Rosmariani Arifuddin*
| Resky Aulia | Muhammad Asad Abdurrahman | Miswar Tumpu | Muh. Rifan Fadlillah
© 2023 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
OPEN ACCESS
The construction services industry is one of the industries affected by the COVID-19 outbreak. Most construction project schedules in Indonesia have been postponed or even canceled due to this outbreak. Through the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Instruction No. 02/IN/M/2020 on the Protocol for Preventing the Spread of COVID-19 in construction projects, the Indonesian government regulates the handling of COVID-19 prevention in construction projects. Unfortunately, the implementation of the Regulation has not been optimal, so it is still necessary to investigate which elements of COVID-19 prevention have been optimally implemented. The goal of this study is to identify the ability to implement COVID-19 prevention protocols in the implementation of construction projects in Indonesia. The research method used in this study was to use surveys and interviews then the data was analyzed using the SPSS statistical program with a quantitative analysis approach. The research findings for COVID-19 preventive health protocols show that COVID-19 prevention strategies have been well implemented in construction projects judging from the average scores, namely isolation if there is an indication of COVID-19 suspect workers (3.867), disinfectants (3.733), small groups (3.733), online meetings (3.667), COVID-19 posters (3.600), health facilities (3.533), and champaign & promotion (3,533). Specifically, this study will provide an overview of the extent of implementation of COVID-19 preventive health protocols in construction projects and input for future policy improvements.
COVID-19, project construction, protocol health, policy
Coronavirus disease 2019, also known as COVID-19, is a respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus that was discovered in December 2019. The COVID-19 outbreak began to spread in Indonesia in early March 2021 [1]. Word meters data (2020) confirmed that the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Indonesia reached more than 6.01 million people, with more than 155,000 deaths, ranking Indonesia 18th in Asia for the highest number of deaths due to the COVID-19 outbreak [2]. Several studies noted significant negative impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak, including reduced economic growth, increased unemployment, inflation, decreased supply of goods, and hampered trade services due to ubiquitous activity restrictions [3].
COVID-19 has had an impact on all industrial sectors, including the construction industry. The construction sector is a local activity that creates buildings that support social and economic activities that help realize the development of the nation [4]. Elements of construction implementation such as materials, masons, equipment, transportation, time, and mobility are directly related to the COVID-19 outbreak so it can cause uncertainty in construction implementation [5]. The construction industry faces several challenges during the COVID-19 outbreak, including schedule delays, disrupted cash flow, delays in permits, approvals, and inspections; travel restrictions; serious health and safety issues; and material and equipment shortages, which hinder the timely completion of construction projects [6].
In South Africa, has been implemented COVID-19 safety measures at construction sites, including the inadequate provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) by contractors, lack of adherence to health protocols, and attachment to social distancing rules, resulting in the spread of infection. These challenges have hampered their efforts to strictly adhere to safety measures according to COVID-19 health protocols [7]. During the COVID-19 outbreak, construction projects in the United States have experienced project delays, material delivery delays, material shortages, permit delays, productivity losses, cash flow challenges, project disruptions, and price increases [8]. Some countries in Southeast Asia such as Singapore indicated that projects experienced significant delays, cost overruns, and poor quality. Construction demand and production were noted to have fallen by 27.9% and 28.6%, respectively [9, 10].
Indonesia's construction industry is also experiencing the same conditions. The COVID-19 outbreak has caused various negative impacts in Indonesia, including a decrease in contractor performance [11]. To prevent the spread of COVID-19 on construction projects, the Indonesian government issued Minister of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR) Instruction No. 02/IN/M/2020 on the Protocol for Preventing the Spread of COVID-19 on construction projects [12]. Minister of Public Works and Housing Instruction No. 02/IN/M/2020 is a policy of the Government of Indonesia as a prevention effort, through health protocols, against the COVID-19 outbreak in the work environment of construction projects in Indonesia. The Government of Indonesia hopes that the implementation of the Ministerial Instruction No. 02/IN/M/2020 can emphasize the negative impact of COVID-19 on construction projects in Indonesia.
Furthermore, this study aims to develop a health protocol as a program to prevent the COVID-19 outbreak in construction projects and to measure the implementation of the COVID-19 outbreak prevention protocol in several construction projects in Indonesia. The benefits of the results of this study can contribute to efforts to deal with COVID-19 and provide an illustration of the extent to which the implementation of health protocols for COVID-19 prevention in construction projects can provide lessons learned and input for improving policies to prevent COVID-19 outbreak in future construction projects.
2.1 Vulnerability of construction project to COVID-19
A construction project's work environment is one of the activities with a high risk of accidents and occupational diseases [13]. A construction project as a work environment that involves a lot of disorganized workers, migrant workers, working time of 10–12 hours per day, and an open space work environment that has an impact on being very vulnerable to exposure to different physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial hazards during their daily work schedule causes a high level of vulnerability to occupational diseases [14]. Next, the construction industry is vulnerable to the COVID-19 crisis because most construction activities must be performed on-site, limiting the number of workers that can work remotely [15]. Occupational diseases caused by the COVID-19 outbreak increase the vulnerability of the safety and health aspects of the implementation of construction projects [16].
2.2 Health protocols for the prevention of COVID-19 in construction projects
Prevention and handling of the COVID-19 outbreak have been carried out in various industries [17, 18]. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has proposed and implemented various measures and regulations aimed at maintaining the safety and health of construction workers; however, several reports indicate that the results have not been powerful and effective [19, 20]. Several previous studies have developed strategies as a preventive measure against the COVID-19 outbreak in construction projects, including:
2.3 Minister of public work and housing instruction No. 02/IN/M/2020, Indonesia requirement
Minister of Public Work and Housing Instruction No. 02/IN/M/2020 was passed and declared on March 27, 2020. This instruction is a comprehensive ministerial decree that regulates the obligations of service providers and owners. The Instruction of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing No. 02/IN/M/2020 is part of the construction safety policy. which consists of seven steps of the COVID-19 outbreak prevention program, including:
2.3.1 Formation of the COVID-19 prevention task force team
Project owners and contractors are required to form a COVID-19 Prevention Task Force Team that is part of the Construction Safety Unit [21]. The Task Force Team has the duties, responsibilities, and authorities to carry out: i) socialization; ii) education; iii) technical promotion; iv) determining the method of implementing COVID-19 prevention in the field; v) coordinating with the COVID-19 Task Force Team The Ministry of PUPR carries out COVID-19 risk identification at the site, including: vi) health checks related to the potential for COVID-19 infection for all workers and project guests; vii) monitoring of workers' health conditions and controlling the mobilization and demobilization of workers; viii) giving vitamins and supplements to increase workers' immunity; ix) procurement of health facilities; and x) reporting to the top management of the project owner if a positive worker is found and/or the status of a patient is under suspect control and recommending the temporary termination of the project [22, 23].
2.3.2 Identification of potential COVID-19 hazards on site
The COVID-19 Prevention Task Force Team coordinates with the Ministry of Public Work and Housing's COVID-19 Task Force to determine the level of risk of COVID-19 hazards [24, 25]. If the identification of potential hazards for COVID-19 is found to be a high-risk project, then:
2.3.3 Provision of health facilities on site
2.3.4 Implementation of COVID-19 prevention on site
The task force team put up digital and physical posters and flyers for the prevention of COVID-19 [26].
Based on the study of literature and Inmen policies, a health protocol for the prevention of COVID-19 was developed, as outlined in Table 1. Figure 1 shows the mechanism of covid-19 preventive health protocols.
Table 1. COVID-19 preventive health protocols in construction projects
|
Health Protocols for COVID-19 Prevention |
Strategy of Health Protocols for COVID-19 Prevention |
||
|
Code |
|
Description |
|
|
A. Formation of the COVID-19 Prevention Task Force Team |
A.1 |
Task Force Team |
The Owner and Contractor form the COVID-19 Prevention Task Force and become part of the Construction Safety Team |
|
B. Sosial Distance |
B.1 |
Shift work |
Shift work (increase social distance), Staggered breaks and lunches |
|
B.2 |
Remote work |
Separated project offices and Remote work, Increased use of remote worksite for prefabrication |
|
|
B.3 |
Saparate work |
Separate work areas isolated via barriers |
|
|
C. Minimize Group |
C.1 |
Small Group |
Shift work (minimize large groups) |
|
C.2 |
Online Meeting |
Use of technologies (e.g., using Skype and Zoom for meetings |
|
|
D. Job Site Screening |
D.1 |
Screening worker |
Travel questionnaires, Workers physically examined for exposure conditions, Screening using onsite cameras |
|
D.2 |
COVID-19 Test |
COVID-19 tests |
|
|
E. Providing COVID-19 Prevention Facilities |
E.1 |
Health facilities |
The contractor provides additional facilities including: hand washing (water, soap and hand sanutizer), tissue, face shields, masks at the office and site for all workers and guests |
|
E.2 |
Vaccine & Supplement |
Contractor provides COVID-19 Vaccine, Vitamins and supplements to increase worker immunity |
|
|
F. COVID-19 Prevention Education |
F.1 |
COVID-19 Posters |
Task Force Team puts up posters/flyers) both digitally and physically regarding appeals/ recommendations |
|
F.2 |
Campaign &Promotion |
Task Force Team together with medical officers provide training, explanation briefings, recommendations, campaigns, promotions of COVID-19 prevention techniques in every construction safety activity, for example Tools Box Meeting, Safety morning talk, Safety Induction, etc |
|
|
G. Temperature / fever checks using thermometers |
G.1 |
Body Temparature Check for Worker |
Medical officers together with the Security Staff carry out body temperature measurements for all workers and employees every morning, afternoon and evening |
|
G.2 |
Body Temparature Check for Guest |
The Covid-19 Task Force prohibits people (all workers and guests) who are indicated to have a body temperature of > 38 (thirty eight) degrees Celsius from coming to the work location |
|
|
H. Cooperation with Hospital and Health Institution in Handling Covid-19 |
H.1 |
Coorporation with another institution |
Contractor has operational cooperation for health protection and prevention of COVID-19 with the nearest hospital and/or health center for emergency actions (emergency) |
|
I. Temporarily stop project activities if it is indicated that there are workers who suspect Covid 19 |
I.1 |
Isolation |
If a worker is found at the site as a suspect COVID-19, the worker must be temporarily dismissed by the contractor for a minimum of 14 working days |
|
I.2 |
Disinfectant |
Medical officers assisted by the Security Unit evacuate and spray disinfectant in all facilities and work equipment |
|
|
J. Isolation and Spraying Disinfectant in Office and Site Facilities |
J.1 |
Temperory suspension |
The temporary suspension of the project is carried out until the process of evacuation and spraying of disinfectants, as well as the implementation of Health checks and isolation of exposed workers who have been completed. |
Figure 1. The mechanism of COVID-19 preventive health protocols refers to manister of public work and housing instruction No. 02/2020
3.1 Research process
Data collection was carried out by direct observation in the field of 15 under-construction projects in Indonesia. Observation and collection of authentic evidence such as project reports, cooperation documents, PPE facilities, etc. Observations were made directly by using the Observation Form on elements and sub-elements of the COVID-19 outbreak prevention protocol that had been compiled based on a literature study.
Furthermore, the data obtained at the site is completed and reconfirmed through interviews with relevant parties directly in the field, including the contractor, represented by the project manager, site engineer, and HSE officer. The questionnaires distributed through this stage were subjected to a questionnaire reliability test involving 5 people in 1 selected project, namely the Karalloe Dam Intake Package I Project in Gowa, South Sulawesi Province to test the extent to which this questionnaire could be understood. Figure 2 shows the research process.
Figure 2. Research process
3.2 Data collection
The selection of construction projects as a place to observe health protocol measurements for the prevention of COVID-19 was carried out at random. The selected construction projects are construction projects that are still under construction. Furthermore, 15 (fifteen) selected construction projects were obtained as outlined in Table 2.
Table 2. List of construction projects as research objects
|
No |
Project Name |
|
1 |
Karalloe Dam Intake Package I in Gowa, South Sulawesi Province |
|
2 |
Karalloe Dam Package II in Gowa, South Sulawesi Province |
|
3 |
Construction of Sewerage and Wastewater Collection System North West Catchment (Makassar Sewerage B2), South Sulawesi Province |
|
4 |
Package 1 Temef Dam Development Project in NTT Province |
|
5 |
Panakukang Branch Office of Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) Project in Makassar City, South Celebes District |
|
6 |
Warehouse in Industrial Zone, Terusan Cipatik in Bandung, West Java Province |
|
7 |
Leuwikeris Dam Package 4, Ciamis Dictrict, West Java Province |
|
8 |
Bendo Dam, Ponorogo District, East Java Province |
|
9 |
Bener Dam Package 2, Purworejo District, Central Java Province |
|
10 |
Caringin Office Building, Sukabumi District, West Java Province |
|
11 |
Tapin Dam, Tapin District, South Borneo |
|
12 |
Gongseng Dam, Bojonegoro District, East Java Province |
|
13 |
A.P. Flyover Toll Road Pettarani, Makassar City South Sulawesi Province |
|
14 |
Renovation of Seskoau . Building and Facilities, East Java Province |
|
15 |
Buakana Home Stay, Malang District, East Java Province |
Information related to the level of COVID-19 measurement was obtained from ratings based on a five-point Likert scale (ranging from "1" = "strongly not implemented" to "5" = "strongly implemented"). Finally, the value of measuring the level of implementation of the COVID-19 preventive health protocol is verified and re-confirmed to the parties related to the project represented by the project manager, site manager, and HSE staff.
3.3 Data analysis
The data that has been collected is then processed using the SPSS Statistical Program for Social Science Analysis with a quantitative analysis approach to see a description of the distribution of the data. A total of 15 pieces of data were obtained, which were then processed to get an overview of the data by calculating. To answer the research objectives, this study analyzes data using a combination of descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Data analysis consists of: 1) data processing with descriptive analysis to identify the value of the mean, the value of the median, and the value of the standard deviation, and p value 2) The research team assessed potential differences between COVID-19 preventive health protocols using a non-parametric inferential statistical approach based on observations. The test is carried out by using p-value analysis with equation 1.1. The analysis used is a statistical analysis which consists of descriptive analysis which aims to describe and illustrate the data while interferential analysis is used to test hypotheses and make conclusions based on samples taken from the population.
Based on the average measurement of the implementation of the COVID-19 prevention health protocol, there are 10 strategies, namely (i) task force establishment; (ii) social distance; (iii) minimize group; (iv) job site screening; (v) providing health facilities on site; (vi) COVID—19 education; (vii) temperature/ fever checks using thermometers; (viii) cooperation in handling COVID-19 suspects with health institutions; (ix) temporarily stop project activities if it is indicated that there are workers who suspect COVID-19; and (x) isolation and spraying disinfectant for facilities and infrastructure.
From the 10 strategies for implementing COVID-19 preventive health protocols, there are indicators of these strategies including (i) task force team; (ii) shift work, remote work, separate work; (iii) small group and online meeting; (iv) screening worker and COVID-19 test; (v) health facilities and vaccine & supplement; (vi) COVID-19 posters and campaign & promotion; (vii) body temperature check for worker and body temperature check for guest; (viii) corporation with another institution; (ix) isolation and disinfectant; and (x) temporary suspension.
The temporary suspension of the project is carried out until the process of evacuation and spraying of disinfectants, as well as the implementation of health checks and the isolation of exposed workers, have been completed (p-value 0.01). This is in line with the confirmation with parties represented by the Project Manager, Site Manager, and HSE Staff through interviews stating that the protocol is considered the most effective in preventing the COVID-19 outbreak.
Furthermore, for the COVID-19 prevention health protocol which has not yet been strongly implemented, it is a protocol that includes: (i) The Owner and Contractor form the COVID-19 Prevention Task Force and become part of the Construction Safety Team, (ii) Travel questionnaires, Workers physically examined for exposure conditions, Screening using onsite cameras, (iii) COVID-19 tests, (iv) Contractor has operational cooperation for health protection and prevention of COVID-19 with the nearest hospital and/or health center for emergency actions (emergency) ((p-value > 0.01).
Research conducted in Iraq states that the main protection or strategy implemented at public construction sites is the Covid-19 standard which addresses hazards including maintaining a stay-at-home policy for sick employees [26]. In addition, prevention and protection measures from COVID-19 at low risk are reducing the number of people in the same room, by considering the density of 1 person every 10 square meters which are in accordance with the results of this study, namely implementing small groups [27]. Research conducted in several construction works in North Sumatra stated that contractors provide health facilities to prevent the spread of COVID-19 [28]. Table 3 shows results of processing data on the level of measurement of the implementation of health protocols for the prevention of COVID-19 on Construction Projects.
Table 3. The results of processing data on the level of measurement of the implementation of health protocols for the prevention of COVID-19 on construction projects
|
Strategy of Health Protocols for COVID-19 Prevention |
Code |
Min |
Max |
Mean |
SD |
p-Value |
|
A. Task Force Establishment |
Task Force Team |
4 |
1 |
2.933 |
0.961 |
0.023 |
|
B. Sosial Distance |
Shift work |
5 |
2 |
3.467 |
0.834 |
<0.01 |
|
Remote work |
5 |
2 |
3.267 |
0.799 |
<0.01 |
|
|
Separate work |
5 |
3 |
3.200 |
0.561 |
<0.01 |
|
|
C. Minimize Group |
Small Group |
5 |
3 |
3.733 |
0.594 |
<0.01 |
|
Online Meeting |
5 |
3 |
3.667 |
0.617 |
<0.01 |
|
|
D. Job Site Screening |
Screening worker |
4 |
2 |
2.733 |
0.594 |
0.013 |
|
COVID-19 Test |
5 |
1 |
2.667 |
1.113 |
0.223 |
|
|
E. Providing Health Facilities on site |
Health facilities |
4 |
3 |
3.533 |
0.516 |
<0.01 |
|
Vaccine & Supplement |
4 |
1 |
3.200 |
1.082 |
<0.01 |
|
|
F. COVID-19 Education |
COVID-19 Posters |
4 |
3 |
3.600 |
0.507 |
<0.01 |
|
Campaign &Promotion |
4 |
3 |
3.533 |
0.516 |
<0.01 |
|
|
G. Temperature/ fever checks using thermometers |
Body Temperature Check for Worker |
4 |
2 |
3.000 |
0.655 |
<0.01 |
|
Body Temperature Check for Guest |
4 |
3 |
3.571 |
0.514 |
<0.01 |
|
|
H. Cooperation in Handling COVID-19. Suspects with health institutions |
Coorporation with another institution |
3 |
2 |
2.400 |
0.507 |
0.458 |
|
I. Temporarily stop project activities if it is indicated that there are workers who suspect COVID-19 |
Isolation |
5 |
2 |
3.867 |
0.990 |
<0.01 |
|
Disinfectant |
5 |
2 |
3.733 |
0.884 |
<0.01 |
|
|
J. Isolation and spraying disinfectant for facilities and infrastructure |
Temperory suspension |
5 |
2 |
3.333 |
1.047 |
<0.01 |
The prevention protocol for construction projects is an attempt to maintain continuity of construction operations and prevent the spread of COVID-19 around construction projects. There are ten COVID-19 prevention health protocol strategies in construction projects including task force establishment, social distance, minimize group, job site screening, providing health facilities on site, COVID-19 education, temperature/fever checks using thermometers, cooperation in handling COVID-19 suspects with health institutions, temporarily stop project activities if it is indicated that there are workers who suspect COVID-19, and isolation and spraying disinfectant for facilities and infrastructure.
Out of the 10 strategies available, each has a code that is an indicator of a health protocol strategy for COVID-19 prevention. Health protocols that have been implemented strongly in construction projects with a mean value>3.5 are COVID-19 prevention strategies: (i) isolation if it is indicated that there are workers who suspect COVID-19 (3.867), (ii) Disinfectant (3.733), (iii) Small Group (3.733), (iv) Online Meeting (3.667), (v) COVID-19 Posters, (vi) Campaign & Promotion (3.533), (vii) Health Facilities.
The strategies from this study are expected to serve as guidelines for future studies on other infectious diseases. In addition, these strategies can provide an overview of the extent of implementation of COVID-19 preventive health protocols in construction projects and input for future policy improvements.
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