Mathematics of Complex Adaptive Systems

Mathematics of Complex Adaptive Systems

JOHN R. CLYMER 

Clymer & Associates, Boone, Iowa USA

Page: 
377-384
|
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.2495/DNE-V12-N3-377-384
Received: 
N/A
| |
Accepted: 
N/A
| | Citation

OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: 

The mathematics of Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) consists of mathematical linguistics, symbolic logic, and the physical laws of the system problem. These concepts are discussed in terms of a graphi-cal simulation programming language designed to experiment with CAS that can occur at every level of creation: including social, ecological, molecular, and quantum. In order to understand CAS, the most important principle is understanding the interactions among entities. The understanding of these interactions is more important than understanding the entity features. For example, understanding the dynamics of individual vehicles is not enough to understand freeway traffic patterns. This is because freeway traffic depends on the decisions of drivers as well as vehicles’ capabilities. For example, wave behavior occurs in freeway traffic when drivers are free to enter the freeway without restric-tion. This system behavior was found to be mitigated by controlling freeway entrance timing. Often, when knowledge of other entities are shared or are observable and the decision making rules used by entities to make decisions can evolve, emergent behaviors occur. Many examples of such complex systems are discussed, focusing on entities that are intelligent agents. A submarine classification sonar net and a vehicle traffic control network are presented as examples. A simulation programming system is described that allows experiments with the system behavior of intelligent agents to be performed.

Keywords: 

complex adaptive systems, intelligent agents, interacting concurrent processes.

  References

[1] Hoare, C.A.R., Communicating Sequential Processes, Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1985.

[2] Ashby, W.R., Introduction to Cybernetics, Chapman & Hall: London, 1956.

[3] Clymer, J.R., Simulation-Based Engineering of Complex Systems, John Wiley & Sons Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, 2009.

[4] Hausser, R.R., Foundations of Computational Linguistics: Human-Computer Commu-nication in Natural Language, 2nd edn., Springer: Berlin, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04337-0

[5] Weiss, G. (ed.), Multi-Agent Systems: A Modern Approach to Distributed Artificial Intelligence, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1999.

[6] Holland, J.H., Hidden Order, Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA, 1995.

[7] Fogel, D.B., Evolutionary Computation: Toward a New Philosophy of Machine Intelligence, IEEE press: Piscataway, NJ, 1995.

[8] Axelrod, R.M., The Evolution of Cooperation, Basic Books: New York, 1984.

[9] Haussler, D., Quantifying inductive bias: AI learning algorithms and valiant’s learning framework, Artificial Intelligence, 36, pp. 177–222, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(88)90002-1

[10]Westerdale, T.H., An approach to credit assignment in classifier systems, complexity. Journal Santa Fe Institute, 4(2), pp.49–52, 1998.