Hadis Turmudi
| Absori* | Kelik Wardiono | Trias Hernanda | Arief Budiono
© 2024 The authors. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
OPEN ACCESS
This study aims to examine the management of natural resources as a basis for the development of a tourist village in Boyolali Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Natural resources are the basic capital of village development which aims to increase the welfare of local residents. Villages in Boyolali Regency have a diversity of local natural resources between their regions and these are valuable capital for village development. Non-doctrinal law study methods are used with qualitative descriptive analysis approaches. The research locations were in villages in Boyolali Regency. The research results show that the development of tourist villages in Boyolali Regency, Indonesia, has led to an increase in the number of tourist villages. The majority of these tourist villages are based on natural resources, while the rest are based on religion, culture, cuisine, and artificial resources. The findings indicate that the majority of recent tourist village development in Boyolali has focused on utilizing local natural resources to improve resident welfare.
tourism village, welfare, environment, village development, natural resources, local residents, community development, sustainable tourism
National development aims to improve the welfare of citizens [1], including village development. The number of villages in Indonesia according to the Decree of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 146.1-4717 of 2020 concern to the name, code and the number of villages throughout Indonesia in 2020, 74,961 villages lived in 34 provinces (before expansion occurs became 38 provinces). Central Java has the largest number of villages with 7,809 villages and the province with the least number of villages is Riau Archipelago with 275 villages.
Data on the Development Village Index (IDM) at the Ministry of Village PDTT indicates accelerated rural development, with improvements in the status of progress and village independence. According to the Decree of the Minister of Villages, PDTT No. 80 of 2022 concern to the Status of Progress and Independence of Villages in 2022 there was an improvement in village status in Indonesia. This can be seen in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Improvement of village progress status in Indonesia
Figure 1 shows that there was an annual increase in the number of villages with an independent status in Indonesia. Independent Village is the highest criterion of village status among the five existing village statuses. This shows that in 2022, Indonesia has successfully made progress in developing villages.
According to Article (1) of the Decree of the Minister of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration No. 2 of 2016 on the Village Development Index, there are five village statuses in terms of their development, namely:
In 2022, the IDM ranking ranks for Boyolali Regency was 108 out of the 434 regencies throughout Indonesia with an average value of 0.7349 or an Advanced Village. The regency with the highest score was achieved by Denpasar City Regency, Bali Province with a value of 0.9125 with independent status, and the lost-average regency occupied by Tolikarya Regency of Papua Province with a value of 0.3783 and falls very far behind the category. Based on the existing IDM values, Boyolali Regency was one of the most rural villages that had village achievements above the national IDM average value.
One of the strategies implemented by the Regional Government of Boyolali Regency was to maximize natural and environmental resources in village development. This is in line with Article 78 verse (1) of Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages which says "Village development aims to improve the welfare of village communities and the quality of human life and reduce poverty by meeting basic needs, the building of local tools and infrastructure, the development of local economic potential, and the sustainable use of natural and the environment resources”. This is further clarified in Article 81 verse (3) of Law No. 6 of 2014, that village development is carried out by utilizing local wisdom and village natural resources.
The potential of natural resources has a very vital role as an essential element in the geographical environment. Natural resources have a very strong influence on productivity in their distribution. In addition, the condition of natural resources influences the development strategy of a nation, because natural resources that can be utilized will improve the economic-social status of a nation [2]. But humans have done natural damage to the earth through disasters and climate change and biodiversity reduction [3].
By conducting research that can analyze the natural resources in the Boyolali Regency area, Indonesia, local potential can be optimized in the development of tourist villages. Additionally, the local natural resources in the Boyolali Regency area can be used as the foundation for regional development to create prosperity for the community. This is due to the difference in local potential between Boyolali Regency and its surrounding areas.
The use of natural resources as one of the local potentials is expected the villages to be able to innovate in its use through smart village [4]. The commitment of the village head, village apparatus, and youth and village communities to utilize natural resources through new innovations has been great. Through BUMDesa, UMKM can grow with a variety of creations and innovations in the village's local potential uses. In addition, in developing the concept of innovation, synergy between local governments, governments and rural communities, businesses and academics is the key to overcoming the challenges that arise. In addition, collaboration with related experts from both academics and practitioners is also carried out optimally [5].
The village has the authority to carry out village development in its area. In terms of village authority, it is also regulated and emphasized in Article 371 verse (2) of Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Local Government, it has jurisdiction according to the village regulations. It means that village authorities on rural development and rural management and use of natural resources can be based on the authorities mandated in Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning about Villages [6].
However, the authority over the village in development apparently still has local government intervention in it. It can be seen from the many arrangements made by the regional government for villages which implicates the village’s right to do development in its territory. Administratively, the village has been preoccupied with the rigid stages of development and various forms of reporting to the government and regional governments. Meanwhile, the government’s intervention in the development of the village can be seen from the need for villages to coordinate with local governments at the planning, implement and report stages for village development. Not to mention that any sectoral programs from both governments and local governments charged with villages led to neglect village authority in development [7].
The PP and its derivatives have not said much concretely about the environmental ecology contained in the articles. In this series of regulations which still contain many weaknesses, the revitalization of local wisdom to ensure the implementation of an environmentally friendly and sustainable social life system is not clearly reflected in the PP which has drawn a lot of criticism. This is often ignored by outsiders in order to exploit the village's abundant natural resources [8].
The formation of a regulation is often deliberately driven by the interest factor of the regulators (power factor), this may be understandable given the existence of a political element which is also contained in every material content contained in each legislation. This is in line with the understanding of legal politics put forward by Utrech where legal politics seeks to make rules that determine how humans should act and legal politics creates ius cunstituendum (laws that will apply) and tries to get ius constituendum to act one day as ius constitutum (the new laws apply) [9].
The regional government has the authority to make a regional regulation as a form of regional independence in managing regional household affairs. The existence of regional regulations in principle plays a role in encouraging maximum decentralization. Regional regulations are part of the laws and regulations in Indonesia. This is contained in Law No. 10 of 2004, which was later replaced by Law No. 12 of 2011 concerning the Formation of Laws and Regulations, which is the juridical basis for the formation of laws and regulations both at the central and regional levels [10].
In the era of regional autonomy with its decentralization which is useful for improving community services [11]. Natural resource (SDA) management is no longer centralized because of lack of effectiveness and the central government is not feeling the immediate results of the policies taken in managing the natural resource. However, empirically the decentralization policy in the management of natural resources has a direct impact on the sustainability of existing natural resources. The number of local regulations related to exploitation permits for natural resources is a separate problem. This shows that the enthusiasm for the region to exploit is still very large, with the reason for increasing Regional Original Income [12].
There are still many natural resources in Indonesia to be found in rural areas and for the development of village tourism, it is necessary to provide a model of management by combining natural resources and local potential [13]. The law on villages gives authority to villages to carry out village development by utilizing the natural resources within them, including in the management of the village-scale tourism sector both in coastal areas and mountainous areas. The management of natural resources in rural areas is currently carried out by BUMDesa to maintain independence in its implementation.
The development of rural tourism is an investment that can provide long-term benefits and potential for the government because its human and natural resources are easily accessible [14]. Several factors that influence the development of tourist villages include government support, the application of information technology, infrastructure, local participation, partnerships, and product diversity [15].
Based on the aforementioned points, this research aims to investigate how to utilize the potential of local natural resources in the development of tourist villages in the Boyolali Regency area, Indonesia?
2.1 Time and place
This research was conducted in three tourist village destinations in Boyolali Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, based on the status category of tourist villages. The tourist village is Samiran Selo, fresh water ecotourism in Tlatar Kebon Bimo, and Gedangan Cepogo villages. The time of the research was carried out in April – December 2022. The way that section titles and other headings are displayed in these instructions, is meant to be followed in your paper.
2.2 Data collection
This study used qualitative empirical law research (non-doctrinal) [16]. The primary data sources originate from the research site observations in three tourist villages in Boyolali Regency and interviews with employees of the Youth and Sports Tourism Office of Boyolali Regency, including Mrs. TT, an official in the Youth, Sports, and Tourism Office of Boyolali Regency, as well as Mr. Y, the Head of the Village Community Empowerment Office of Boyolali Regency. Interviews were also conducted with informants from the research site, including Mrs. D as the Head of the Samiran Selo Village Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis), Mr. T as the Head of the Gedangan Cepogo Village Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis), and Mr. A as the Manager of the Tlatar Freshwater Ecotourism. Meanwhile, secondary data sources were from various literature and literature reviews such as laws and regulations, journals, papers and other literature.
2.3 Data analysis
Data analysis was carried out using a qualitative descriptive approach by comparing real data obtained at the research location (primary data) with secondary data sources such as regulatory regulations regarding tourist villages, conservation of natural resources and tourism in Indonesia. This process involves analyzing the outcomes of comprehensive interviews with sources concerning the presence of natural resource potential that aids the advancement of tourist villages. The interviews are conducted openly with chosen sources, following formal authorization, encompassing the acquired data intended for publication as research results. Then a data triangulation test was carried out from the results obtained so that the analysis results were more valid. This is achieved by aligning the findings in the field (primary data) with secondary data and cross-checking the data obtained in the field (primary data) with secondary data. Conclusions are made after data validation is carried out so that credible research accuracy is obtained.
3.1 Village development in Boyolali
The presence of Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning about Villages has had a positive effect on the development of villages in Indonesia. Village development according to these laws and regulations is an effort to improve the quality of life and life for the greatest welfare of the village community [17]. The aim of village development is to improve the welfare of village communities and the quality of human life as well as reduce poverty through the provision of meeting basic needs, building facilities and infrastructure, developing local economic potential, and utilizing natural resources and the environment in a sustainable manner.
The essence of the goal of village development is the creation of prosperous citizens and alleviating poverty [18, 19]. This can be done through various development programs that involve and touch the community members. In addition, the results of development can be enjoyed and felt by all levels of society equally. In development, improving the welfare of citizens is the main benchmark. This increase can be marked by structural changes in several fields such as education, health, economics, politics, and culture [20].
In addition, development is a change effort to be in a better direction than the previous situation, it is consciously planned to achieve a goal based on certain norms toward gradual modernity using local potential. Implementation of development is a business or activity that is carried out consciously, planned and responsible in achieving goals towards better change [21]. In achieving village development goals, the Village Fund has an important role in it [22].
Village development takes two approaches, they are villages build and build villages both integrated into the village development planning process and both village development approaches can be made by applying the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach. Besides that, traditional village approaches are also used in village development in order to maintain existing local wisdom [23].
Sustainable rural development is key to the survival of local communities active in rural and semi-natural areas, avoiding depopulation and conserving sites of high ecological value, including protected areas, and the ecosystem functions and services on which people depend and contribute to poverty reduction both locally as well as globally. One of the ways to conserve biodiversity around the world is by establishing protected forest areas. The interaction between residents in rural areas and protected forest areas often causes conflict which is influenced by differences in concepts in the mindset of local development [24, 25]. The tradition of oral communication has a positive impact on the development of tourism village development in protecting the environment, society and the economy of local residents [26].
Village development which only focuses on increasing the income of residents, will affect the environment if the government is unable to provide clear rules. We can see this with the many tourism villages that have become government policies to increase the productivity of residents. Furthermore, socially it slowly begins to affect all the elements in the social life of both tangible and intangible. Policies that are profit oriented must be able to be transformed into an environment oriented for tourism [27].
For village development that utilizes local natural resources, the government should also pay attention to its sustainability by prioritizing morals and ethics. The occurrence of disasters is due to the influence of capitalist ideology. Nature should be interpreted as something sacred, created by Allah SWT, and to explore the knowledge of Allah's greatness, which will bring people closer to faith in the end [28]. Proper use of natural resources will increase environmental sustainability [29].
Boyolali Regency, situated in Central Java Province, extensively utilizes its natural resources in village development. According to Mr. Y, the Head of the Village Empowerment Office in Boyolali Regency, over 90% of the region comprises land with diverse and underutilized natural resources. These natural resources are mainly situated in rural areas, making resource-based village development an appropriate strategy implemented by the Boyolali Regency government.
On the one hand village development aims to increase the welfare of rural community members, but on the other hand, it must also pay attention to the sustainability of environmental ecology. With this balance, the harmonization of life between humans and nature will be maintained. Therefore, it is necessary to have clear regulatory support for the process within, at the local village, regional and central government levels.
3.2 Tourism village and economic improvement
The political laws for the management of natural resources have been presented in Article 33 (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia that the land, water and natural resources contained therein are held in their supreme power for the prosperity of the people [30]. Based on a study from a socio-legal perspective, in reality, there is a diversity of phenomena (facts) that are closely related to the different social order and environment in this country, including legal facts, social facts and physical facts, including no regulation synchronization in natural resources [31-33].
In utilizing natural resources for village development, the regional government of Boyolali Regency has done a lot to form tourist villages. The purpose of the establishment of the tourist village is none other than to create prosperity for the local community members. Therefore, a legal umbrella is made in its implementation so that it is more directed and achieves the expected goals. Through Regional Regulation Number 10 of 2022 concerning with the Implementation of Tourism Villages, tourist villages were formed in Boyolali Regency.
Data from the Boyolali Regency Youth, Sports and Tourism Service for 2022 shows an increase in tourist visitors from year to year. This has an impact on the welfare of the people as a whole. Tourists who come bring benefits to local traders both personally and in MSME groups. In general, the existence of a tourist village is expected to be able to improve the economy of local rural residents and the ongoing empowerment of village communities.
The data in Figure 2 shows an increase in tourist activity in Boyolali Regency, including natural-based tourism and rural areas. Nature tourism over the years tends to be both inexpensive and environmentally friendly, this is what encourages the continued increase of existing tourists. An increase in tourists to the village directly affects the economy of local community members.
Until the end of 2022, Samiran Village, Selo District, which is located on the slopes of Mount Merbabu, has 60 homestays and 20 coffee shops that absorb a lot of local workers. In addition, there are also many food stalls in the area. The number of tourist guides was 25 people taken from the local population. In one Samiran Selo tour, the attractions offered include; a welcome dance, agro tourism - picking organic vegetables, soft tracking and hard tracking to Mount Merapi and Merbabu, New Selo viewing post, Tiban market/tourist market, educational tour - bio gas and organic fertilizer and outbound.
Figure 2. Number of Boyolali tourists in 2020-2022
The data is processed from the Boyolali Regency Disporapar
Figure 2 shows an increase in the number of tourists in the Boyolali Regency area in nature-based tourist destinations. But this number is insignificant compared to the number of tourists of artificial tourist destinations. This shows that the management of nature-based destinations in Boyolali is still suboptimum even though it has great potential.
The Tlatar Freshwater Ecotourism, a tourist destination in Kebon Bimo Village Boyolali District, is able to absorb 45 permanent local employees, not including freelance employees of over 50 people when holidays arrive, and cooperate with local MSMEs of more than 40 groups. This tourist destination utilizes springs as the basis for developing tourism in the village. In its management, this destination carries the concept of ecotourism while maintaining the preservation of nature and the environment in it.
In the tourist village of Gedangan, there is a Tiban market "Ngatpaing" held every pahing Sunday since 2018, and has been able to increase the income of local residents. The Tiban market which is managed by the Tourism Awareness Group under the BUMDesa Gedangan is able to absorb local workers by involving 30 traders every selapan (35 days). The existence of the Tiban market has had the impact of increasing the income of residents every event takes place traders get a net profit of 500 - 1,000,000 rupiah. Gedangan tourism village is also based on panoramic views and village atmosphere on the slopes of Mount Merapi with very beautiful and natural.
Existing tourist villages are aligned with the goals of tourism development that are occurring in Indonesia. In Article 4 of Law No. 10 of 2009 concerning of those over travelers, it is said that tourism is meant to: a) increase economic growth; b) improve people's welfare; c) eradicate poverty; d) overcome unemployment; e) preserve nature, environment, and resources; f) promote culture; g) elevating the nation's image; h) fostering a sense of love for the motherland; i) strengthening national identity and unity; and j) strengthen friendship between nations.
The tourism sector provides a very important role in the national economy, by increasing gross domestic product (GDP) and employment opportunities [34]. The steps taken by the Indonesian government to boost tourism in the country include, 1) Accelerating project completion; 2) Encouraging the development of attractions; 3) Improving the quality of amenities; 4) Strengthen tourism promotion; 5) Encouraging investment; and 6) Develop standard tourism management procedures [35].
Economic materialistic progress occurs alongside the emergence of tourist villages in Boyolali Regency. This is marked by the growth of local residents' economic income, increased employment opportunities for the local population, and the empowerment of community groups. With these positive impacts on improving the welfare of the residents, the Boyolali Regency Government continues to further develop existing tourist villages and establish new ones.
Whereas in the formation of the concept of a tourist village, it has two main components, attractions and accommodations [36]. In addition, in the development of tourist villages, it is necessary to empower community members in its implementation which results in increased participation of local residents in it.
The development of a tourist village requires integration between attractions/shows, accommodation and other supporting facilities that are presented in the structure of a community's life. Innovation and creation are needed in its development in order to present a product that can strengthen a tourist village. It is also necessary to carry out routine activity agendas to accelerate the development of tourist villages [37]. Village development starts from the planning, implementation, monitoring, accountability and evaluation stages driven by the village head. However, the quality factor of Human Resources (HR) is the main obstacle in the development process in these rural areas [38].
3.3 Natural resource based tourism village
The villages in Boyolali Regency have different characteristics and natural resources from one village to another, where there are 261 villages in Boyolali Regency and 6 sub-districts spread across 22 sub-districts (after the division of 19 sub-districts) with local natural resources which are different in the form of natural landscapes on the slopes of Mount Merapi-Merbabu, reservoirs, rice fields, plantation land, forests, rivers, springs, and other natural resources whose potential has not been explored. This is in accordance with existing data in the Boyolali Regional Government.
Table 1 shows that in 2022, most tourism villages in Boyolali Regency were created based on the condition of their natural resources. This shows that natural resources have a great significance on the formation of tourism villages in Boyolali Regency compared to other formation factors. Society has succeeded in utilizing local resources in developing their villages.
Table 1. Boyolali regency tourism village data for 2022
|
Forming Factors |
Amount |
Tourism Village Name |
|
Natural resources (Panorama of Mount Merapi-Merbabu, Springs, Forests, Reservoirs, Rivers, Rice Fields, Natural Products) |
37 |
Samiran, Kemasan, Selo, Gedangan, Urut Sewu, Klakah, Jrakah, Gombang, Tegalsari, Kiringan, Dukuh, Ngargoloka, Tlawong, Ngaru - Aru, Candisari, Cabeankunti, Genting, Cluntang, Suroteleng, Giriroto, Karangkepoh, Bangkok, Tawangsari, Nepen, Ngargorejo, Lencoh, Sidomulyo, Blumbang, Kebonan, Jurug, Wonoharjo, Bolo, Jeruk, Tlogolele, Catur, Kemiri, Pentur |
|
Local wisdom / Culture |
2 |
Kaligentong, Tanduk |
|
Religion |
1 |
Paras |
|
Culinary |
1 |
Banyuanyar |
|
Artificial |
4 |
Cepogo, Kembangkuning, Doplang, Butuh, |
|
Amount |
45 |
|
The existing data Table 1 shows that the majority of tourist villages formed in Boyolali Regency are based on natural resources, 37 tourist villages (82%). While the natural resources that form include springs, panoramic views of Mount Merapi - Merbabu, rivers, rice fields, reservoirs and forests. This is in accordance with the reality that the majority of more than 90% of the area of Boyolali Regency is land. In addition, rural areas in Boyolali Regency are still identical with the diversity of natural resources.
From various natural resources in Boyolali Regency, the Merapi–Merbabu mountain region with panoramic views and mountainous natural atmosphere are most widely utilized in the formation of tourist villages. Many sub-districts of Selo, Cepogo and Ampel have formed tourist villages based on panoramic views of the Merapi-Merbabu mountains with 15 of the 37 tourism villages being nature-based or 40.5%.
While the other 22 tourism villages based on natural resources are formed from various kinds of natural potential in the form of forests, rivers, springs, rice fields and reservoirs. The potential of natural resources in Boyolali Regency is the main basis for forming a tourist village which must be optimized with the aim of creating the welfare of the villagers.
The District Government provides a stimulus or stimulus in the form of Financial Assistance (Bankeu) as a manifestation of the government's seriousness in forming a tourist village which leads to the welfare of local villagers. The amount of Bankeu varies from one tourist village destination to another but ranges from 100 million to 1 billion rupiah depending on the conditions of the local tourist village.
In Article 11 of Regional Regulation No. 10 of 2022 concerning the implementation of a tourism village in Boyolali Regency, the local government divides the criteria for the status of a tourist village into four groups. They are 1) Start-ups tourist village; 2) Developing tourist village; 3) Advanced tourist village; and 4) Independent tourist village. Meanwhile, according to Article 11 of the Regional Regulation of Boyolali Regency No. 10 of 2022, the development of tourist villages is divided into 4 statuses with each of the following criteria:
Information from the Disporapar for Tourism in Boyolali Regency, in 2022 there will be 45 tourist villages and most or 39 tourist villages (86.6%) fall into the start-ups category or have just been formed. Whereas for the criteria for a developing tourism village, there are 4 tourist villages (8.8%) and in developed tourism villages there are 2 villages (4.4%) and in the status of an independent tourism village none of them are included. This can be seen in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Status of tourism villages in Boyolali in 2022
Source: Disporapar Boyolali Regency in 2022
Figure 3 above shows that in 2022, most tourism villages in Boyolali Regency have the status of start-up villages. There was no tourism village with an independent status. This shows that the development of tourism villages in Boyolali Regency in 2022 is still suboptimum. Apart from that, the formation of many tourism villages shows that the village society has succeeded in making use of local potentials in developing their villages.
There are many tourist villages that are included in the start-ups category which means the villages are starting to be able to explore and utilize the natural resources in their area to create tourist destinations. Furthermore, with the existence of tourist destinations, it is hoped that creativity and product innovation from residents will emerge along with the existence of local tourist village destinations. However, the large number of village tourist destinations is also a challenge for both local villages and local governments. Improving the competence of human resources capable of supporting the development of tourist villages is more of an issue. Besides that, environmental problems will also occur when the development of tourist villages is not balanced with environmental sustainability. This is a challenge for all parties so that the formation of a tourism village can be synergized with natural preservation and the continuity of its resources.
The Boyolali Regency Government has successfully improved the welfare of local rural residents through the establishment of abundant tourist villages. The formation of these tourist villages is generally based on various natural resources scattered throughout the rural area with different characteristics. The establishment of tourist villages in Boyolali Regency is carried out through policies outlined in local regulations.
Regarding the utilization of local natural resource potential, it is hoped that in the future, the Boyolali Regency Government can formulate policies that balance both the welfare and conservation of natural resources in the purpose of establishing tourist villages. By preserving the environment, a balance in the development of tourist villages can be achieved.
The author would like to thank the School of Doctoral Program at Muhammadyah University, Surakarta, which has provided support for this research. All parties related to this research (Boyolali Regency Disporapar, Samiran Village Government, manager of the freshwater ecotourism in Tlatar, and Gedangan Village Government) have been assisting with the research.
[1] Setyaningrum, R.A., Trisiana, A., Kirana, A. (2021). Geostrategi Indonesia melalui Pendekatan Kesejahteraandalam Konsepsi Ketahanan Nasional di Bidangekonomi. Jurnal Global Citizen: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan, 10(1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.33061/jgz.v10i1.4705
[2] Kerimov, I.A., Gagaeva, Z.S., Gairabekov, U.T. (2019). Natural resource potential - Basis of sustainable development of Chechen republic. In Proceedings of the VIII Science and Technology Conference “Contemporary Issues of Geology, Geophysics and Geo-ecology of the North Caucasus” (CIGGG 2018), Essentuki, Russia, pp. 155-159. https://doi.org/10.2991/ciggg-18.2019.29
[3] Sage, R.F. (2020). Global change biology: A primer. Global Change Biology, 26(1): 3-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14893
[4] Zhang, X., Zhang, Z. (2020). How do smart villages become a way to achieve sustainable development in rural areas? Smart village planning and practices in China. Sustainability, 12(24): 10510. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410510
[5] Sofianto, A. (2020). Potensi inovasi untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat desa. Matra Pembaruan: Jurnal Inovasi Kebijakan, 4(2): 93-107. https://doi.org/10.21787/mp.4.2.2020.93-107
[6] Surono, A. (2017). Peranan hukum dalam pengelolaan sumber daya alam skala desa oleh badan usaha milik desa (bumdes) dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat desa. Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, 6(3): 459-478. http://doi.org/10.33331/rechtsvinding.v6i3.195
[7] Herdiana, D. (2020). Urgensi revisi undang-undang nomor 6 tahun 2014 tentang desa perihal pembangunan desa. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 50(1). https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol50.no1.2493
[8] Muhtada, D., Utari, I.S., Arifin, R. (2020). The synergy model of village development based on environmental education (biotic approach) in Indonesia perspective of Law Number 6 of 2014. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1567(4): 042056. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1567/4/042056
[9] Syarifudin, A., Febriani, I. (2015). Sistem hukum dan teori hukum chaos. Hasanuddin Law Review, 1(2): 296-306. http://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v1i2.85
[10] Dwiatmoko, A., Nursadi, H. (2022). Problematika dan penataan pembentukan peraturan daerah melalui harmonisasi yang sentralistik. Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia, 19(3): 292-306. https://doi.org/10.54629/jli.v19i3.949
[11] Trisakti, F., Djajasinga, N. (2021). Impact of decentralization and regional autonomy in the context of improving the quality of public services towards good governance. In 2nd Annual Conference on Blended Learning, Educational Technology and Innovation (ACBLETI 2020), pp. 49-53. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210615.010
[12] Satria, A. (2019). Politik sumber daya alam, Desember 2019 ed. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. http://obor.or.id/politik-sumber-daya-alam.
[13] Sudirtha, I.G., Widiartini, K., Suriani, M. (2019). Program evaluation: Implementation of tourism village development. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(3): 99-108. https://doi.org/10.29332/ijssh.v3n3.356
[14] Komariah, N., Saepudin, E., Rodiah, S. (2019). Development of tourist village based on local wisdom. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 9(6): 1172-1177. https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v9.6(30).05
[15] Ariyani, N., Fauzi, A., Umar, F. (2023). Predicting determinant factors and development strategy for tourist villages. Decision Science Letters, 12(1): 137-148. http://doi.org/10.5267/j.dsl.2022.9.003
[16] Adiyanta, F.S. (2019). Hukum dan studi penelitian empiris: Penggunaan metode survey sebagai instrumen penelitian hukum empiris. Administrative Law and Governance Journal, 2(4): 697-709. https://doi.org/10.14710/alj.v2i4.697-709
[17] Aminudin, A. (2019). Implementation of good village governance in village development. Journal of Public Administration and Local Governance, 3(1): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.31002/jpalg.v3i1.1356
[18] Student, M.T. (2021). No. Co-dispersion structure analysis of health-related indicators of the home-grown high-income people's sense of health. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14(1): 1-13.
[19] Wang, Y., Li, J., Zhang, M. (2020). Evaluation of tourism environmental carrying capacity in Diaoshuihu national forest park. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 15(5): 761-766. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.150518
[20] Kusumastuti, N. (2018). Strategi mempercepat pembangunan desa mandiri: studi di Desa Kemadang Gunungkidul. Jurnal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat: Media Pemikiran Dan Dakwah Pembangunan, 2(1): 177-198. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpm.2018.021-09
[21] Permana, A.F. (2018). Pendapatan asli desa dalam upaya meningkatkan penyelenggaraan pembangunan desa. AmaNU: Jurnal Manajemen dan Ekonomi, 1(2): 15-29.
[22] Permatasari, P., Ilman, A.S., Tilt, C.A., Lestari, D., Islam, S., Tenrini, R.H., Rahman, A.B., Samosir, A.P., Wardhana, I.W. (2021). The village fund program in Indonesia: Measuring the effectiveness and alignment to sustainable development goals. Sustainability, 13(21): 12294. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112294
[23] Nugraha, Y.E., Lema, E.C. (2021). Development strategy of Matalafang traditional village as a cultural tourism destination. Journal of Indonesian Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, 4(1): 61-74. https://doi.org/10.17509/jithor.v4i1.31075
[24] de Castro-Pardo, M., Azevedo, J.C., Fernández, P. (2021). Ecosystem services, sustainable rural development and protected areas. Land, 10(10): 1008. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101008
[25] Kustanti, A., Purnomo, M., Nurrochmat, D.R., Fitriana, Y.R. (2023). Sustaining mangrove and rainforests: Land rights and collective action in Indonesia. International Journal of Sustainable Development & Planning, 18(5): 1545-1552. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.180525
[26] Alfarisy, F., Ratna, M.P., Girindra, P.A., Pradita, D.A. (2021). Oral tradition and the tourism village development. E3S Web of Conferences, 317: 02019. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131702019
[27] Miswanto, S. (2018). Dampak pembangunan industri pariwisata terhadap alih fungsi lahan (Studi Tentang Kehidupan Sosial Budaya Masyarakat Desa Teluk Bakau, Kecamatan Gunung Kijang, Kabupaten Bintan, Kepulauan Riau). Jurnal Nasional Pariwisata, 10(1): 14. https://doi.org/10.22146/jnp.59463
[28] Absori, A., Dimyati, K., Ridwan, R. (2017). Makna pengelolaan lingkungan pespektif etik profetik. Al-Tahrir: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 17(2): 331-352. http://doi.org/10.21154/altahrir.v17i2.1063
[29] Xue, J., Rasool, Z., Nazar, R., Khan, A.I., Bhatti, S.H., Ali, S. (2021). Revisiting natural resources—Globalization-environmental quality nexus: Fresh insights from South Asian countries. Sustainability, 13(8): 4224. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084224
[30] de Rooy, O.R., Salmon, H., Nendissa, R.H. (2021). Hak atas tanah pada kawasan konservasi. PAMALI: Pattimura Magister Law Review, 1(1): 40-54. https://doi.org/10.47268/pamali.v1i1.483
[31] Samekto, F.A., Purwanti, A. (2021). Tantangan Indonesia dalam taman sari dunia: mewujudkan kedaulatan pangan. Pancasila: Jurnal Keindonesiaan, 1(1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.52738/pjk.v1i1.2
[32] Absori, A., Hernanda, T., Wardiono, K., Fitriciada, A., Budiono, A. (2023). Critical analysis of River basin management regulation in Bengawan solo for water tourism: Local legislation in 7 regency. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, 19: 844-851. https://doi.org/10.37394/232015.2023.19.80
[33] Hernanda, T., Absori, Wardiono, K., Azhari, A.F., Arlinwibowo, J., Azizah, N., Budiono, A. (2023). The impact of environmental regulation implementation: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 18(10): 3235-3242. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.181023
[34] Manzoor, F., Wei, L., Asif, M., Haq, M.Z.U., Rehman, H.U. (2019). The contribution of sustainable tourism to economic growth and employment in Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19): 3785. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193785
[35] Rahma, A.A. (2020). Potensi sumber daya alam dalam mengembangkan sektor pariwisata di Indonesia. Jurnal Nasional Pariwisata, 12(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.22146/jnp.52178
[36] Suyana, J. (2020). Profil desa wisata samiran di lereng merbabu-merapi kecamatan selo kabupaten boyolali propinsi jawa tengah. Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Seni bagi Masyarakat, 9(1): 27-35. https://doi.org/10.20961/semar.v9i1.42015
[37] Astawa, I.P., Triyuni, N.N., Santosa, I.D.M.C. (2018). Sustainable tourism and harmonious culture: A case study of cultic model at village tourism. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 953(1): 012057. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/953/1/012057
[38] Sukkuru, S., Natsif, F.A. (2020). Analisis UU nomor 6 tahun 2014 tentang desa terhadap pelaksanaan pembangunan di desa bacu-bacu kecamatan pujananting kabupaten barru. Qadauna: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Hukum Keluarga Islam, 1: 534-546.
