OPEN ACCESS
The human mind is one of the most intriguing complex systems found in nature. Research has been conducted to develop a computer model of the mind from the Theravada Buddhist description detailed in the Abhidhamma literature. Within this context, the mind is identified as a conditional flow of thoughts that is characterized by 52 mental factors, such as perception, volition, attention, anger, attachments, mindfulness and so on. Thus, mental factors are the building blocks of thoughts. Combinations of these 52 mental factors can form 89 different thoughts with characteristics such as feelings, roots, functions, doors, objects and bases. We have developed a computational ontology of Buddhist theory of mind (OntoBM) that describes the complex association among thoughts and mental factors. OntoBM can be primarily used to examine combinations of mental factors that can form thoughts, associations among mental factors and details of thoughts. More importantly, researchers and scholars can also use OntoBM to experiment with the effect of modulation of mental factors on the formation of various thoughts.
artificial intelligence, Buddhism, complex systems, simulations
[1] Rzevski, G. & P. Skobelev, Managing Complexity, WIT Press, 2014.
[2] Dworschak, M, Neurotechnology: Growing a Brain in Switzerland, Spiegel Online, 16 Feb. 2007.
[3] B.C.Q.C., Live Science Contributor, Uploading the Mind: Could a Digital Brain Feel Pain? LiveScience.com. [online]. Available: http://www.livescience.com/46052-mind-uploadingethics.html [accessed: 06-Nov-2014].
[4] Markram, H, The Blue Brain Project, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 7(2), pp. 153–160, Feb. 2006.
[5] Brain simulator, Softonic. [Online].A vailable: http://en.softonic.com/ s/brain-simulator [ accessed: 09-Nov-2014].
[6] Cao, M., Wang, J.-H., Dai, Z.-J., Cao, X.-Y., Jiang, L.-L, Fan, F.-M., Song, X.-W., Xia, M.-R., Shu, N., Dong, Q., Milham, M.P., Castellanos, F.X., Zuo, X.-N, & He, Y. Topological organization of the human brain functional connectome across the lifespan. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci., 7, pp. 76–93, Jan. 2014.
[7] Campbell, I.G., EEG Recording and Analysis for Sleep Research. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. Editor. Board Jacqueline N Crawley Al, Chapter 10, Unit10.2, Oct. 2009.
[8] Priori, A., Brain polarization in humans: a reappraisal of an old tool for prolonged non- invasive modulation of brain excitability. Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol., 114(4), pp. 589–95, 2003. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00437-6
[9] Steward, H., The Ontology of Mind: Events, Processes, and States. Clarendon Press Oxford Philosophical Monographs, 1997.
[10] Stoljar, D., & Steward, H., The Ontology of Mind: Events, States and Processes. Philos. Rev., 108(3), p. 418, July 1999.
[11] Karunananda, A.S., Using an eastern philosophy for providing a theoretical basis for some Heuristics used in artificial neural networks. Malays. J. Comput. Sci., 15(2), 2002.
[12] Karunananda, A., Computer Modelling of thought processes. Int. J. Comput. Appl. Technol., 6(2-3), pp. 135–140, 1993.
[13] Narada, M.T., A Manual of Abhidhamma. Buddhist Missionary Society, 1979.
[14] Prigogine, I., The End of Certainty, 1 edition. New York: Free Press, 1997.
[15] Prigogine, I., Is Future Given? World Scientific, 2003.
[16] Herculano-Houzel, S., The remarkable, yet not extraordinary, human brain as a scaled-up primate brain and its associated cost. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 109(1), pp. 10661–10668, June 2012.
[17] Dave Evans, The Internet of Things How the Next Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything. 2011.
[18] Gruber, T.A., A Translation Approach to portable Ontology Specification. Knowl. Acquis., 5(2), pp. 199–220, 1993. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/knac.1993.1008
[19] Luciano, J.S., Andersson, B., Batchelor, C., Bodenreider, O., Clark, T., Denney, C.K., Domarew, C., Gambet, T., Harland, L., Jentzsch, A., Kashyap, V., Kos, P., Kozlovsky, J., Lebo, T., Marshall, S.M., McCusker, J.P., McGuinness, D.L., Ogbuji, C., Pichler, E., Powers, R.L., Prud’hommeaux, E., Samwald, M., Schriml, L., Tonellato, P.J., Whetzel, P.L., Zhao, J., Stephens, S. & Dumontier, M., The Translational Medicine Ontology and Knowledge Base: driving personalized medicine by bridging the gap between bench and bedside, J. Biomed. Semant, 2(2), p. S1, May 2011.
[20] Rodriguez-Rocha, B.D., Castillo-Barrera, F.E. & Lopez-Padilla, H., Knowledge Capitalization in the Automotive Industry Using an Ontology Based on the ISO/TS 16949 Standard, in Electronics, Robotics and Automotive Mechanics Conference, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, 2009, pp. 100–106.
[21] Protégé. http://protege.stanford.edu, 2012.
[22] Noy, N.F. & Musen, M., PROMPT: Algorithm and tool for automated ontology merging and alignment, Proc. 17th Natl. Conf. Artif. Intell. AAAI-2000 Austin TX, 2000.
[23] Acampora, G., Avella, P., Loia, V., Salerno, S. & Vitiello, A., Improving ontology alignment through memetic algorithms, in 2011 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems
(FUZZ), pp. 1783–1790, 2011. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/FUZZY.2011.6007517
[24] Tsarkov, D. & Palmisano, I., Chainsaw: A Metareasoner for Large Ontologies. in CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2012.
[25] Abburu, S., A Survey on Ontology Reasoners and Comparison. Int. J. Comput. Appl., 57(17), 2012.
[26] Sirin, E., Parsia, B., Grau, B.C., Kalyanpur, A. & Katz, Y., Pellet: A practical OWL-DL reasoned. Web Semant. Sci. Serv. Agents World Wide Web, 5(2), pp. 51–53, June 2007.
[27] Wooldridge, M., An Introduction to MultiAgent Systems. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
[28] Rzevski, G., Modelling Large Complex Systems Using Multi-agent Technology, pp. 434–437, 2012. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/snpd.2012.138
[29] Hongqiao, Y., Xihua, L., Fei, W. & Weizi, L. Multi-agent based modeling and simulation of complex system in hospital, in 16th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 2009. IE EM ’09, pp. 1759–1763, 2009.
[30] Belgacem, S. & Fates, N., Robustness of Multi-agent Models: The Example of Collaboration between Turmites with Synchronous and Asynchronous Updating, Complex Syst., 21, 2012.
[31] Singh, A., Juneja, D. & Sharma, A.K., Agent Development Toolkits, Int. J. Adv. Technol., 2(1), pp. 158–164, 2011.
[32] Nyanaponika, T., Ahidhamma Studies - Research in Buddhist Psychology. Wisdom Publications, 2013.
[33] Bodhi, B., Abhidhammatha Sangaha: a comprehensive mannula of Abhidhamma. Onalaska: BPS Pariyatti Edition, 2000.
[34] Kalupahana, D.J., The principles of Buddhist Psychology. State University of New York Press, 1987.
[35] Horridge, M. & Bechhofer, S., The owl api: A java api for owl ontologies, Semantic Web, 2(1), pp. 11–21, 2011.