Designing Colorful Sustainable Toys for Babies: A Sustainable Design Approach

Natural dyes/colorants obtained from flora and fauna are thought to be safe due to they are proven to be nontoxic, non-carcinogenicity and biodegradable [10]. The study will concentrate on extracting dye from plants because previous research has found that it is better to extracting dye from animals for a variety of reasons [10-12]:

• Sustainability: Plants can be grown and harvested repeatedly, whereas animals need to be killed to obtain their natural dyes.
• Cruelty-free: The extraction of natural dyes from animals involves killing or harm to the animal, whereas plant-based dyes do not harm any living creatures.
• Availability: There are many more plants that can be used as a source of natural dyes compared to animals, making plant-based dyes more readily available.
• Health and Safety: Some animal-based dyes can contain harmful chemicals or pathogens that can be harmful to humans, whereas plant-based dyes are generally considered safer.
• Environmental impact: The production of animal-based dyes often generates waste and pollution, whereas the production of plant-based dyes is generally less harmful to the environment.

2.1 Materials and methods for natural dye

Natural dyes are generally extracted from the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits of various plants. The study compiles all plants that have previously been tested and proven to successfully produce bright colors.

2.2 Extracting natural dye

After compiling the natural dye sources, the authors proceeded to investigate the fabric dyeing process using plant-based dyes. The study findings revealed that this process generally consists of six key steps [10, 11, 13]:

1) Collection of plant material: The plant material (such as leaves, stems, flowers, roots, or bark) is collected and dried. Plants that can be source of dye can be seen on Table 1.

2) Preparation of the dye bath: The plant material is chopped, crushed, or ground into small pieces and then boiled in water to create a dye bath. A mordant is a substance that is used in the natural dyeing process to improve the color fastness and intensity of the dye. The dye bath can be modified with the addition of mordants or other substances to improve the colorfastness and intensity of the dye. The previous research on extracting natural dye can be seen on Table 2.​

Table 1. Plants source of natural dye

Parts of Plants or Fruits	Picture	Dyes Content
avocado skins	t_1.png	chlorophyll and anthocyanin type cyanidin 3-o glucoside
avocado pits	t_2.png	proanthocyanidin and tannin
mangosteen skins	t_3.png	anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-sophoroside), and procyanidin
red cabbage	t_4.png	anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-diglucoside-5-glucoside (80%) and cyanidin 3, 5 diglucoside (20%)
turmeric	t_5.png	curcumin
spinach	t_6.png	chlorophyll
suji leaves	t_7.png	chlorophyll
onion skins	t_8.png	quercetin and glucoside derivatives (quercetin-4’-glycoside and quercetin 3, 4’-diglucoside)
butterfly pea flowers	t_9.png	antosianin, delphinidin

3) Fabric preparation: To avoid interferences during the dyeing process, the fabric should be washed before natural dyeing to remove any residual chemicals, dirt, or oils. Natural dyes require a clean surface to effectively bond with the fabric fibers and produce long-lasting color. Contaminants on the fabric can also have an impact on the color outcome and cause uneven dyeing. Furthermore, washing the fabric before dyeing helps to ensure that any residue left on the fabric during the manufacturing process does not affect the color.

4) Mordanting: a preparatory step before the actual dyeing process in natural dyeing. It is done to enhance the colorfastness and permanence of the dye on the fabric or material. The mordant acts as a binding agent between the dye and the fibers, improving the dye's absorption and adherence to the fabric. There are different types of mordants that can be used in natural dyeing. Some of the commonly used mordants include alum, iron, copper, tin, and chrome. Potassium aluminum sulfate is the most frequently used mordant for protein and cellulose fibers and fabrics. Other types of mordants include biomordants, which are natural substances derived from plant extracts and can be used as alternatives to metallic mordants. The type of mordant used depends on the type of fiber, the desired color, and the dyeing method.

5) Dyeing: The fabric or material to be dyed is immersed in the dye bath and left to soak for a specified period of time. The length of time and temperature will depend on the type of plant material used and the desired color.

6) Rinsing: The fabric or material is removed from the dye bath and rinsed to remove any excess dye.

7) Drying: The fabric or material is dried and may be washed or treated with a fixative to improve color fastness.​

The exact process may vary depending on the type of plant material used, the desired color, and the type of fabric or material to be dyed. However, the basic steps of preparing a dye bath, dyeing the material, rinsing, and drying remain the same.

To be environmentally conscious during the natural dyeing process there is a growing trend to use bio-mordants as alternatives to metal mordants. A bio-mordant is a natural substance that is used to improve the color fastness and intensity of dyes in the dyeing process [14]. Bio-mordants are typically derived from plant sources, such as roots, bark, leaves, and fruits, and are considered environmentally friendly as they do not contain toxic chemicals [15].

Table 2. Previous research on biomordants

There are several types of bio-mordants [14, 15]:

• Tannin-based mordants: Tannins are compounds found in many plants that have the ability to fix dyes to fabric fibers. Tannin-based mordants include materials such as tea, and certain fruit skins and seeds like onion skins and pomegranate skins.
• Fruit acid mordants: Certain fruits, such as apples and lemon contain acids that can be used as mordants. These acids help to fix dyes to fabric fibers and improve color fastness.
• Enzymatic mordants: Enzymes are proteins that can be used to modify the structure of fibers, making them more receptive to dyes. Enzymatic mordants can be made from materials such as soybeans, and honey.
• Alum-based mordants: Alum is a naturally occurring mineral that can be used as a mordant. Alum-based mordants are typically used in conjunction with other natural substances, such as tannins, to improve color fastness and intensity. Aluminum acetate is a popular alum mordant for cellulose fibers and fabrics.

The properties and advantages of each bio-mordant vary, and the choice of mordant to use depends on factors such as the material being dyed, the desired color, and the availability of resources. Bio-mordants play a crucial role in natural dyeing as they enhance the brightness and longevity of the dyes, resulting in vivid and long-lasting colors.

Table 2 compiles the previous research on various types of biomordants that have been utilized and their corresponding formulas.

In addition to types of bio-mordant, there are three methods of mordanting: pre, simultaneous and post mordanting [22].

• Pre-mordanting: pre-mordanting is the process of treating the fabric or material to be dyed with a mordant before adding the dye. This step helps to improve the colorfastness and intensity of the final dye. Pre-mordanting is typically done by soaking the fabric in a solution of the mordant, then rinsing and drying it before adding the dye.
• Simultaneous Mordanting: Simultaneous mordanting is a technique in which the mordant and dye are added to the dye bath at the same time. This process saves time as compared to pre-mordanting and also helps to achieve more consistent and uniform color results.
• Post-mordanting: Post-mordanting is the process of treating the dyed fabric with a mordant after the dyeing process has been completed. This step can improve the color fastness and intensity of the final dye. Post-mordanting is typically done by soaking the dyed fabric in a solution of the mordant, then rinsing and drying it. This process is often used in combination with pre-mordanting or simultaneous mordanting to enhance the final color results.

In addition to the extraction of natural dyes, selecting the right mordant is highly important in natural dye process [14], because mordants can improve the intensity of the dye, producing brighter, more vivid colors, and they can also affect the color produced by a natural dye. Further [12] states that different mordants can produce different shades and hues of the same dye, increasing the range of colors that can be achieved.

The optimal ratios of biomordants can vary depending on the specific type being used. Previous research has provided valuable insights into the ideal recipes for creating biomordants, suggesting ratios ranging from 1:1 or 1:3 between the mordant extract and the water. These ratios have been found to be effective in achieving desired results in the natural dyeing process. However, it is important to note that the exact ratios may also depend on other factors such as the type of fiber, the desired color outcome, and the specific dye being used. Experimentation and adjustment of ratios may be necessary to achieve the desired effects in each individual case [17, 18, 21].

In addition, availability is an important factor to consider when choosing the right biomordant. The availability of natural resources and plants used to extract biomordants can vary depending on the location and seasons [23].

2.3 Organic fabric

Some of the organic fabric that are commonly used for natural dyeing and have been extensively researched include [13, 24, 25]:

• Cotton is a versatile and widely available natural fiber that is commonly used for natural dyeing. It is a cellulose fiber that is easy to dye and produces vibrant colors.
• Wool is a protein fiber that is obtained from sheep, goats, and other animals. It is commonly used for natural dyeing and is known for its ability to produce rich and deep colors.
• Silk is a protein fiber made from the cocoons of silkworms. It is an exquisite and high-quality fiber that is frequently dyed naturally.
• Linen is a long and strong fiber that is obtained from the stems of the flax plant. It is a strong and durable fiber that is commonly used for natural dyeing and is known for its ability to produce bright and clear colors.
• Hemp is a natural fiber derived from plants and belongs to the category of bast fibers, obtained from the stem of the plant. Similar to linen and other fibers like ramie, jute, flax, and bamboo, hemp is considered a sustainable option with lesser negative impact on the environment.

2.4 The role of color in toys for babies

Colorful toys can help babies develop their eyesight and maintain their attention [7]. Research study [8] have found that color carries critical importance in the development of children's cognitive skills. Bright and colorful playrooms can affect a child's development by shifting bad moods and providing them with vocabulary to describe the world around them. Additionally, warmer colors like orange and yellow can have a significant effect on developing children [26].

According to study [27] combinations of green and orange or green and red make some of the best neutral nursery paint colors to stimulate a baby's mind and encourage cognitive development. In addition, primary colors such as red, green, yellow, and blue are also especially appealing to young children, while black and white, pale yellow and bright purple, dark green and red, navy blue and orange, or maroon and light yellow can provide high contrast shapes to aid in visual development.

2.5 Design guideline for sustainable toys

The study focuses on designing sustainable toys for babies because they have delicate skin and their immune systems are still developing, so it is important to ensure that the toys they play with are non-toxic and free of harmful chemicals [9]. In addition, previous research has suggested several guidelines for designing sustainable toys that are safe, environmentally friendly, and provide years of enjoyment. These guidelines serve as a foundation for creating toys that align with sustainable principles. Safety and environmental protection are the core pillars of sustainability, making them essential prerequisites for any research conducted in the field of sustainability [28, 29]:

• Children’s age development: Designers need to take into account the various stages of child development such as physical, cognitive, sensor-motor, social, and emotional development. By doing so, they can design toys that cater to the real needs of children at different stages of development instead of just following the latest trends or market demands. It is important for designers to understand the specific needs and capabilities of children at different ages to create toys that are both safe and developmentally appropriate. This approach ensures that children receive toys that are not only enjoyable but also beneficial for their growth and development.
• Material Selection: When deciding on the best material for toys, several factors must be considered. First, designers should consider the materials' safety; they should be nontoxic and pose no risk of injury; additionally, designers should consider the material's environmental impact. Organic cotton, bamboo, and wood are examples of sustainable materials. Second, designers should select materials that are long-lasting and difficult to break or tear. Third, designers should consider the cost of the material and choose materials that are within the target market's budget. Fourth, designers should consider materials that are locally produced and closer to production location. This can reduce carbon emissions by limiting the amount of energy needed for transportation. Fifth, designers should take into account the manufacturing capability of materials that are simple and easy to produce using standard manufacturing processes.
• Durability: Designers should design toys that are durable so they can be passed down from one generation to the next. To design durable toys, designers should use high-quality materials, and the toy should be well constructed and assembled. There shouldn’t be loose parts that can break off easily. Prior to bringing the toy to the market, designers should test the toy to ensure that it can be played safely and can withstand normal usage.
• Versatility: Designers should design toys that can be used in a variety of play-education scenarios, encouraging creativity and imagination. In addition to multiple play scenarios, designers also should design toys with challenges that can be adjusted, so the toys can continuously support children’s growth and development while also keeping them entertained.
• Recyclability: Designers should think about using recyclable materials like paper, cardboard, and recycled plastic. Aside from selecting recyclable materials, designers should also reduce design complexity by avoiding the use of multiple materials or complex designs that may make the toy difficult to recycle. Designers should use standardized components and shapes that can be easily separated for recycling or repurposing to reduce complexity.
• Packaging: Designers should consider using eco-friendly and biodegradable packaging materials, such as paper or cardboard, instead of plastic, because choosing sustainable packaging may reduce the amount of waste generated by the toy. In addition, now consumers are increasingly aware of the role of packaging in the environment and are willing to act on them [30].
• Manufacturing Process: Designers should make sure that the manufacturing process is environmentally friendly by reducing waste, ensuring the availability of materials in the future, and minimizing the impact of transportation. This can be done through strategies such as reduction, reuse, recycling, and remanufacturing which reduce pollution and industrial waste. In addition to process, designers should also consider the level of expertise and skills required for the manufacturing process to ensure that it can be easily replicated.

The research’s results section is primarily divided into two parts. The first section describes the experimentation process, which aimed to identify the wide range of hues that can be achieved using plant-based dyes on natural fabric. The second section outlines the design process, which involved the utilization of naturally dyed fabric as the important material for creating soft toys that are sustainable and provide sensory stimulation to babies aged 0 to 6 months.

4.1 Experimentation

The research team conducted multiple experiments aimed at extracting colorful dyes from plants. Please refer to Table 3 for the specific recipes used in each experiment.

The study employs four types of bios mordants that have proven successful in prior research: salt, vinegar, lemon juice, and soy milk. Additionally, the study utilizes five types of organic fabrics that are readily available in Indonesia and near the designer's residence. These fabrics include Hemp, Cotton (mori), Calico, Cotton (Paris), and Cotton Combed. As recommended by authors [28, 29] designers should prioritize the use of locally sourced materials that are closer to the production site.

The experiments are divided into four stages: the first stage aims to extract various color from the plants. The second stage aims to identify the optimal bio mordant that enhances color intensity and fastness on the organic fabric. The third stage focuses on identifying the most suitable organic fabric that can absorb color effectively. Lastly, the fourth stage involves conducting washing tests for five cycles to assess color fastness.

Results of the four stages of experiment are described in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Table 3. Natural dye experimentation measurement

11.png

Figure 1. The experimentation process of dyeing fabric with natural plant-based dyes

2.png

Figure 2. The wide range hues of plant-based dyes

From the four stages of experiments, we conclude that:

In order to extract color from various parts of plants, it is recommended to utilize a low heat approach, employing temperatures ranging from 60 to 90°C. This method facilitates the smooth extraction of color without exposing the sample to excessive heat.

To obtain strong colors, researchers have identified several effective plants (see Figure 2), including avocado pits (which produce pink with a color to water ratio of 1:10), turmeric (which generates yellow with a color to water ratio of 1:30), and butterfly pea flowers (which produce blue with a color to water ratio of 1:60). By combining different color extracts in a 50:50 ratio, a wider range of colors can be achieved (see Figure 2). For example, purple can be produced by combining onion skins with butterfly pea flowers, orange can be produced by combining turmeric and avocado pits, and green can be produced by combining turmeric and butterfly pea flowers. Lastly, the combination of avocado pit, turmeric, and red cabbage extracts can produce brown.

In the second stage of our experiment, our objective was to determine the most effective bio mordant for enhancing the color fastness of organic fabrics. After conducting several trials and evaluations, we concluded that the best treatment method was pre-mordanting with salt, using a water-to-salt ratio of 1:4. pre-mordanting with soy milk, using a water-to-soy milk ratio of 1:5, closely followed as the next best option (see Figure 1). The results highlight the critical role of pre-mordanting in enhancing the color fastness of organic fabrics. This finding is supported [15] who demonstrated that utilizing pre-mordanting can significantly enhance color intensity and uniformity.

During the third stage of our experiment, we discovered that both hemp and cotton fabrics were highly effective in terms of absorbing natural dyes. This is supported by the findings of study [25], who observed that these fabrics demonstrated the ability to produce vibrant and consistent colors due to their strong natural fiber structure and high moisture retention. Our findings suggest that designers and textile manufacturers should consider using these fabrics if they aim to produce high-quality, naturally dyed textiles. In addition to the effectiveness of absorbing natural dyes, hemp provides a rough texture, which can offer beneficial tactile stimulation for babies. On the other hand, cotton has a softer texture, making it gentle on the baby's skin.

In addition to hemp and cotton effectiveness in absorbing natural dyes and serve the function of soft toys. Both are sustainable materials because they require less water and land to grow than other crops such as cotton [31]. Hemp's production requires less than a third of the water needed for cotton and yields 220% more fiber. The plant grows without the need for harmful herbicides and pesticides, replenishing soil quality [32] Organic hemp is one of the most sustainable fibers with less harmful environmental impact [33]. Hemp generally constitutes a more sustainable, lower-impact crop that can be converted into fabric responsibly [34].

Another finding from the third stage of experiments, the dyeing process, researchers found that additional heating is necessary for better dye results. Colors are absorbed faster and become more concentrated when a small flame is used during the dyeing process. However, it is important to ensure that the dyeing of the fabric is even during the heating process by frequently turning it over. Additionally, the duration of soaking can also impact the level of staining concentration.

In the fourth stage of our experiment, we discovered that to prevent the color of fabric from fading quickly, it's best to use cold water when washing. If detergent is needed, avoid exposing the fabric directly to it by first mixing the detergent with the water and then adding the fabric. When drying the fabric after washing, it should be avoided exposing it to direct sunlight. Instead, allow it to dry in a well-ventilated or shaded area. If ironing is necessary, use an iron with a cool temperature setting.

After a series of experiments to find the best material to create sustainable toys, the next step is the design process. Taking into consideration the guidelines for designing sustainable toys and the results of the experiments, we believe that soft toys are the best option. Soft toys made from organic fabrics and dyed naturally are not commonly found in the market, so there is a potential for innovation. The soft toys are designed for baby 0-6 months.

4.2 Design process

The design process is divided into three stages: ideation, prototyping and testing. On the ideation stage, researchers develop the idea to create soft toy characters from the plants that provide the color, such as avocado, onion, turmeric, and cabbage. Researchers developed two ideas. The first idea is to design soft toys based on the shapes of avocado, onion, turmeric, and cabbage. The second idea researchers developed the concept for the toys with the goal of implementing the versatility principle, which involves creating toys that can be used in multiple educational play scenarios. To achieve this, the soft toys are designed in the form of cubes with six sides that provide different sensory stimulations suitable for a baby's age and development. Each side features a unique color and texture, while a bell inside stimulates auditory senses.

3.png

Figure 3. Soft toy a design and prototyping process

4.png

Figure 4. Soft toy b design and prototyping process

During the prototyping stage, the two designs were created. To help babies develop their eyesight and maintain their attention [7], we selected complementary colors based on the experimental results. For example, blue was placed side by side with brown to achieve a color combination that creates high contrast (see Figure 3 and Figure 4). In this stage, we carefully select additional materials that are also sustainable and have less damage to the environment. Therefore, we choose organic Dacron for the soft toy inserts and pine wood. During this stage, we also ensure that both soft toys can be produced using standard sewing machines and do not require any special sewing skills for the manufacturing process, making them easily replicable.

After successfully creating two prototypes b (see Figure 5), both soft toys are tested to 15 mothers who have babies with the age of 0-6 months. During the user testing procedures, the researchers first provided an explanation of the two prototypes and highlighted their unique features, which include being made from natural materials and colored with natural dyes. Additionally, the researchers explained the educational purpose of each feature and provided different scenarios for playing with the soft toys. Then we provide the mothers with 15 minutes to interact with both prototypes. Lastly, we administer a questionnaire to evaluate their experience with each soft toy. We chose three mothers at random to receive prototypes as a thank you for their participation in the user testing.

The majority demography data of the women are as follow:

• 31.3% of women are 24-29 years old.
• 37.5% are working mothers and 31.3% are full-time housewives.
• 50% of them have a bachelor's degree.
• 80% of them come from Jakarta and Tangerang.
• 31.3% of them have babies less than 3 months old, while another 31.3% have babies aged between 3-6 months.
• The most common frequency of buying toys for their babies is once a month (31.3%), and they tend to purchase toys through online marketplaces (81.3%).

Another set of data pertains to their consumer behavior when it comes to purchasing toys for their babies.

• 68.8% of the surveyed moms are not familiar with toys made from organic and natural materials.
• When buying toys for their babies, the top three things they look for are good material and made quality, design, and an economical price.
• Their purchasing decisions are usually influenced by personal preference, expert recommendations, and discounts. As for their sustainable behaviors, they tend to reuse packaging and reduce the usage of disposable packaging when shopping.

The respondents are asked to give their response in Likert scale 1 (poor), 2 (fair), 3(good), 4 (very good) for the first soft toy prototype.

5a.png

Prototype A. Soft toys inspired by the natural dye-producing plants

5b.png

Prototype B. Box soft toys. each side has features different tactile elements that babies can touch and play with, helping to enhance their gross motor skills

Figure 5. Prototype soft toys a and b

Based on the results of exploratory studies, we have highlighted that organic fabric dyed with avocado pits, turmeric, and butterfly pea flowers can be used as a material for sustainable toys. Sustainable toys do not always have to be made from bamboo or wood. The study has demonstrated that it is possible to create sustainable toys with naturally dyed fabrics. To achieve this, we recommend using cotton or hemp as the textile, and utilizing avocado pits, turmeric, and butterfly pea flowers as sources of natural primary color. The colors can be extracted from these plants using a low-heat approach, with temperatures ranging from 60 to 90℃. It is also recommended to pre-mordant the fabric with salt or soy milk before the dyeing process. During the dyeing process, it is best to use hot water as the color absorption is better in hotter temperatures. To maintain color fastness, we recommend washing the fabric with cold water.

Table 4. User testing results

Aside from the experiment, we highlighted the importance of children age development, material selection, versatility, and manufacturing methods from the design guidelines for sustainable toys during the design process. First during generating ideas for the toy it is important to consider the developmental stage of children because ultimately, toys are purchased for their educational value. Second, after idea generation comes the prototyping process. During this process, it is important to select materials that are safe for babies and the environment. In addition, the materials need to be produced with easily replicable manufacturing processes. By choosing this recyclability can also be addressed. Additionally, designing toys that are versatile and made with good quality will ensure their durability and ability to be used for a long time. This finding corresponds with study [29] who also emphasizes the significance of opting for biodegradable materials for toys. This means that the current study is not the only one that advocates for the use of eco-friendly materials in toy manufacturing.

In addition to the sustainable toy design guidelines, we recommend that designers use complementary color combinations to provide colorful options for sustainable toys. The colorful options provide sensory enrichment for babies. Our research has resulted in producing pastel color palettes that can serve as a solution to a problem discovered by study [7] which showed that higher contrast colors can be a potent distractor and induce disruptive behavior in preschoolers. Another explanation is made by study [35] is that toddlers' attention is easily hijacked by distracting stimuli, and children under the age of 10 are more susceptible to interference than adults.

Another interesting finding is from the testing stage, it was found that 68.8% of the respondents were not familiar with toys made from organic and natural materials, so both prototypes were new to them. This explains why they thought that the colors were not contrasting and varied enough. Based on these results, we suggest that in the future, the market should be exposed to more naturally dyed products. They have different color palettes than synthetic dyed products. Naturally dyed products have pastel hues including pink, yellow, orange, brown, blue, green, and purple.

In regard to the favorite feature of the toys, the results show that the market understands and appreciates the high quality and safety of the materials for their babies. This finding corresponds with the research [3] which also found that most consumers associate sustainable toys with materials that are free from harmful substances. It is clear that parents prioritize the safety and well-being of their children when selecting toys, and the use of organic and natural materials can help meet these expectations. Additionally, the findings suggest that emphasizing the safety and quality of the materials in marketing efforts can help attract and retain customers who prioritize sustainability and safety.

Based on the open-ended feedback received regarding the least favorite features of the soft toys during user testing, we concluded that in the future, the educational features of the soft toys need to be enhanced by incorporating a mechanical system to meet the expectations of some mothers who desire toys that can vibrate (see Table 4). In addition to adding more features, to address the input that the toy looks like girl toy. In the future, the toy should use gender-neutral colors like yellow, green, and white instead of pink and blue.

Another interesting finding is that the respondents expressed an intention to buy the products in the future. The combination of the functional features and the use of organic materials in the production of the toys, coupled with the fact that they are naturally dyed, has proven to be a successful strategy in encouraging the market to buy sustainable toys. This positive response can be attributed to the increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly products in today's market, as consumers become more aware of the impact their purchasing decisions have on the environment. Additionally, the fact that the toys are designed with the developmental needs of babies in mind and provide sensory stimulation through the use of different textures and colors, further adds to their appeal and potential for success in the market.

From the study we propose sustainable toy design methodology. The sustainable toy design methodology proposed by our research is aimed to provide designers with a valuable reference for designing successful, colorful, and sustainable toys (see Figure 6). The methodology consists of three main phases: experimentation, design, and testing. In the experimentation phase, we researched on how to produces colorful hues with different materials to determine the most sustainable and stimulating options for babies. The design phase involved using the information gathered in the experimentation phase to create prototypes that were both sustainable and functional, incorporating sensory stimulation features. Finally, in the testing phase, we conducted market research to determine the level of interest and acceptance of our sustainable toy designs. This methodology is designed to guide designers through a systematic process that prioritizes sustainability while still creating engaging and effective toys for babies. By following this methodology, designers can be confident that their products are not only environmentally conscious but also meet the needs and preferences of their target market.

6-1.png

6-2.png

6-3.png

Figure 6. Sustainable toy design methodology