Theoretical modeling and optimization of microchannel heat sink cooling with TiO2-water and ZnO-water nanofluids
OPEN ACCESS
This investigation intends to present a theoretical analysis, comparison and thermal optimization of a rectangular microchannel heat sink cooling by TiO2-water and ZnO-Water nanofluids. Nanofluids at volume fractions of 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% are applied to evaluate and enhance the performance of the microchannel heat sinks. Engineering Equation Solver (EES) is used for optimizing the performance of heat sink. The inclusion of nanoparticles in the base fluid consequences to the reduction in thermal resistance with concurrent growth inthe pumping power. The reduction is thermal resistance is more intense for ZnO-water nanofluids than TiO2-water nanofluids (0.0000170 Km2W-1 with TiO2-water and 0.0000136 Km2W-1with ZnO-water at 8%volume fraction). However, the pumping power needed for both the nanofluids at different volume fractions are found to be same (0.53W for both fluids at 8% volume fraction). The diminution of thermal resistance at same pumping power makes ZnO-water nanofluids a potential candidate than TiO2-water nanofluids. Heat sink made with material of high thermal conductivity showed superior cooling performance. Additionally, for identical operative condition, both the nanofluids achieve quicker cooling performance than water. Consequently, nanofluids should be regarded as the future of the cooling agents for electronic cooling embarking excellence in the field of thermal optimization technology.
nanofluids, electronic cooling, microchannel, heatsink, optimization, EES
[1] Chein R, Huang G. (2005). Analysis of microchannel heat sink performance using nanofluids. Applied Thermal Engineering 25(17): 3104-3114.
[2] Hetsroni G. et al. (2004). Drag reduction and heat transfer of surfactants flowing in a capillary tube. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 47(17): 3797-3809.
[3] Tiselj I, et al. (2004). Effect of axial conduction on the heat transfer in micro-channels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47(12): 2551-2565.
[4] McHale JP, Garimella SV. (2010). Heat transfer in trapezoidal microchannels of various aspect ratios. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53(1): 365-375.
[5] Perret C, Schaeffer C, Boussey J. (1998). Microchannel integrated heat sinks in silicon technology. in Conference Record of 1998 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Third IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36242).
[6] Hetsroni G, et al. (2005). Heat transfer in micro-channels: Comparison of experiments with theory and numerical results. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48(25): 5580-5601.
[7] Khan WA, Culham JR, Yovanovich MM. (2009). Optimization of microchannel heat sinks using entropy generation minimization method. IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 32(2): 243-251.
[8] Liu D, Garimella S.V. (2005). Analysis and optimization of the thermal performance of microchannel heat sinks. International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 15(1): 7-26.
[9] Liu KV, et al. (1988). Measurements of pressure drop and heat transfer in turbulent pipe flows of particulate slurries. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc282865/.
[10] Adham AM, Mohd-Ghazali N, Ahmad R. (2012). Optimization of an ammonia-cooled rectangular microchannel heat sink using multi-objective non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA2). Heat and Mass Transfer 48(10): 1723-1733.
[11] Mohammed Adham A, Mohd-Ghazali N., Ahmad R. (2013). Thermal and hydrodynamic analysis of microchannel heat sinks: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 21: 614-622.
[12] Kosar A. (2010). Effect of substrate thickness and material on heat transfer in microchannel heat sinks. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 49(4 SRC - GoogleScholar): 635-642.
[13] Cherkasova A., Shan J. (2006). Thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluids, in Carbon Nanotubes, V.N. Popov and P. Lambin, Editors. Springer, Dordrecht, 235-236.
[14] Das SK. et al. (2003) Temperature dependence of thermal conductivity enhancement for nanofluids. Journal of Heat Transfer 125(4): 567-574.
[15] Hwang YJ, et al. (2006). Investigation on characteristics of thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluids. Current Applied Physics 6(6): 1068-1071.
[16] Murshed SMS, Leong KC, Yang C. (2005). Enhanced thermal conductivity of TiO2-water based nanofluids. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 44(4): 367-373.
[17] Saidur R, Leong KY, Mohammad HA. (2011). A review on applications and challenges of nanofluids. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15(3): 1646-1668.
[18] Tawfik MM. (2017). Experimental studies of nanofluid thermal conductivity enhancement and applications: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 75: 1239-1253.
[19] Tuckerman DB., Pease RFW. (1981). High-performance heat sinking for VLSI. IEEE Electron Device Letters 2(5): 126-129.
[20] Phillips RJ. (1988). Microchannel heat sinks. Lincoln Lab. J. 1(1): 31-48.
[21] Lee J., Mudawar I. (2007) Assessment of the effectiveness of nanofluids for single-phase and two-phase heat transfer in micro-channels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 50(3): 452-463.
[22] Mohammed HA, Gunnasegaran P, Shuaib NH. (2010). Heat transfer in rectangular microchannels heat sink using nanofluids. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 37(10): 1496-1503.
[23] Kandlikar SG, Grande WJ. (2003). Evolution of microchannel flow passages--thermohydraulic performance and fabrication technology. Heat Transfer Engineering 24(1): 3-17.
[24] Li J, Kleinstreuer C. (2010). Entropy generation analysis for nanofluid flow in microchannels. Journal of Heat Transfer 132(12): 122401-122401-8.
[25] Ijam A, Saidur R. (2012). Nanofluid as a coolant for electronic devices (cooling of electronic devices). Applied Thermal Engineering 32: 76-82.
[26] Escher W. et al. (year). On the cooling of electronics with nanofluids. Journal of Heat Transfer 133(5): 051401-051401-11.
[27] Shokouhmand H, Ghazvini M, Shabanian J. (2008). Performance analysis of using nanofluids in microchannel heat sink in different flow regimes and its simulation using artificial neural network in Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering WCE.
[28] Adham AM, Mohd-Ghazali N, Ahmad R. (year). Cooling of microchannel heat sinks with gaseous coolants, Procedia Engineering 56: 337-343.
[29] Adham AM, Mohd-Ghazali N, Ahmad R. (2016). Optimization of nanofluid-cooled microchannel heat sink. Thermal Science. 20(1): 109-118.
[30] Halelfadl S, et al. (2014). Optimization of thermal performances and pressure drop of rectangular microchannel heat sink using aqueous carbon nanotubes based nanofluid. Applied Thermal Engineering 62(2): 492-499.
[31] Leng C, et al. (2015). Multi-parameter optimization of flow and heat transfer for a novel double-layered microchannel heat sink. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 84: 359-369.
[32] Pourmehran O, et al. (2015). Numerical optimization of microchannel heat sink (MCHS) performance cooled by KKL based nanofluids in saturated porous medium. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 55: 49-68.
[33] Rahimi-Gorji M, et al. (2015). Statistical optimization of microchannel heat sink (MCHS) geometry cooled by different nanofluids using RSM analysis. The European Physical Journal Plus 130(2): 22.
[34] Sakanova A, et al. (2014). Optimization and comparison of double-layer and double-side micro-channel heat sinks with nanofluid for power electronics cooling. Applied Thermal Engineering 65(1): 124-134.
[35] Wang XD, et al. (2013). Inverse geometric optimization for geometry of nanofluid-cooled microchannel heat sink. Applied Thermal Engineering 55(1): 87-94.
[36] Klein SA, Alvarado FL. (2002). Engineering Equation Solver. F-Chart Software.
[37] Buongiorno J. (2005). Convective Transport in Nanofluids. Journal of Heat Transfer 128(3 SRC – Google Scholar): 240-250.
[38] Hamilton RL, Crosser OK. (1962). Thermal conductivity of heterogeneous two-component systems. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals 1(3): 187-191.
[39] Brinkman HC. (1952). The viscosity of concentrated suspensions and solutions. The Journal of Chemical Physics 20(4): 571-571.
[40] Kim SJ, Kim D. (1992). Forced cooling. Journal of Heat Transfer 121(3): 639-645.
[41] Adham AM, Mohd-Ghazali N, Ahmad R. (2016). Optimization of nanofluid cooled microchannel heat sink. Thermal Science 20(1): 109-118.
[42] Townsend J. Christianson RJ. (2009). Nanofluid properties and their effects on convective heat transfer in an electronics cooling application. ASME J Thermal Sci Eng Appl 9 doi10111514001123. 1(3 SRC - GoogleScholar): 031006-031006.
[43] Kumar N, Singh D. (2015). Analysis of thermal resistance and pumping power of rectangle micro channel heat sink for upper flow with different coolant. Global Journal of Research In Engineering.
[44] Wu JM, Zhao JY, July O. (2014). Conjugated numerical study on the performance of microchannel heat sink using Al2O3/H2O. In 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (pp. V004T1T10A049). American Society of Mechanical Engineers. SRC – Google Scholar: 0A049-V004.