Proposal of Coastal Flooding Scheme Using Smart Balloon Powered by Wind Turbine Generator

The proposed coastal flooding scheme using a smart balloon powered by a wind turbine generator is an innovative and sustainable solution to combat the challenges of rising sea levels and coastal flooding. This scheme will use a balloon equipped with a wind turbine generator, which will harness the power of the wind to generate electricity and then use this electricity to pump water from the coastal region into a reservoir. Smart balloon powered by wind turbine generators to absorb coastal floods is one of the interesting subjects according to the global market needs. The proposed system consists of several components to form an automatic dam. The procedure starts with wind turbines charging pre-equipped batteries after converting from AC to DC. After that, there is an electric motor connected to an air compressor. The electric motor is equipped with energy through the charged batteries. When the air compressor runs, it pumps the compressed air into storage tanks for storing compressed air, equipped under the ground to store the compressed air. When there is any increase in the wind speed from the normal speed, several sensors will be sensitive to that and then start filling several balloons through the input valve, allowing air to enter the balloons one by one to form a wall to protect the nearby areas. When the wind speed returns to normal, the air exits from the balloon through the outlet valve, and the balloon returns to its previous position in an underground trench. The control objectives of this study  can be summarized as follows:

CO1: Speed control of the wind turbine generator system.

CO2: Speed control of DC motor using master-salve and model reference adaptive controller.

CO3: Suggest an efficient protocol for switching pressure sensors and air compressors to inflate sequential air balloons

CO4: Control of switching ON-OFF innovative balloon using Fuzzy Logic Control.

3.1 Wind turbine generator formulation

Reduced energy delivery costs to the power system are the main goal of improvements in wind turbines. The generator system helps achieve this goal by converting the mechanical energy into electrical energy, which helps minimize energy costs. Because operating expenses (such as repair and maintenance) must also be considered, capital expenditures (like manufacture, transportation, and connection) are significant but inconclusive. It has been seen with permanent electromagnets changes in material costs affect changes in the optimal generator system. Decisions are influenced by uncertainty regarding these pricing movements. The location of the turbine's installation determines the optimal generator system because the energy generated is a function of wind speed [3]. Even though they need a device to orient the blades, horizontal-axis wind turbines are significantly more common. Compared to vertical aero generators, this kind has a higher aerodynamic yield.

Additionally, it contains suitable elements at the ground level and starts independently [4]. The ancestor wind is the foundation for horizontal-axis wind turbines. They consist of aerodynamically designed blades that resemble aeroplane wings. In this instance, the lift is produced to create a driving torque that causes rotation rather than to keep an aircraft in flight. In comparison to vertical wind turbines, this kind has gained ground. Additionally, they are less expensive, less susceptible to mechanical stresses, and more efficient due to the receiver's location several tens of meters from the ground [4]. The wind turbine power-speed characteristics are shown in Figure 1.

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Figure 1. Wind turbine power – Speed Characteristics

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Figure 2. Block diagram for speed control of wind turbine

The turbine's mechanical output power can be calculated from the first equation. Figure 2 shows the wind turbine's dynamic response of output power measured in kW. The definition of parameters used in the system model is listed in the list of symbols.

$P_m=c_p(\lambda, \beta) \frac{\rho A}{2} V_w{ }^3$ wind             (1)

It can calculate the turbine's performance coefficients from (2) and (3).

$C_P=\frac{\text { Extracted Power }}{\text { windPower }}=\frac{P_{\text {rotor }}}{P_{\text {wind }}}$          (2)

$c_p(\lambda, \beta)=c_1\left(\frac{c_2}{\lambda_i}-c_3 \beta-c_4\right) e^{\frac{-c_5}{\lambda i}}+c_6 \lambda$             (3)

$\frac{1}{\lambda i}=\frac{1}{\lambda+0.08 \beta}-\frac{0.035}{\beta^3+1}$             (4)

The tip speed ratio is:

$\lambda=\frac{w_r * R}{V_w}$         (5)

The swept area is:

$A=\pi^* R^2$            (6)

3.2 Modelling of the storage battery

As a backup power source, use lead-acid batteries. Small life, low, precise energy, and significant contamination are all disadvantages of lead-acid batteries [5]. They have invented two new models for proper diesel and hybrid battery systems. The proposed models are unique in that they incorporate the choice of turbine technology into the optimization process rather than standard parameters [6]. Control of the depth of individual emptying of cells and cell life is estimated regularly to ensure entirely cells in the package simultaneously reach the end of their useful life [7]. By connecting a three-phase dynamic load to the network, a PMSG is used to convert WE [8]. Using real-world wind farm data and a simplified battery energy storage system (BESS) model, simulations show that this control strategy performs great, closely tracking target transmission set points while keeping BESS's current and SOC within acceptable limits [9]. Lead-acid batteries are the most commonly used. However, they have a short cycle life and thus present a problem (usually 200-500 complete equivalent cycles). Depending on the energy smoothing approach used, compare several storage structures' performance to reduce gradient rate violations [10]. They also recommend using convective parameters to reduce performance degradation and prevent heat escape [11]. There are no liquids, and it does not depend on chemical reactions [12]. Deep-cycle batteries are made to store energy from a solar-wind hybrid system or a tiny wind turbine. They are made to have daily discharges that take them down to about 40% of their maximum capacity. The maintenance-free sealed AGM lead acid batteries are perfect for off-grid power systems and may be readily transported to a remote site because they are leak-proof. Figure 3 shows the electrical Equivalent circuit diagram for deep cycle battery. The following model will be formulated for calculating battery life:

Battery life $($ day $)=\frac{\text { Capacity }(A h)}{24 h \times I(A h)}$          (7)

Battery life $($ month $)=\frac{\operatorname{Capacity}(A h)}{30 \text { day } \times I(A h)}$          (8)

Battery life $($ year $)=\frac{\operatorname{Capacity}(A h)}{365 \text { day } \times I(A h)}$          (9)

$\begin{aligned} & \text { Load current }(\text { Amps }- \text { Hour }) =\frac{\text { Total Load }(W)}{\text { battery Voltage }(\text { volts })}\end{aligned}$          (10)

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Figure 3. Equivalent circuit diagram for deep cycle battery

The terminal voltage of the battery, state of charge, instantaneous current  and battery output current are formulated mathematically in the following:

$v_{\text {battery }}=E_{\text {bat }}-R_{\text {bat }} I_{b a t}$             (11)

$S o C=100\left(1-\frac{i_t}{Q}\right)$            (12)

$i_t(t)=\int_0^t I_b(t) d t, I_b=\frac{E_{b a t}}{R_{b a t}}-\frac{v_b}{R_{b a t}}$           (13)

3.3 Electrical motor modelling

There are many types of DC motors. It has been used separately excited DC motors because independently lowering the field current allows the DC motor to work above its base speed in the FWA. Switching the back EMF and forth can also change the speed direction. The air compressor needs a motor that synchronizes speed and torque to work. These gaskets also feature stators and rotors. The static portion of the component, which contains the field windings, is referred to as the stator. Armature coils or windings comprise the rotor, the rotating armature. A few field coils in a DC motor are stimulated individually and resemble shunt-wound field coils. In other DC motors, the power for the field and armature coils normally comes from the same source. A distinct excitement in their area of expertise is not required. However, in an independently excited DC motor, the armature and field coil are stimulated by a different supply. Field windings create the stator, the motor's static component. Used three separately exited DC motors and connected them using a master-salve method.

On the other hand, the rotating armature, or rotor, is made of armature windings or coils. The field coils of a dc motor that is independently stimulated are comparable to those of a DC motor [13]. Use the DC motor system model developed below [14].

$L_I d i_a=V-R_a i_a-R_b\left(i_a-i_f\right)-K_m \Phi_f\left(i_f\right) \omega$          (14)

$\frac{J d w}{d_t}=K_m \Phi_f\left(i_f\right) i_a-B \omega-T_L$              (15)

It has been considered that field resistance, R_f, stator resistance R_b, friction coefficient B, and load torque T_L are known in control speed. Field and armature windings are energized individually in a DC motor to create two different DC supply voltages. This motor contains, I_a=I_L=I. EMF was created using KVL [15] :

$E v=V-I R a$            (16)

where, Ra is armature resistance, and V is primary voltage. The primary source is:

$P=V I$         (17)

Mechanical power created equals the sum of the power input to the armature and the power lost in the armature (Pm). Use model reference adaptive controller (MRAC) to control motor speed in which the tracking speed error between reference speed and actual rotated speed measured in (rad /sec)  is calculated as follows:

$e_\omega=\omega_{r e f}-\omega_r$            (18)

3.4 Air compressor modelling

Compressor air energy storage is a proven technology; several successful facilities worldwide have used it for nearly 30 years. Domestic diesel production systems with wind turbines could use CAES and direct air-capture CO₂ devices [16]. Hourly bid and fitted curves are generated based on the optimal charging and discharging strategy [17]. Additionally, it has demonstrated how using CAES allowed the WT hybrid system to preserve smooth power output under fluctuating wind speed situations [18]. The CH-CAES system's behaviour was evaluated using off-design simulations of crucial components with changing wind power [19]. The study used the sliding window statistical approach with deflection sequence to estimate the fault early warning threshold using a standard for air compressor failure assessment and alarm [20]. The Data is communicated between the device and the client or application using the MT-Connect standard as a communication mechanism [21]. With a top-down method, complete design technology analyzed safety and feasibility concerns before providing the foundation structure as the final step [22]. It can present an experimental and economic analysis of a large-scale CAES system with a wind turbine generator based on cost-effective standards [23]. Compressed air stays underground and is used continuously to energize the combustion turbine generator system [24]. There are many types of air compressors, and by studying the types of air compressors, we found that the best type of air compressor suitable for this system is the centrifugal compressor.

$\begin{gathered}T_1(K)=T_1(c)+273.15 \\ c_p=2 * e^{-13} *\left(T_1\right)^4-9 * e^{-10} *\left(T_1\right)^3+e^{-6} *\left(T_1\right)^2-0.0005 * T_1+1.0595\end{gathered}$            (19)

$\begin{aligned} & R=\frac{R(J / K * \mathrm{~mol})}{\operatorname{air}_{\text {Molecular }} \text { Weight }\left(\frac{\mathrm{kg}}{\mathrm{kmol}}\right)} \\ & \gamma=\frac{C_p}{C_p-R}, k=\frac{\gamma-1}{\gamma} \\ & \end{aligned}$            (20)

The pressure ratio = $\frac{p_2}{p_1}$. That is p₂ =pressure ratio*p₁. So, $T_2=T_1 *\left(\frac{p_2}{p_1}\right)^k$.

The work required to air compressor is:

$\mathrm{W}=C_p\left(T_2-T_1\right)$         (21)

And the Isentropic work is:

Work $=\dot{\mathrm{m}} * \mathrm{~W}$              (22)

The compressor efficiency is:

$\mathrm{\eta}=\frac{\text { Isentropic Work }}{\text { Actual Work }}$           (23)

In its simple form, the invention may consist of the following components: A reinforced oval balloon fixed from the lower end in an underground trench. An underground trench covered with a movable steel roof. A steel rope to tie the inflated balloon to a support base during coastal flood waves. A lower or radial base increases the stability of the foundation.

5.1 Electrical components for ballon

Current meter to measure the velocity of the current water installed in an advanced position in the sea to send a signal to the control panel in emergency cases. Wind turbines operate the electric generator to charge the batteries. A battery powers the electric motor to operate the air compressor. An air tank stores the compressed air needed to fill the balloon in emergencies. - outlet and inlet - exit valves for cavity, air entry, and exit. Figure 4 shows smart structural and electrical components. The Smart Balloon will be made of lightweight, durable materials resistant to harsh weather conditions. It will be tethered to the ground, and its height will be adjusted according to the wind direction and speed, ensuring maximum energy generation. The wind turbine generator will be placed at the top of the balloon, where it will capture the strongest wind currents.

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Figure 4. Smart structural and electrical components

5.2 Floods waves repelling mechanism

The balloon, in the normal state, is in a deflated state and stored in an underground trench that extends along the seashore, which is usually covered with a steel roof to hide it from view and direct sunlight, in addition to normal use on the surface of the earth in coastal beaches for other purposes such as roads or tourism. In this case, the system is qualified to be ready for emergencies. The batteries are fully charged and can start the air compressors immediately, even though there is enough compressed air in the air tanks to fill the balloon in an emergency, as shown in Figure 5.

Table 1. Aerodynamic parameters of the proposed system

When the flood waves start heading to the coast at a speed exceeding the usual seawater current, the advanced current meter sends a signal to the electrical control panel. The air intake valves begin to allow air to enter the balloon to support the chemical pressure and to make the balloon inflate with the pressures required to meet the flood's force, as shown in Figure 5. This figure shows how the steel rope holds the balloon vertically to resist and absorb incoming waves. Table 1 lists the aerodynamic parameters of the proposed system.