Anjuli Goel
| Chander Prabha* | Meenakshi Malik | Preeti Sharma
© 2024 The authors. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
OPEN ACCESS
Over the last decade, data has exploded on cloud storage, and outsourcing data to cloud storage has become an appealing trend, which is not a fully reliable service. Data growth has made cloud storage management difficult. To provide more efficient and secure data storage on the cloud, cloud service providers employed a deduplication technique. Cloud data deduplication has developed as a popular research subject to boost the efficiency of cloud storage and minimize network communication traffic. It is not easy to provide security while increasing the huge volume of data on the cloud. Users are more concerned about the security of their data, as the data on the cloud is not secure and safe even after encryption. The various encryption and decryption available for providing the security to data. Conventional encryptions cannot be employed in data deduplication. To maintain the confidentiality and integrity of data, Convergent encryption and proof of ownership are applied. Various other approaches like proof of retrievability, Dekey, DupLESS, Identity-based encryption, Message-locked encryption, Attribute-based encryption, provable data possession, proof of storage with Deduplication, etc. are the security research topics these days. This paper presents a review of the literature on several proposed methodologies for safe deduplication techniques in cloud storage and current research trends. The primary contribution of the paper is to offer a complete understanding of the issues and solutions associated with safe data deduplication in cloud storage systems. The study dives into the various encryption solutions, security concerns, and potential challenges with data deduplication in the cloud.
storage, cloud, deduplication, encryption, security, information, data
Cloud computing refers to data that is calculated and stored on the internet, and it offers several benefits to its consumers. Cloud computing provides multiple advantages, including the capacity to access diverse resources on demand, the availability of updated software, and the option to pay for resources as they are used, making user chores easier [1, 2]. Because of the benefits listed above, organizations that are unfamiliar with their internal mechanisms can store their data on the cloud. Cloud users may access their data from any place or device [3]. Many social networks, including Facebook, LinkedIn, Amazon, and Hotmail, as well as search engines such as Yahoo, Bing, and Google, employ cloud computing technologies to store their customer’s data [4]. The use of cloud computing has various issues in terms of data privacy and security, a lack of flexibility when switching from one cloud to another, cloud performance, network reliance, and the requirement for experienced and qualified people to manage the cloud [5]. During and after the COVID pandemic, the usage of mobile, computers increased the tremendous volume of data on the cloud all over the globe. This increased data is a major concern and requires storage for the users. People transmit their data to distant storage since they have limited storage space, overhead and upkeep, and so less budgeting resources, hence cloud computing is becoming a more prevalent option [6].
According to the International Data Corporation (IDC) report, data will grow from 33 ZB in 2018 to 173 ZB in 2025. Figure 1 depicts the global data sphere, like a repository of data collected from digital data and other various sources [6, 7]. The internet is critical in enabling easy access to cloud computing resources. The internet has become a vital tool in our everyday lives, with a plethora of apps that have transformed how we interact, work, study, and enjoy ourselves. The desire for real-time and on-demand data access has spurred the growth of cloud computing, whether it be social networking platforms, video streaming services, collaboration tools, or corporate applications [8]. The internet's adaptability has made it an indispensable aspect of modern life, altering, and renewing the landscape of human contact and participation across a wide range of applications. Every minute, a lot of users use the internet to upload content on the cloud or exploit the content already there on the cloud [9, 10].
An Internet Minute infographic often emphasizes the mind-boggling quantity of online activity that takes place in only one minute. Figure 2 and Figure 3 depict the internet minute infographic for the year 2020-2021 and 2022. It can be seen how various cloud apps consume cloud storage. The infographic graph in Figure 4 also shows the growth of users on cloud surfing for different applications through the internet in the year 2023. These figures demonstrate the astounding speed and magnitude of internet activity in a single minute. The goal of such infographics is to highlight the huge volume of data and interactions taking place in the digital sphere, emphasizing the importance of the Internet in our everyday lives.
Figure 1. Annual size of global data sphere [7]
Figure 2. Internet minute infographic 2020-2021 [11]
A research study paper is important in the field of research since it serves several purposes and contributes to the expansion of knowledge and understanding in a certain area. Table 1 explains the significance of this research report and how it might contribute to the field.
Further, Section 2 provides insights into various cloud security issues. Section 3 presents a brief literature analysis of secure deduplication techniques for cloud storage. Section 4 identifies the problems that arise after a thorough analysis of the literature conducted in Section 3 along with future scope for researchers. Finally, Section 5 concludes the findings.
Figure 3. Internet minute infographic 2022 [12]
Figure 4. Internet minute infographic 2023 [13]
Table 1. Research questions
|
Questions |
Objectives |
|
Why traditional encryption techniques are not compatible with data deduplication? |
It helps to learn about available encryption techniques. |
|
What are the most successful tactics for increasing data integrity and confidentiality in cloud storage by incorporating secure deduplication techniques? |
It helps to learn about secure data deduplication techniques in trend. |
|
How can dependability and proof of ownership in multi-cloud architectures be improved to reduce security concerns and data breaches in cloud storage systems? |
It is very common to steal or destroy data while transferring in multi-cloud architectures. It helps in determining how to save data in multi-cloud or hybrid cloud storage systems. |
|
What novel ways may be created to decrease communication overhead between source and target systems in cloud storage settings while ensuring data integrity and security? |
It helps in determining which one is better: client-side or server-side deduplication along with integrity and security. |
2.1 Cloud computing security issues
Security is the main challenge in the cloud environment. A group of security precautions intended to safeguard cloud-based data, apps, and infrastructure is referred to as cloud security. Every organization is moving to the cloud to store their data and exploit the cloud services offered the bill as per use, resource pool, updated software, etc. It is becoming difficult to provide security when the data is at rest, data is moving. An unauthorized user can access the other's data for any misconduct use. Data can be attacked by internal employees as well as external people of any organization [14, 15].
Cloud security is the most important part of organizations and needs to be focused. Various types of attacks exist these days due to which data can be leaked or theft or cause many losses. To implement strong security mechanisms, important to identify the various threats and attacks that could happen. User credentials are compromised, hijacking accounts, data breaches, open interfaces and ports, loss of data, DOS, malicious attacks, ransomware, and many more [14, 16]. As per the analysis 2023 done by Verizon, 50% of attacks are social engineering, 74% are breached due to the misuse or compromised credentials, and 83% of data is breached by external activities. 24% of breaches involved ransomware, phishing, etc. [17].
As per the report provided by the UK [18]. In 2023 the total number of records were breached 8,214,886,660 and a total number of 2814 incidents took place. Table 2 gives all the details of incidents and data breached month-wise in the year 2023. As per the provided business report, 29% of businesses experience the same attack every 3 years as they have not upgraded their security system, 59% of medium businesses and 69% of large organizations got affected because their data had been compromised. 81% of attacks were email phishing and 79% of attacks were through ransomware attacks out of which 62% of businesses were affected and down more than 6 days. 82% of cyber-attacks were directly focused on public and private sectors [19]. Dark Beam with 3.5 billion breached records was the biggest record breached in the UK in 2023. Victoria Court System Data Breach is the current data breach in January 2024. The authorities reported that unauthorized parties gained access to court hearings, except that no loss happened [20].
It is the foremost principle to ensure cloud security and data deduplication for storage at the same time. According to a recent survey, it is concluded that 75% of data on the cloud is redundant and it can exceed 95% in coming years. Data owners lose their control over data after outsourcing the data on the cloud which is still a big question on data security and privacy. The owners encrypt the data before sending it to the cloud which is again a hurdle in the deduplication process because it is possible to encrypt the same data with different keys which generate different ciphertexts for the same data. So, message-locked encryption, proof of ownership, multi-set authentication, and provable data possession are some techniques provided as a solution to it [21, 22].
Table 2. Number of incidents and data breached records month-wise in the year 2023
|
Months |
Total Incidents |
Data Breached |
Top Three Breaches Month-Wise |
|
January |
104 |
277,618,767 |
|
|
February |
106 |
29,582,356 |
|
|
March |
100 |
41,970,182 |
|
|
April |
120 |
4,353,257 |
|
|
May |
98 |
98,226,877 |
|
|
June |
79 |
14,353,113 |
|
|
July |
87 |
146,290,598 |
|
|
August |
73 |
79,729,271 |
|
|
September |
71 |
3,808,687,191 |
|
|
October |
114 |
867,072,315 |
|
|
November |
470 |
519,111,354 |
|
|
December |
1,351 |
2,241,916,765 |
|
Although various security measures have been taken in cloud computing, still some gaps are identified in studied literature. One of the gaps in cloud security research is the need for in-depth understanding of the growing risks and dangers associated with cloud systems. A key flaw with cloud systems is the lack of transparency and auditing tools. Organizations typically lack visibility into CSP-implemented security controls, which can inhibit effective monitoring and incident response efforts. Effective threat intelligence is critical for implementing proactive security measures. However, there remains a gap in the provision of comprehensive threat intelligence for cloud settings. Research is needed to improve threat intelligence techniques specific to cloud-based threats [23].
2.2 Data storage
Storage is the major concern to use the various applications on the cloud. It oversees managing and carrying out the activities of data storage as a service. The volume of data continues to grow, while the need for online access to information grows as well. It is difficult for the in-house computer servers to manage data that exceeds a certain limit. Cloud storage services address such challenges and enable large-scale data management [24, 25]. Users save their data and files on cloud storage through the internet. Cloud data storage is used to store various documents, videos, pictures, etc. Individuals store their data. Organizations check their mail online, from the cloud only [26]. Various uses of cloud data storage are shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Cloud data storage
The Cloud Service Provider (CSP) hosting the client's data must give data access, and the data cannot be read or updated by an uncertified individual. There are various cloud storage providers are available in the market and also provide the various securitites. Each provider has its market share. Amazon web service (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform, Oracle, Alibaba, IBM, Dropbox and many more. Out of these, AWS shares the market 62%, Microsoft Azure 20%, and Google Cloud Platform 12% shares the market. Rest comes in the remaining 6% of the total market [27, 28].
2.3 Cloud storage for data deduplication
Despite the multiple possibilities for data storage, including storage provided by the cloud, data deduplication is one of the major challenges that consumers and organizations face. There is a huge duplicate data on cloud storage which is growing with the growing of data on cloud storage. Data Deduplication is an approach for reducing the multiple copies on cloud storage and saving bandwidth. It stores only a copy of data rather than storing replicas [29].
Deduplication can be achieved in a variety of methods depending on the least data size evaluated by the system for redundancy. Data Deduplication can be done at granularity: file level and block level and location-based: client side and server side as shown in Figure 6. A unique hash value is generated by using a hashing algorithm that hash is an index value where the whole file is stored in file-level deduplication. Here, the whole file is considered as one chunk and the whole file is stored on one index only. It is easy to maintain file-level deduplication due to fewer hash values and comparisons. Also, computation overhead is another benefit of it. In block-level deduplication, the file is divided into smaller pieces called chunks. These chunks are of fixed size and variable length. The file is divided into fixed smaller pieces of data called fixed-size chunks. If the data has been added into fixed-size chunks, then the problem of boundary shifting occurs. This issue is solved by variable length block-level deduplication. The fingerprint value is calculated for each chunk. Each chunk stores on unique index value. The processing overhead is increased in block-level deduplication than in file-level deduplication. Each chunk is compared with the coming chunk and stored only if it is unique otherwise chunk is deleted and the pointer is set to the original one. Hash collision is the limitation of block-level Deduplication due to the generation of the same hash number of two different chunks. Deduplication can also be implemented either at the client side or the target side. Duplicate data is removed at the client side before transmitting the data onto a server which saves transmitting bandwidth and more data can be sent to the server by using less bandwidth. On the server side, data is sent without applying deduplication. The deduplication process takes place at the target side which requires high bandwidth and extra hardware to perform deduplication [6, 30, 31].
2.4 Cloud computing security terms
There are some important terms defined by the International Standards Organization (ISO) for information security. Those also can apply and the same for cloud computing security. To protect data and increase the efficiency of the cloud, it ensures that every user and service provider should know these key terms. Many of the security threats and attacks can be avoided by gaining knowledge of these terms. The following are the key security terms [32]:
Figure 6. Data deduplication types
Convergent encryption is used in conjunction with deduplication technology to address the key problems associated with cloud data storage, which include data privacy, security, confidentiality, and integrity. Traditional encryption does not support deduplication since multiple users will encrypt the same data using different keys, producing distinct decrypted texts for similar content. Convergent encryption is therefore utilized as it offers data secrecy and permits deduplication. It calculates the data copy's cryptographic hash value and utilizes that value as a convergent key for data encryption. Comparable data copies result in equal convergent keys and, consequently, comparable ciphertext, enabling deduplication to be performed by the cloud storage. It is difficult to maintain and distribute so many keys to the growing number of users. Message-locked encryption (MLE) is a version of convergent encryption that came into the picture. The keys are generated from the message itself so, maintaining and disseminating keys is easy.
To solve the re-encryption, two techniques known as Duplicate-less encryption for simple storage (DupLESS) and Dekey are proposed. Authors have also researched and implemented secure deduplication on backup data and the popularity of file basis. Some authors proposed a proof of storage with deduplication (POSD) to increase the integrity and privacy of clients' data. It also integrates a performance-oriented data scheme (POD), proof of retrievability (POR) and proof of ownership (POW). Many techniques are based on POW and MLE mostly. In terms of security, deduplication is still popular in various fields such as crime investigation, based on blockchain, hybrid cloud architecture, Hadoop, and more. Table 3 provides comparable information on various secure deduplication techniques regarding methodologies, confidentiality, integrity, level of deduplication, and type of deduplication and tools used.
Various technologies based on the level of deduplication and type of deduplication are shown through graphs in Figure 7 and Figure 8. The number of different tools used by different techniques by different researchers is shown in Figure 9. These three figures give a clear picture that file-level deduplication with server-side deduplication has been mostly used by researchers. It has also been concluded from existing articles that the Advanced Encryption Standard locks the confidentiality and the Secure Hash Algorithm locks integrity. Figure 10 depicts the various types of security adopted by authors. Table 4 depicts the notations related to Figure 9 and Figure 10.
Figure 7. Levels of deduplication
Figure 8. Levels of deduplication
Figure 9. Implementation tools
Table 3. Comparison of various secure deduplication techniques
|
Tools and References |
Integrity/ Confidentiality |
Deduplication Level/ Deduplication Type |
Methodology |
Security Approaches |
|
Java [33] |
Yes/Yes |
Block Level/ Server Side |
|
Convergent Encryption |
|
NA [34] |
Yes/Yes |
Block Level/ Server Side |
|
Duplicate Less Encryption |
|
NA [35] |
Yes/Yes |
Block Level/ Server Side |
|
Convergent Encryption |
|
Python [36] |
Yes/Yes |
Block Level/ Server Side |
|
Convergent Encryption |
|
Java [37] |
Yes/Yes |
File Level/ Client Side |
|
Convergent Encryption |
|
C [38] |
Yes/No |
Block Level/ Client Side |
|
Convergent Encryption |
|
C++ [39] |
Yes/Yes |
File Level/ Server Side |
|
Data Backup |
|
C++ [40] |
Yes/Yes |
File Level/ Server Side |
|
Hybrid Cloud Architecture |
|
Java [41] |
Yes/Yes |
File Level/ Server Side |
|
Convergent Encryption |
|
C [42] |
Yes/Yes |
File Level/ Client Side |
|
Hybrid Cloud Architecture |
|
Python [43] |
No/Yes |
File Level/ Server Side |
|
Convergent Encryption |
|
C [44] |
Yes/Yes |
Block Level/ Server Side |
|
Convergent Encryption |
|
C++ [45] |
Yes/Yes |
File Level/ Server and Client Side |
|
File Popularity |
|
Java [46] |
Yes/No |
File Level/ Server Side |
|
Convergent Encryption |
|
C++ [47] |
Yes/Yes |
Block Level/ Client Side |
|
Convergent Encryption |
|
C++ and Solidity [48] |
Yes/No |
Block Level/ Server Side |
|
Blockchain Based |
|
C [49] |
N/Yes |
File Level and Block Level/ Server and Client Side |
|
Convergent Encryption |
|
C++ and C [50] |
Yes/Yes |
File Level/ Client Side |
|
Convergent Encryption |
|
Java [51] |
Yes/No |
File Level/ Client Side |
|
Deduplicate in Hadoop |
|
XML [52] |
No/Yes |
File Level/ Server Side |
|
Crime Investigation |
|
Python [53] |
Yes/Yes |
File Level and Block Level/ Server and Client Side |
|
Deduplication Based on Keyword Searching |
|
Python [54] |
Yes/Yes |
File Level/ Server Side |
|
Duplicate Less Encryption |
|
Java [55] |
Yes/Yes |
File Level/ Server Side |
|
Duplicate Less Encryption |
|
C++ and C [56] |
Yes/Yes |
File Level and Block Level/ Client Side |
|
Dekey |
|
Hardware Module [57] |
Yes/Yes |
Block Level/ Server Side |
|
Convergent Encryption |
|
Python [58] |
Yes/Yes |
File Level/ Server Side |
|
Duplicate Less Encryption |
|
NA [59] |
Y/No |
File Level/ Client Side |
|
Deduplication Based on Proof of Storage |
Table 4. Notations related to Figure 9 and Figure 10
|
Notations |
Full Form |
|
HM |
Hardware Module |
|
CE |
Convergent Encryption |
|
DupLESS |
Duplicate Less Encryption |
|
CI |
Crime Investigation |
|
HCA |
Hybrid Cloud Architecture |
|
KS |
Keyword Searching |
|
NA |
Not Applicable |
Figure 10. Base of security
The emphasis on centralizing data storage on cloud platforms has prompted research on information security and distributed data storage systems, such as identity-based encryption, Additive Homomorphic Encryption, and file/block-level deduplication. The significance of integrity and deduplication in data stored on cloud storage, including static and dynamic content custody, will be addressed. This research attempts to build an adjustable and transferable integrity design for cloud computing applications involving storage, enabling integrity checks and data deduplication solutions. Some problems are identified during the literature study which can be the focus of future researchers. Upcoming researchers can study and provide related solutions. The following are the problems to be considered while designing and providing the solution:
Data deduplication can reduce storage costs and save network bandwidth. Netizens exploit the internet facility to access cloud services. A massive amount of data has been stored on the cloud thus, storing multiple copies of the same data occupies a lot of storage space. Cloud storage providers are responsible for providing various services to users and security also. With the increasing amount of data on the cloud, security concerns also need to be addressed. Different attacks exist such as loss of data, leakage of data ownership, social engineering, ransomware attacks, malicious attacks, and more. The monthly number of incidents and data breaches are mentioned for the year 2023 with the top three incidents of each month. The dark beam was the biggest attack in 2023. It is found that most of the attacks are done through email phishing i.e. 81%. Several small, large, private, and public businesses are affected due to these attacks as they did not update their security systems. Most importantly current attack that took place in Jan 2024 has also given. Some authors adopted the file level deduplication and some executed block level deduplication. Better proof of storage output can be achieved by the fusion of file and block-level deduplication. To increase the efficiency of deduplication, it is very important to develop and apply strong security techniques in the cloud to save data from unauthorized users, data can be compromised if multiple copies are there in storage. Also, need to enhance the security techniques at the same time. A security study of cloud-based deduplication solutions is presented and explored. The suggested methods can be integrated with existing cloud storage providers. Existing deduplication systems are classed depending on their design decisions. The security analysis of the methods ensures the integrity and security of client data in the cloud, protecting against both internal and external attacks. Different authors adopted different tools to implement their schemes. The comparison of various secure deduplication techniques is discussed with several parameters: whether integrity and confidentiality are provided or not, implementation tools are also classified, file level or block level, server side or client side, mechanisms mentioned, and security approached. The number of bar graphs is given to show how many authors work on which tool, the level of deduplication, the type of deduplication, and the security approach. The deduplication approaches can be implemented on each source and target side, depending on the needs of the application. Client-side data deduplication can reduce storage server computation, and bandwidth, and save time for small organizations using private cloud storage. Combining security measures such as data privacy, security, confidentiality, and integrity in cloud storage with data deduplication addresses client security concerns and removes unnecessary information from cloud storage, resulting in increased efficiency of storage and decreased network traffic. To ensure data security in cloud storage, practitioners must use strong encryption and decryption technologies. Researchers may concentrate on creating improved encryption algorithms and security measures to combat emerging threats and weaknesses in cloud systems.
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