |
|
Bennett, S.D. |
38662170500 |
USA |
4 |
17 |
4.25 |
2 |
2019 |
2020 |
|
Feldstein, L.R |
56395375400 |
USA |
4 |
17 |
4.25 |
2 |
2019 |
2020 |
|
Khan, S |
57210831657 |
Malaysia |
4 |
31 |
7.75 |
3 |
2019 |
2020 |
|
Mahmuda, M |
57192257285 |
Afghanistan |
4 |
10 |
2.50 |
1 |
2019 |
2019 |
|
Moggan, K |
55341992900 |
Ireland |
4 |
23 |
5.75 |
3 |
2019 |
2020 |
|
Top Ten Researchers in Web of Science |
||||||||
|
Elshazly M |
N/A |
Egypt |
6 |
22 |
3.67 |
2 |
2019 |
2019 |
|
Khan S |
N/A |
Bangladesh |
6 |
40 |
6.67 |
4 |
2019 |
2020 |
|
Tay AK |
AAW-3508-2021 |
Malaysia |
6 |
40 |
6.67 |
4 |
2019 |
2020 |
|
Ventevogel P |
N/A |
Bangladesh |
6 |
95 |
15.83 |
4 |
2017 |
2020 |
|
Badrudduza M |
N/A |
Australia |
5 |
31 |
6.2 |
4 |
2019 |
2020 |
|
Balasundaram S |
N/A |
Malaysia |
5 |
31 |
6.2 |
4 |
2019 |
2020 |
|
Miah MAA |
N/A |
USA |
5 |
39 |
7.8 |
4 |
2019 |
2020 |
|
Morgan K |
N/A |
Malaysia |
5 |
31 |
6.2 |
4 |
2019 |
2020 |
|
Silove D |
N/A |
Australia |
5 |
31 |
6.2 |
4 |
2019 |
2020 |
|
Mahmuda M |
N/A |
Afghanistan |
4 |
11 |
2.75 |
1 |
2019 |
2019 |
Table 7. Distribution by journal
|
Scopus Journals distribution |
|||||
|
SOURCE TITLE |
Rank and SJR Score |
A |
TC |
TC/A |
H-index |
|
Intervention |
Q3, CS: 08, SJR: -1.0 |
24 |
45 |
1.875 |
4 |
|
PLOS Medicine |
Q1, CS: 13.9, SJR: 4.847 |
8 |
62 |
7.75 |
3 |
|
Journal of Refugee Studies |
Q1, CS: 2.6 SJR 0.908 |
6 |
66 |
11 |
4 |
|
Conflict and Health |
Q1, CS: 3.2, SJR: 1.051 |
5 |
13 |
2.6 |
2 |
|
PLOS One |
Q1, CS: 5.3, SJR: 0.99 |
5 |
4 |
0.8 |
1 |
|
Asia Maior |
NA, CS: 0.0, SJR: 00 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Asian Journal of Comparative Politics |
Q3, CS: 1.1, SJR: 0.214 |
4 |
5 |
1.25 |
2 |
|
Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies |
Q1 CS: 3.5 SJR: 0.845 |
4 |
112 |
28 |
4 |
|
Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |
Q2, CS: 0.8, SJR: 0.165 |
4 |
41 |
10.25 |
3 |
|
Asian Affairs UK |
Q4 , CS: 0.2, SJR: 0.104 |
3 |
1 |
0.33 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
WoS Journals distribution |
|||||
|
Intervention |
Q3 |
24 |
46 |
1.92 |
4 |
|
Conflict and Health |
Q2 |
7 |
20 |
2.86 |
3 |
|
PLOS Medicine |
Q1 |
7 |
59 |
8.43 |
4 |
|
Journal of Refugee Studies |
Q2 |
6 |
63 |
10.5 |
4 |
|
PLOS One |
Q2 |
5 |
4 |
0.80 |
2 |
|
Asian Journal of Comparative Politics |
Q3 |
4 |
4 |
1 |
1 |
|
Asian Survey |
Q3 |
3 |
1 |
0.33 |
1 |
|
International Journal on Minority and Group Rights |
Q3 |
3 |
2 |
0.67 |
1 |
|
Journal of Immigrant And Refugee Studies |
Q1 |
3 |
25 |
8.33 |
2 |
|
Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |
Q2 |
3 |
7 |
2.33 |
2 |
Source: Authors results based on Scopus and WoS data [CS* Cite Score SJR*- Scimago Journal Ranking]
Among the top ten authors, based on Scopus, most of them affiliated with Bangladesh, Malaysia, Australia, Switzerland, and the USA. The leading author Elshazly's most cited article is ‘Contextual adaptation and piloting of Group Integrative Adapt Therapy (IAT-G) amongst Rohingya refugees living in Bangladesh' describes the mental health service programs and Ventevogel, in his article "Daily stressors, trauma exposure, and mental health among stateless Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh" addresses the impact of daily stress on mental health outcomes during their statelessness and emotional well-being in camps. Besides them, the other authors' article has been cited repeatedly in different journal articles related to the Rohingya refugee crisis. It indicates how the Rohingya refugee got importance by the scholars to reshaping the refugee governance for durable and sustainable solutions in various journals.
3.5 Distribution by journal
The distribution of journals by scientific publications demonstrates Intervention, PloS Medicine, Journal of Refugee Studies, Conflict and Health, PloS One, Asian Journal of Comparative Politics are the most influential journals in both databases (Table 7). This list of journals matches the thematic distributions of major knowledge areas (Table 4), including medicine, psychology, psychiatry, medicine. Environmental science, demography, ethnic studies, political science are the most related to research on Rohingya refugees. In both databases, the top journals are Q1 journals in the top ten list in Scopus, and One Q3 ranked first in both databases (Table 7). In contrast, the highest number of top ten journals in the WoS database is Q2 and Q3 (Table 7). The highest citation count for the journal Intervention in both databases with 45 citations in Scopus and 46 citations in WoS (Table 7).
3.6 Distribution of country
The distribution of the country reveals that Bangladesh, the USA, UK, Australia, Malaysia, Switzerland, India, and Germany are the top relevant countries in both Scopus and Web of Science databases, followed by Thailand, Indonesia, Canada, and Denmark (Table 8).
It also agrees with results identified in Scopus and WoS by distributing institutions (Table 5). Though Bangladesh published the highest number of articles, the highest citation counts by the USA in both databases (Table 8).
3.7 Collaboration map between countries
To identify the country collaboration among the scholars, based on the Scopus database, on Rohingya refugee crisis, Bangladesh emerged as the highest collaborator, with the UK, USA, and Germany with 79 publications followed by Australia, India, Malaysia and Switzerland publish 26 publications. In contrast, Thailand, Canada, and Indonesia published only seven collaborative papers (Figure 5a).
On the other hand, based on WoS data, Bangladesh again emerged as the top collaborator with Australia, India, Malaysia, and Switzerland with 71 documents, followed by Canada, the UK, and Indonesia with 21 papers, and Germany is the last with its eight publications (Figure 5b).
Table 8. Distribution of country
|
|
|
Scopus |
|
|
|
|
WoS |
|
|
|
Country |
A |
TC |
TC/A |
H-index |
Country |
A |
TC |
TC/A |
H-index |
|
Bangladesh |
78 |
322 |
4.13 |
10 |
Bangladesh |
71 |
254 |
3.58 |
9 |
|
United States |
49 |
486 |
9.92 |
9 |
United States |
50 |
448 |
8.96 |
9 |
|
United Kingdom |
27 |
128 |
4.74 |
7 |
Australia |
29 |
115 |
3.97 |
6 |
|
Australia |
26 |
119 |
4.78 |
7 |
Malaysia |
26 |
99 |
3.81 |
6 |
|
Malaysia |
26 |
150 |
5.77 |
7 |
United Kingdom |
21 |
148 |
7.05 |
8 |
|
Switzerland |
15 |
134 |
8.93 |
6 |
Switzerland |
15 |
272 |
18.13 |
7 |
|
India |
8 |
51 |
6.37 |
3 |
Germany |
8 |
13 |
1.63 |
2 |
|
Thailand |
7 |
40 |
5.71 |
2 |
India |
8 |
43 |
5.38 |
3 |
|
Germany |
6 |
15 |
2.50 |
2 |
Canada |
5 |
12 |
2.4 |
2 |
|
Indonesia |
6 |
30 |
5 |
2 |
Indonesia |
5 |
24 |
4.8 |
1 |
|
Canada |
5 |
28 |
5.6 |
3 |
Denmark |
4 |
2 |
0.5 |
1 |
(a) Scopus output
(b) WoS output
Figure 5. Country collaboration map
(a) Scopus
(b) WoS
Source: Scopus and WoS data
Figure 6. VOSviewer Co-occurrence networks of keywords (Minimum number of occurrences: five)
3.8 Keyword analysis and new research trends
The keywords are usually a word or phrase [41] in any research that can exemplify the entire research article. The keyword co-occurrences were analysed to map the research trends and outputs of their hotspots in Rohingya refugees, indicating new frontiers on research. Based on Scopus and WoS data, the minimum number of occurrences of a keyword is 5; among 138 keywords in Scopus, only 74 keywords meet the threshold, while from 768 keywords of WoS, only 31meet the threshold.
The keywords co-occurrences represent by the size of circles (Figure 6a and 6b). The greater circle describes the co-selection of keywords in Rohingya refugee-related research publications. The "Refugee", "Bangladesh" and "Rohingya" are the three keywords that had the strongest strength in both databases. The gap between the two keywords reveals the relative strength and their likeness on topic, and the colour-matched circles proposed a similar topic of publications among them. The keyword co-occurrence network (Figure 6a and 6b) visibly demonstrated different clusters. These clusters individually represent the sub-filed of research on the Rohingya refugee crisis. The distribution of the appropriate levels of the main clusters could be specified by analysing the main node of circles. The (6a) figure explicitly shows the red cluster (Cluster one, red on left side) with 38 items including a child, adolescent, adult, aged, female, healthcare service, human, infants, newborn, refugee camps, risk factors etc. while based on WoS data cluster one with 13 items including children, mental health, trauma, children, conflict, forced migration, PTSD etc., that clearly concentrate on the mental health and their healthcare services during conflict. The second cluster (based on Scopus data, green on the right side) composed of 19 items and keywords includes citizenship, forced migration, displacement, genocide, human rights, refugees etc., whereas WoS data shows that the second cluster comprised with seven items and keywords are crisis, politics, gender-based violence, Rohingya refugees, Bangladesh which is the primarily focused on forced migration and refugee rights. The third cluster (top blue) comprised, by Scopus data, with 13 items and the keywords are human, health, malnutrition, epidemic, diseases outbreak, vaccination, diphtheria etc., while the WoS keywords in cluster three composed of five items and keywords are health, human rights, migration, survival and impact that primarily concentrates on the health, diseases and epidemic outbreak, and vaccinations. The fourth cluster (top yellow) of Scopus based data contains four items, i.e., Rohingya refugee, nutritional status, mental health and Cox's Bazar; on the other hand, WoS data cluster four contains five items with keywords citizenship, Myanmar, Rakhine, refugee, Rohingya which collectively highlighted the nutritional status and refugee crisis both in Myanmar and Bangladesh.
To more comprehensive understanding and readership, the below table (Table 9) shows the total links and link strengths information of the top 10 occurrence keywords:
In Table 9, the link indicates the co-occurrence connection between the two keys. Rendering the VOSviewer manual, the links contain strength, which has a positive numerical value.
The higher value of the links represents the stronger connection between the keywords, while the total link strength demonstrates the publication numbers where the keywords occur together. From the above-mentioned table (Table 9), one can easily identify the new research hotspot and trends mainly concentrate on the "Rohingya Refugee" in general and "Rohingya Crisis" in particular.
3.9 Three-fields analysis
3.9.1 Keywords, authors and sources
Figures 7a and 7b show the connection within the topmost keywords, authors and sources on Rohingya refugee literature published on Scopus and WoS database. The results identified the top authors in Rohingya refugee research, favourite sources to consider of publications and related areas of Rohingya refugees. Figure 7a demonstrates the top three authors, i.e., Elshazly M, Ventevogel, P, Hasan, and five sub-areas, i.e., Rohingya, refugee, Rohingya refugees, Bangladesh, and refugees. Moreover, they favoured these journals to publish their works, i.e., Intervention, PloS Medicine, Conflict and Health, Economist, and PloS One.
On the other hand, Figure 7b, based on WoS data, shows the top three authors, i.e., Elshazly M, Ventevogel, Hoffstaedter G and five sub-areas Rohingya, refugee, refugees, Bangladesh, and Rohingya refugees. Moreover, they favoured publishing these journals to publish their works, i.e., Intervention, PloS Medicine, Journal of Immigrants and Refugee Studies, International Journal of Risk Reduction, Akademika.
3.9.2 Keywords, sources and countries
Figures 8a and 8b show the association of the keywords, sources and authors country of publications on Rohingya refugees. The Figure 8a (based on Scopus data) shows the top five subject areas, i.e., Rohingya, Bangladesh, refugee, Myanmar, and refugees, had a connection with five sources, i.e., Intervention, PloS Medicine, Conflict and Health, PloS One and Asian Journal of Comparative Politics.
Table 9. The link and total link strength of 10 Occurrences keywords based on Scopus and WoS data
|
Scopus |
||||||
|
RO* |
Keywords |
Cluster Number |
Links |
Total Link Strength |
Occurrences |
APY** |
|
Top 1 |
Refugee |
2 |
73 |
90 |
92 |
2018 |
|
Top 2 |
Bangladesh |
2 |
72 |
78 |
83 |
2018 |
|
Top 3 |
Rohingya |
2 |
60 |
72 |
81 |
2019 |
|
Top 4 |
Refugees |
2 |
71 |
62 |
64 |
2019 |
|
Top 5 |
Myanmar |
2 |
72 |
61 |
62 |
2018 |
|
Top 6 |
Human |
3 |
68 |
52 |
52 |
2019 |
|
Top 7 |
Article |
3 |
68 |
43 |
43 |
2019 |
|
Top 8 |
Female |
1 |
68 |
39 |
39 |
2019 |
|
Top 9 |
Humans |
1 |
67 |
38 |
38 |
2019 |
|
Top 10 |
Male |
1 |
68 |
34 |
34 |
2018 |
|
WoS |
||||||
|
Top 1 |
Rohingya |
4 |
27 |
69 |
77 |
2019 |
|
Top 2 |
Refugees |
5 |
23 |
36 |
40 |
2019 |
|
Top 3 |
Bangladesh |
2 |
25 |
35 |
37 |
2019 |
|
Top 4 |
Myanmar |
4 |
20 |
30 |
30 |
2019 |
|
Top 5 |
Refugee |
4 |
26 |
26 |
28 |
2019 |
|
Top 6 |
Rohingya Refugees |
2 |
16 |
12 |
18 |
2019 |
|
Top 7 |
Mental-health |
1 |
21 |
13 |
13 |
2019 |
|
Top 8 |
Mental Health |
1 |
18 |
11 |
11 |
2019 |
|
Top 9 |
Migration |
3 |
12 |
9 |
11 |
2018 |
|
Top 10 |
Malaysia |
1 |
14 |
10 |
10 |
2019 |
Source: Authors results based on Scopus and WoS data [RO* Ranking Order APY** Average Publication Year]
(a) Three -fields plots of keywords, authors and sources (from left to right) based on Scopus
(b) Three -fields plots of keywords, authors and sources (from left to right) based on WoS
Figure 7. Three -fields plots of keywords, Authors and Sources based on Scopus and WoS
Besides, these thematic branches had a robust link with the top three best productive nations, i.e., Bangladesh, USA and Australia. On the other hand, Figure 8b (based on WoS data) shows, more or less same, the top five subject areas, i.e., Rohingya, Bangladesh, refugee, Myanmar, and refugees, had a connection with five sources, i.e., Intervention, PloS Medicine, PloS One, Conflict and Health, and Asian Journal of Comparative Politics. Furthermore, the above-mentioned thematic areas had a robust connection with the top three best productive nations, i.e., Bangladesh, USA and Australia.
(a) Three -fields plots of keywords, sources and countries (from left to right) based on Scopus
(b) Three -fields plots of keywords, Sources and Countries (from left to right) based on WoS
Figure 8. Three -fields plots of keywords, Sources and Countries based on Scopus and WoS
The research interest has increased globally in the causal nexus of the refugee phenomenon. This bibliometric review evaluates the research interest and trends on the Rohingya refugee crisis. The contemporary Rohingya refugee crisis has been a field of research since the persecution started in the last century. Although the crises started more than fifty years back, extensive studies have been done in the last few years after the major influx of Rohingya to Bangladesh. Besides, the major part of global refugee and displaced people are hosted by the developing countries [42], which is a double burden for both the refugee and host country. To this end, the recent international documents, titled "Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Safe Migration (GCM)" [43] become a blueprint for governing the global migration flows, based on international human rights law recognised the promises of the nations to respect, protect and fulfil the human rights irrespective of their status [44]. The very first literature on Rohingya refugees was mostly related to basic aspects of human beings, i.e., health, food, shelter, and other basic rights and relief programs for their survival [35]. These people are susceptible to many diseases because of their inherent vulnerability, including child mortality, death of pregnant women and other diseases related to them and aged people [45]. The number of publications notably increased on Rohingya refugees after 2017 when the Rohingya were forced to leave their homeland due to the state-sponsored organised criminal activities of the Myanmar government against Rohingya in Rakhine [46] when their crisis appeared with new dimensions and magnitudes in the South and Southeast Asian region [47, 48].
The Rohingya people fled mainly as an individual due to the persecution. These people, especially the women and children, pass a traumatic situation over here who need extra support to get rid of [40]. Education for refugee children is provided based on the UNICEFs informal curriculum in the Rohingya refugee camps. International and local agencies deliver educational services to refugee camps and always urge formal education with a structured curriculum for refugee children. The Bangladesh government has shown continuous rejection; however, finally, they approved for education as a pilot basis for the adolescents only for 10000 students in the refugee camps with the cooperation of UNICEF when 89 per cent of an adolescent do not have access to education. As a result, still, there are many challenges to educational facilities for the refugee children in Rohingya camps [49, 50].
The digital identification through biometric registration bolstered both the refugee and humanitarian aid agencies for better support services in their camps in the refuge crisis management system [51]. COVID-19 pandemics for Rohingya, like other refugees, is a crisis of health, socio-economic, and protection [52]. It also puts pressure on humanitarian agencies and refugee lives, as funding for refugees is drastically reduced globally, triggering more vulnerability among the refugees [53] as they do not have access to the national social security system. The restriction for travels and repeated lockdowns hamper aid management, repatriation, and migration for asylum in third countries, which is alternatively devastating for many refugees and their future [54]. The Rohingya refugee crisis earned the concentration as one of the central research interests by the researchers in recent years and sharply increased the number of publications and citations (Figure 3 and 4). In the context of the Rohingya refugee crisis, since 2017, the number of publications has increased tremendously in social science, medicine, psychiatry, public health, demography, ethnic studies, nursing, political science, religions, arts and humanities and other allied social and biological sciences (Table 4). These journal articles generally focus on Rohingya, refugees, Bangladesh, Myanmar, mental health, forced migration, and other humanitarian support for them during the crises [55]. The prevailing literature on Rohingya refugees contains several issues; however, this issue is less silent in Europe than in Asia, North America and Australia and concentrates on the refugees, mental health [56], forced migration [57, 58] and Rohingya refugees [59]. Studies found that limited improvement has been implemented in disaster preparedness, education, and health facilities, especially for women during pregnancy and children, including washing facilities in refugee camps [55, 60, 61]. However, decent life is still not yet ensured while many more things to do for their peaceful and healthy lives [62]. They need more robust educational facilities with a structured curriculum, specialised medical facilities, and social security for protection from any adversity coming to a near end. The limited scope for economic inclusion to Rohingya with limited qualifications for decent jobs combined put them backwards for their economic chances within the camps [63]. Only a few supporting jobs are available to Rohingya to make money inside their camps.
Figures 6a, 6b, 8a, and 8b show that the last three years publications on Rohingya refugees are linked with Rohingya, Bangladesh, refugees, mental health, and forced migration [64]. The global research trends indicate that the Rohingya refugee induced refugee-hood, mental health, and security crises in South and Southeast Asian regions threatening regional and national security and stability [65]. As a result, it is crucial for all to come up with a decision for regional and global stability and economic security as well as design permanent solutions for refugee crises through resettlement, reintegration or repatriation for future sustainability [66] though, it is not easy to achieve [30].
The general intention of the study was to deliver a holistic analysis of research publications on the Rohingya refugee crisis. The refugee crisis is one of the most challenging global problems, in the 21st century, around the world to promote sustainable development. Rohingya community and refugees are the most disadvantaged minority since decolonisation in Southeast Asia, and several studies have been done on multiple aspects of their crisis since 1993. Although, not a single bibliometric review has been done in the last twenty years or more on those who are one of the top displaced minorities in the world.
Nevertheless, based on the findings, the study would recommend some potentials for investigation. From the results of this research, the scholars can design their future research plans concentrated on the emerging issues (as shown in the visualisation of keywords networking). Besides, they can find the most significant and influential research articles and their authors and journals in refugee studies and are capable of detecting the research gaps and novel intuitions. For Rohingya refugee research trends about the future insights, the authors find the notable likelihoods and trends based on the study: research articles from refugee hosting and asylum-seeking countries, infant and newborn baby, preschool and education for refugee children, forced migration, traumatic disorder, health and mental health, diseases outbreak and epidemic control in camps, trauma, PTSD, conflict. Also, based on the results of the bibliometric review, the author suggests the Intervention, Conflict and Health, PLOS Medicine, Journal of Refugee Studies, PLOS One, Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, Asian Survey, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Asian Affairs the UK are potential outlets of scientific publications in Rohingya refugee.
This study has contributed significantly to the evolving body of knowledge on the Rohingya refugee crisis. By reviewing 202 articles from Scopus and 180 from Web of Science, the author provides a new intuition in Rohingya refugee research. The findings show that the academic interest in Rohingya refugees has exponentially amplified from 2017 to 2020. Nonetheless, this study has a few limitations, like other bibliometric analyses. Firstly, the study is limited only to the Scopus and WoS database from 1993 to 2020, the globally recognised databases with the most extensive publications and analyses. Besides, it does not include all authorities (ProQuest, PubMed, etc.), languages, years, and all types of publications through refinement policy that may lead to different findings and conclusions [67, 68]. Secondly, the present study does not consider a few of their valued information related to publications, i.e., methodological issues, the distinction between theoretical and empirical articles, comparison based on the analytical tools and techniques etc. Following these limitations, well-structured and extensive content analysis is suggested while characterising the bibliometric analysis for the future.
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