Habitat, Housing Social Connectivity to Promote Social Well-Being

Habitat, Housing Social Connectivity to Promote Social Well-Being

J. Abell A. Alhusban S. Alhusban S. Lurasi 

School of Design and Construction, Washington State University, USA

The Hashemite University Department of Architectural Engineering, Jordan

Al-albayt University Department of Architectural Engineering, Jordan

Yale School of Architecture Doctor of Philosophy Program, USA

Page: 
356–371
|
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.2495/DNE-V8-N4-356–371
Received: 
N/A
| |
Accepted: 
N/A
| | Citation

OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: 

Social connectivity concepts and modelling techniques have informed built environmental design practices for centuries, even if tacitly so. Villages, cities and buildings are habitats housing social networks that configure social encounters. Questions on how the city and the building influence social and psychological behaviour and vice versa have been the focus of much theoretical discussion in recent years. Increasingly, social network analysis and space syntax analysis are used to explain how the city plan and the building plan configure social encounters. These techniques are empirical and can be used predictively for design research and development purposes. However, few have attempted to integrate these modelling techniques. The special focus of this paper is on integrating network modelling techniques to benefit built environmental design research practices concerned with habitat housing social connectivity to promote social well-being. The positive results of a test comparing space syntax calculation methods and social network analysis calculation methods are presented. A brief discussion of recent habitat regeneration initiatives in Tirana, Albania suggests the vast potential for further research integrating social network analysis concepts and modelling techniques to measure design performance.

Keywords: 

Building plan, network analysis, social connectivity

  References

[1] Shane, D.G., Recombinant Urbanism: Conceptual Modeling in Architecture, Urban Design, and City Theory. Wiley-Academy: Chichester, 2005.

[2] Rocker, I., When code matters. Architectural Design, 76(4), pp. 16–25, 2006. doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1002/ad.289

[3] Wasserman, S., & Faust, K., Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, pp. 31–32, 1994. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO97 80511815478

[4] Mumford, E., The Emergence of Matt or Field Building, Case: Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital and the Mat Building Revival, ed. S. Hashim & P. Allard, Prestel: Munich, pp. 48–65, 2001.

[5] 11th General Programme of Work Executive Summary; World Health Organization, United Nations, p. 4, available at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/GPW_ES_2006-2015_eng.pdf.

[6] Gadamer, H., The Enigma of Health. Stanford University Press: Stanford, CA, p. 41, 1996.

[7] Pfizer, Advancing Healthy Populations: The Pfi zer Guide to Careers in Public Health. Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Group, Pfizer Inc.: New York, NY, pp. 5–119, 2003.

[8] Frumkin, H., Frank, L. & Jackson, R., Urban Sprawl and Public Health. Island Press: Washington, 2004.

[9] Frank, L., Engelke, P. & Schmid, T., Health and Community Design. Island Press: Washington, 2003.

[10] Hardin, G., The tragedy of the Commons. Science, 162(3859), pp. 1243–1248, 1968. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.162.3859.1243

[11] Ostrom, E., Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1990. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807763

[12] Woolcock, M. & Narayan, D., Social capital: implications for development theory, research, and policy. The World Bank Observer, 15(2), pp. 225–249, p. 226, 2000.

[13] Putnam, R. & Goss, K., Democracies in Flux. Oxford University Press: New York, NY, p. 8, 2002. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0195150899.001.0001

[14] Mattessich, P., Social capital and community building. Introduction to Community Develop-ment, eds. R. Phillips & R. Pittman. Routledge: New York, pp. 49–52, 2009.

[15] Putnam, R. & Goss, K., Democracies in Flux. Oxford University Press: New York, NY, p. 6, 2002. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0195150899.001.0001

[16] The public demonstration is dramatically illustrated by the Occupy movement and the uprising events in urban commons areas like those in Tahrir Square, Cairo, beginning in February 2011. For a compelling discussion on public demonstration, the urban commons and social organiza-tion see Harvey, D., Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution, Verso: New York, 2012.

[17] Dutta, A., The bureaucracy of Beauty: Design in the Age of its Global Reproducibility, Routledge: New York, 2007, provides a convincing account of ‘art and design’ discipline in nineteenth century Britain as discourse formation and geo-political network with technologi-cal, social and economic attributes and effects.

[18] See for example the account of mutually influential relation in Latour, B., Woolgar, S., Labo-ratory Life: The Construction of Scientifi c Facts. Princeton University Press: Princeton, N.J, 1986. See also Allen, T. J., Managing the Flow of Technology: Technology Transfer and the Dissemination of Technological Information within the R&D Organization. MIT Press: Cam-bridge, Mass, 1977.

[19] Castells, M., The Rise of the Network Society. Blackwell Publishers: Malden, Mass, p. 152, 1996.

[20] Lyotard, J.F., The Post Modern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Manchester University Press: Manchester, UK, p. 5, 1984.

[21] Hirst, P., Foucault and Architecture. AA Files. London: The Architectural Association, pp. 52–60, p. 52, 1993.

[22] Kraidy, M.W., Hybridity or the Cultural Logic of Globalization. Temple University Press: Philadelphia, PA, p. 14, 2005.

[23] Durkheim, E., The Division of Labor in Society. Free Press of Glencoe: New York, 1964. Lévi-Strauss, C., Structural Anthropology, New York: Basic Books, 1963.

[24] Allen, T.J., Managing the Flow of Technology: Technology Transfer and the Dissemination of Technological Information within the R&D Organization. MIT Press: Cambridge, Mass., 1977. Festinger, L., Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing. Harper: New York, 1950.

[25] Hillier, B. & Hanson, J., The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, p. 18, 1984.

[26] Hillier, B. & Hanson, J., The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, p. 161, 1984. Hillier, B. & Penn, A., Visible colleges: structure and randomness in the place of discovery. Science in Context, 4(1), pp. 23–49, 1991.

[27] For a comprehensive introduction to space syntax theory see, Bafna, S., space syntax: a brief in-troduction to its logic and analytical techniques. Environment and Behavior, 35(17), pp. 17–29, 2003. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916502238863

[28] Space syntax also involves converting (coding) a plan into circumscribed areas called ‘convex polygons,’ and then into ‘axial lines’ diagrams to account for the cellular attributes of the vari-ous areas (rooms and corridors, streets and squares, or implied rooms etc.) that make-up a plan network. In all cases however, the goal is to measure the overall level of integration of the enti-ties (nodes, circumscribed ‘convex polygon’ areas, or axial lines) based on the connectivity of the entities in the overall network system in question. In other words, the goal is to measure the level of integration of the ‘global structure’ of the network. Hillier, B. & Hanson, J., The Social Logic of Space, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, p. 108, 1984. Banfa writes “integra-tion represents the average depth of the spatial unit from all other spatial units within a given system, and hence its value is affected by the entire spatial configuration. Banfa, S., Space syntax: a brief introduction to its logic and analytical techniques. Environment and Behavior, 35(17), pp. 17–29, p. 27, 2003.

[29] Penn, A., Space syntax and spatial cognition: or why the axial line? Environment and Behavior, 35(1), January, pp. 30–65, 2003. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916502238864

[30] Sailer, K. & McCulloh, I., Social networks and spatial configuration - how office layouts drive social interaction. Social Networks, 34, pp. 47– 58, 2012. Dalton, R.C., The secret is to fol-low your nose: route path selection and angularity. Environment and Behavior, 35(107), 2003. Turner, A., Doxa, M., O’Sullivan, D. & Penn, A., From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space. Environment and Planning (B): Planning and Design, 28, pp. 103–121, 2001.

[31] Porta, S. & Latora, V., Multiple centrality assessment: mapping centrality in networks of urban spaces. Urban Sustainability Through Environmental Design: Approaches to Time-People-Place Responsive Urban Spaces, eds. K. Thwaites, S. Porta, O. Romice & M. Greaves, Rout-ledge: Oxon, pp. 101–105, 2007.

[32] Newman, M.E.J., Networks: An Introduction, Oxford University Press: Oxford, p. 168, 2010. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206650.003.0007

[33] Carnegie, T.A.M. & Abell, J., Information, architecture, and hybridity: the changing discourse of the public library. Technical Communication Quarterly, 18(3), pp. 242–258, January, 2009.

[34] To be consistent with Hillier and Hanson in the Logic of Space, the morphological term here should be “inverted genotype” in which Hillier’s idea is that the biological genotype-phenotype relationship is inverted in the case of the built environment. There, the building and the city are genotype-artefacts that provide a genetic code for a species of social phenomenon – social encounter. Movement and social encounter are phenotypes (inverted phenotypes) that enact the genotype code while negotiating particular space of encounter circumstances. See Hillier, B. & Hanson, J., The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, p. 44, 1984.

[35] The toolbox concept has specific implications for the development of software packages for space syntax analysis. For discussions on research and development of software applications for space syntax analysis see Jean Wineman, J. et al, Syntax 2D: An Open Source Software Platform for Space Syntax Analysis. New Developments in Space Syntax Software, ed. A. Turner, ITU Faculty of Architecture: Istanbul, 2007.

[36] Hillier, B. & Hanson, J., The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, pp. 94, 147–157, 1984. Scott, J. & Scott, J., Social Netowrk Analysis. Los Angeles, Sage, pp. 64–68, 2009. Also, Wasserman, S. & Faust, K., Social Network Analysis: Methods and Appli-cations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 94–101, 2009.

[37] Hillier, B. & Hanson, J., The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, pp. 108–109, 1984.

[38] Hillier and Hanson write, “All mathematical formulae are original” aside from the “ringiness” formulae. Hillier, B. & Hanson, J., The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, pp. 97 note 6, 273, 1984. These original equations are the basis for calculation in space syntax research today. For example, see Sailer, K. & McCulloh, I., Social Networks, 34, pp. 47– 58, p. 49, 2012.

[39] Hillier, B. & Penn, A., Visible colleges: structure and randomness in the place of discovery. Science in Context, 4(1), pp. 23–49, pp. 40–44, 1991.

[40] Prime Minister-Designate, Albania – Edi Rama, BBC World Service, Friday, 19:06 GMT, available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01c0qmw.