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The unbalance between parameters of multiphase induction motors is mainly resulted from the variation in the first-phase resistance of stator and rotor. This paper aims to examine the performance of five-phase induction machine with unbalanced parameters. First, a model was set up for the five-phase induction machine, which can efficiently identify the defects in natural frame of the machine. Then, five-phase induction machine were simulated in difference scenarios on Matlab/Simulink. The variations in stator and rotor resistance were measured, and their impacts on several performance indices were analyzed in details. The results show that the variations directly affect the torque ripples, Joule losses, and mechanical speed of the five-phase induction machine. The research findings indicate the possibility to eliminate this effect through fault-tolerant control.
performance analysis, five-phase induction machine, stator and rotor resistance variation, Joule losses, torque ripples, mechanical speed
The multiphase induction machine has attracted considerable recent attention compared to the three phase induction machine, and it offers a lot of advantages such as: minimizing torque ripples, power segmentation and improved reliability [1-2].The multiphase machines are used for a high power application in the traction or propulsion, and during the last twenty years the research activity on multiphase drives has considered a large variety of multiphase motors. Although the five phase induction machine is probably the most studied for more time. A large of research has been directed towards the development of multiphase induction machines namely, the control [3-4], modeling [5-6], association machine-converter [7-8] and fault tolerance [9-10].
Multiphase induction motor parameters vary significantly with operating conditions [11-13]. The unbalance is usually due to an incipient fault, or a damage of the stator and rotor winding connections [14]. The increase in the phase resistance can occur in any power connections of industrial electrical machines. In general terms, each electrical fault that occurs at the stator side makes the winding unsymmetrical because the phase impedances are not equal or because of distortions in the air gap flux density distribution [15-16]. The behavioral analysis is most frequently based on the development of a mathematical model that depicts the operation of the machine under fault. As discussed by Zarri et al. [17] the unbalance of stator winding is studied, based on the calculation of the space vectors of the stator currents in the available α-β planes, as shown by Apsley and Williamson [18] they have used a generalized harmonic analysis to provide accurate predictions of performance in multiphase induction machine. With the approach cited before, for simulating an unbalanced model it is necessary to add a new equation to the system. This method may influence the results, since the approach used to describe the new circuit introduce an estimated fault resistance [19]. Or a model developed only in real coordinates (natural frame) as it will be presented in this proposed work, allow simulating all kinds of faults by only changing the parameters of the machine (resistors and inductances), without adding non-real components.
To solve these defects, this paper establishes a new modeling of the five phase induction machine in the natural frame (real frame) without adding new circuit or estimated resistance to simulate a fault, with the aim to examine the effect of stator and rotor resistance variations on the performance of five phase induction machine. The unbalance was created by the variation of the first phase resistance of stator and rotor. Each time the percentage of this resistance has been increased. It is indented to provide information about the impact of this unbalanced parameter on the torque ripples, Joule losses in the stator and rotor, and mechanical speed. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 a model of five phase induction machine has been presented, Section 3 describes the variation parametric of the machine, Section 4 presents a computer simulation to endorse the theoretical achievement given in Section 3 Finally some conclusions are made in Section 5.
A schematic of the five-phase induction machine fed by five phase voltage sources is given in Figure 1. The stator and rotor winding of this machine are uniformly disturbed and displaced 2π/5.
The model we will adopt takes into account the following simplifying assumptions:
This approach consists of modeling the machine in the natural frame in a healthy diet. Then introduce a resistance in series with the phase in default. With this approach several faults can be simulated simultaneously.
The dynamic behavior of the five phase induction motor is described by the equations mentioned hereafter, where the voltage equations of five phase induction motor are expressed as follow:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\left[v_{s}\right]=\left[r_{s}\right]\left[i_{s}\right]+\frac{d}{d t}\left[\psi_{s}\right]} \\ {\left[v_{r}\right]=\left[r_{r}\right]\left[i_{r}\right]+\frac{d}{d t}\left[\psi_{r}\right]}\end{array}\right.$ (1)
The flux equations of stator and rotor can be written as:
$\left[\begin{array}{l}{\left[\psi_{s}\right]} \\ {\left[\psi_{r}\right]}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{\left[L_{s}\right]} & {\left[m_{s r}\right]} \\ {\left[m_{r s}\right]} & {\left[L_{r}\right]}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l}{\left[i_{s}\right]} \\ {\left[i_{r}\right]}\end{array}\right]$ (2)
The mutual matrix inductance between stator and rotor is given as follows:
$\left[m_{s r}\right]_{5 x 5}=L_{m}\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}{\cos \left(\theta_{r}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{2 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{4 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{6 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{8 \pi}{5}\right)} \\ {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{8 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{2 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{4 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{6 \pi}{5}\right)} \\ {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{6 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{8 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{2 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{4 \pi}{5}\right)} \\ {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{4 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{6 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{8 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{2 \pi}{5}\right)} \\ {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{2 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{4 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{6 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}-\frac{8 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\theta_{r}\right)} \end{array}\right]$ (3)
Figure 1. Shame of five phase induction machine fed by five voltage sources
The stator inductance matrix is given as follows:
$\left[L_{s}\right]=L_{m}\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}{L_{s} / L_{m}} & {\cos \left(\frac{2 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{4 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{6 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{8 \pi}{5}\right)} \\ {\cos \left(\frac{8 \pi}{5}\right)} & {L_{S} / L_{m}} & {\cos \left(\frac{2 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{4 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{6 \pi}{5}\right)} \\ {\cos \left(\frac{6 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{8 \pi}{5}\right)} & {L_{S} / L_{m}} & {\cos \left(\frac{2 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{4 \pi}{5}\right)} \\ {\cos \left(\frac{4 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{6 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{8 \pi}{5}\right)} & {L_{S} / L_{m}} & {\cos \left(\frac{2 \pi}{5}\right)} \\ {\cos \left(\frac{2 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{4 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{6 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{8 \pi}{5}\right)} & {L_{s} / L_{m}}\end{array}\right]$ (4)
And that of the rotor is given by:
$\left[L_{r}\right]=L_{m}\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}{L_{r} / L} & {\cos \left(\frac{2 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{4 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{6 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{8 \pi}{5}\right)} \\ {\cos \left(\frac{8 \pi}{5}\right)} & {L_{r} / L_{m}} & {\cos \left(\frac{2 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{4 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{6 \pi}{5}\right)} \\ {\cos \left(\frac{6 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{8 \pi}{5}\right)} & {L_{r} / L_{m}} & {\cos \left(\frac{2 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{4 \pi}{5}\right)} \\ {\cos \left(\frac{4 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{6 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{8 \pi}{5}\right)} & {L_{r} / L_{m}} & {\cos \left(\frac{2 \pi}{5}\right)} \\ {\cos \left(\frac{2 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{4 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{6 \pi}{5}\right)} & {\cos \left(\frac{8 \pi}{5}\right)} & {L_{r} / L_{m}}\end{array}\right]$ (5)
With:
$\left[m_{s r}\right]_{5 x 5}=\left[m_{s r}\right]_{5 x 5}^{t}$ (6)
And:
$\frac{d \theta_{r}}{d t}=P \Omega_{r}=\omega_{r}$ (7)
By replacing the Equation (2) into (1), and as the stator and rotor inductances matrices do not depend on time, and the mutual matrices depend of the electrical angle (θr), a variables change to develop the Equation (1) is established then the system equation can written as:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\left[v_{s}\right]=\left[r_{s}\right]\left[i_{s}\right]+\left[L_{s}\right] \frac{d}{d t}\left[i_{s}\right]+\frac{d\left[i_{r}\right]}{d t}\left[m_{s r}\right]+\frac{\partial\left[m_{s r]}\right.}{\partial \theta_{r}} \frac{d \theta}{d t}\left[i_{r}\right]} \\ {[0]=\left[r_{r}\right]\left[i_{r}\right]+\left[L_{r}\right] \frac{d}{d t}\left[i_{r}\right]+\frac{d\left[i_{s}\right]}{d t}\left[m_{r s}\right]+\frac{\partial\left[m_{r s}\right]}{\partial \theta_{r}} \frac{d \theta}{d t}\left[i_{s}\right]}\end{array}\right.$ (8)
After a few arrangements, finally we obtain a system of state which describes the behavior of electrical part of five phase induction machine such as:
$\left\{\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{d t}\left[i_{s}\right] &=\left[L_{s}\right]^{-1}\left(\left[v_{s}\right]-\left[r_{s}\right]\left[i_{s}\right]-\frac{d\left[i_{r}\right]}{d t}\left[m_{s r}\right]-\frac{\partial\left[m_{s r}\right]}{\partial \theta} \frac{d \theta}{d t}\left[i_{r}\right]\right) \\ \frac{d}{d t}\left[i_{r}\right] &=\left[L_{r}\right]^{-1}\left(-\left[r_{r}\right]\left[i_{r}\right]-\frac{d\left[i_{s}\right]}{d t}\left[m_{r s}\right]-\frac{\partial\left[m_{r s}\right]}{\partial \theta} \frac{d \theta}{d t}\left[i_{s}\right]\right) \end{aligned}\right.$ (9)
In order to design the complete model, it is necessary to integrate the mechanical equation characterizing the machine, or the mechanical system is expressed as follow:
$\Gamma_{e m}-\Gamma_{r}=J \frac{d \Omega_{r}}{d t}+f \Omega_{r}$ (10)
The electromagnetic torque is expressed as follow:
$\Gamma_{e m}=\frac{P}{2}\left(\left[i_{r}\right]^{t} \frac{\partial\left[m_{s r}\right]}{\partial \theta}\left[i_{s}\right]+\left[i_{r}\right]^{t} \frac{\partial\left[m_{r s}\right]}{\partial \theta}\left[i_{s}\right]\right)$ (11)
The performance of a five phase induction motor under balanced supply is simulated, where in this paper we based on variation parameters of stator and rotor resistances of five phase induction machine, or this unbalanced is created by varying the value of the resistance of the first phase stator and rotor of the machine, to analyze the impact of this variation on the torque ripples, Joule losses in the stator,and in the rotor and mechanical speed. In order to investigate the machine performance during variation parameter, a simulation model of five phase induction machine was introduced using MATLAB/Simulink, two simulation case was carried into effect where each resistance is increased, 10%, 20%, 50%, 80% and 100% of stator and rotor resistances endependely.
The Figure 2 present the schema of the simulation diagram, as well the Figure 3 and Figure 4 represent a simulation block of the stator and rotor currents equations respectively. The simulation block is developed under MATLAB/Simulink:
Figure 2. Simulation diagram of the five phase induction machine in the natural frame
Figure 3. Simulation block of the stator currents equation
Figure 4. Simulation block of the rotor currents equation
Table 1. Simulation results of variation stator resistance
Per |
$R_{S}(\Omega)$ |
losses Joule stator (W) |
losses Joule rotor (W) |
Torque ripples (%) |
Speed (rd/s) |
0% |
4.850 |
165.400 |
100.090 |
0.000 |
150.830 |
10% |
5.340 |
168.430 |
100.400 |
1.221 |
150.818 |
20% |
5.850 |
171.490 |
100.720 |
2.432 |
150.805 |
50% |
7.300 |
186.145 |
101.650 |
5.570 |
150.767 |
80% |
8.730 |
186.440 |
102.580 |
8.255 |
150.733 |
100% |
9.700 |
190.550 |
103.180 |
9.850 |
150.711 |
Table 2. Simulation results of variation rotor resistance
Per |
$R_{r}(\Omega)$ |
losses Joule stator (W) |
losses Joule rotor (W) |
Torque ripples (%) |
Speed (rd/s) |
0% |
3.805 |
165.400 |
100.090 |
0.000 |
150.830 |
10% |
4.180 |
165.890 |
101.760 |
3.070 |
150.810 |
20% |
4.560 |
166.440 |
103.390 |
5.830 |
150.800 |
50% |
5.700 |
168.110 |
107.460 |
12.470 |
150.770 |
80% |
6.840 |
169.710 |
110.860 |
17.390 |
150.740 |
100% |
7.610 |
170.620 |
112.820 |
20.041 |
150.720 |
The simulation results are mentioned in Table 1 and Table 2, if the machine state balanced it had no torque ripple, the speed has a value of 150.83 (rd/s) and the joule losses stator and rotor have values of 165.40 (W) and 100.09 (W) respectively. Then when the unbalanced was created, it brings a torque ripple, the increase Joule losses in the stator and the rotor and a decrease in the mechanical speed.
In conclusion, the machine degrades more and more every time the value of stator and/or rotor resistance was increased.
When the stator resistance was increased it affects the creation of an additional reverse and direct magnetic field in the machine of value frequency fs (where fs is the synchronism frequency), which will lead to torque and speed ripples with frequency of 2.fs [20].
As shown in Figure 5-8, and when the stator resistance was more increased the amplitude of the torque and speed ripples increases, or the current of the unbalance phase decrease.
Figure 5. Torque ripples under stator resistance variations
Figure 6. Mechanical speed under stator resistance variations
Figure 7. Stator currents under stator resistance variations
Figure 8. Efficiency under stator resistance variations
Figure 9. Torque ripples under rotor resistance variations
Figure 10. Mechanical speed under rotor resistance variations
Figure 11. Stator currents under rotor resistance variations
Figure 12. Efficiency under rotor resistance variations
The Figure 9-12 shows the torque ripples, speed and current of the unbalance phase when the rotor resistance was increased, when this resistance was increased its affect to the rotor currents that generate an inverse magnetic field of frequency–g.fs(where g is slip), therefore currents at the frequencies (1-2g)fs are induced in the stator circuit, accompanied by a torque and speed ripples of 2.g.fs frequency [21]. The amplitude of the torque and speed ripples increases with a phase shift between these ripples when resistance was more increased, this since each time the resistance was increased the slip increased as shown in Figure 15 which creates a phase shift.
Figure 13. Mechanical speed according to torque ripples
Figure 14. Torque ripples with stator and rotor resistance increase
Figure 15. Slip under stator and rotor resistance variations
The torque ripples are greater during variation of rotor resistances then stator resistance according to Figure 14. As shown in Figure 13 the mechanical speed decrease more when the torque ripples increase, knowing that this is more important when the rotor resistance was increased because the torque ripples are grater in this case. The joule losses in stator increase when the stator resistance was increased that was noticed according to Figure 17, because the resistance of one phase was increased and also the currents of other phase increased, and followed by very small joule losses in the rotor that we can neglect, because the current was underwent a lightest increase. As shown in the Figure 16 the joule losses in the rotor increase when the rotor resistance was increased accompanied by small increase in stator Joule losses, because as mentioned before when the slip increase which leads to increase of the stator current causes an increase in the intensity of the current in the rotor.
Figure 16. Losses joule in rotor under stator and rotor resistance variations
Figure 17. Losses joule in stator under stator and rotor resistance variations
This paper has presented a performance analysis of five phase induction machine under unbalanced parameters. Simulation result under MATLAB/Simulink for both healthy and under unbalanced parameters of five phase Induction machine have been presented to justify the validity of the proposed approach.
The simulation results show the effect of stator and rotor resistance variation while focusing on their genesis, where it has always as result a ripple torque increase, an increase Joule loss in the stator and rotor, a decrease in mechanical speed. Or in the case of a variation of rotor resistance the effects are more intense since the ripples have a phase shift because there is a variation of slip.
$f$ |
Viscous friction |
$J$ |
Inertia |
$i_{s}$ $i_{r}$ $L_{m}$ $L_{s}$ $L_{r}$ $P$ $R_{r}$ $R_{s}$ $v_{r}$ $v_{s}$ |
Stator currents Rotor currents Magnetizing inductance Per phase stator leakage inductance Per phase rotor leakage inductance Number of pole pairs Rotor resistances Stator resistances Rotor voltage Stator voltage |
Greek symbols |
|
$\psi_{r}$ |
Rotor flux |
$\psi_{S}$ |
Stator flux |
$\theta_{r}$ |
Electrical angle |
$\Gamma_{e m}$ |
Electromagnetic torque |
$\omega_{r}$ |
Rotor electrical speed |
$\Omega_{r}$ |
Rotor mechanical speed |
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