Heavy Metals in Philippine Rice (Oryza Sativa) using Nafion- [Ru(bpy)3]2+-Gold Nanoparticles Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes
OPEN ACCESS
Nafion-Ru(bpy)32+-Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified glassy carbon electrodes were fabricated and were used in detecting heavy metals in Philippine rice samples by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The said electrodes were fabricated via the drop coating technique. The concentrations of the modifiers, Ru(bpy)32+ and AuNPs, were varied to determine the best electrode for detecting lead, cadmium, and copper. Based on DPV results, the electrode with 5 mg Ru(bpy)32+ and 3 mg AuNPs was chosen as the best electrode. The calibration curves of the best electrode showed strong correlation values of 0.9984 for lead, 0.9905 for cadmium, and 0.9933 for copper. The limit of detection for lead, cadmium, and copper were 10 mg/L, 10 mg/L, and 200 mg/L, respectively. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used as a cross reference to verify the results from DPV. The lead and cadmium content of all the rice samples exceeded the World Health Organizaton (WHO) limit that the body can take. Some samples contained copper above the WHO limit.
Differential pulse voltammetry, heavy metals, Nafion, ruthenium bipyridyl, gold nanoparticles
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