Data Transmission and Reception in Spatial Modulation MIMO Wireless Systems and Analysis in Nakagami-m Fading Channels
M Premkumar*
| Vikash Sachan | Bachchh Raj Singh
© 2023 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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This research paper provides binary data transmission in spatial modulation (SM) multiple input multiple output (MIMO) wireless systems, its reception in Nakagami-m fading channel and its analysis by pairwise error probability. In spatial modulation MIMO systems data is transmitted through the selected antenna via its index where data bits are sent via Nakagami-m fading channel whenever there is large cluster of multipath waves and large delay period. In the receiver data bits are detected using optimal detection or suboptimal detection from the corresponding antenna index where data bits are separately detected or simultaneously detected. Simulations are performed in matrix laboratory (MATLAB) for different values of modulation order M, number of transmitting antennas Nt, number of receiving antennas Nr and shape parameter m or the fading parameter. Results obtained for simulation of spatial modulation MIMO system shows that the performance in terms of pairwise error probability degrades as the order of modulation increases. However, the fact is that in spatial modulation MIMO system since antenna index is selected for transmission, the number of radio frequency (RF) chain decreases which results in reducing hardware complexity. The obtained results can be useful for research perspective for 5G and 6G wireless systems to cater the requirements of data transmission and reception.
spatial modulation, multiple input multiple output system, Nakagami-m fading, pairwise error probability
Increase of data traffic in wireless communication, is catered by employing multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology to provide an optimum level of data transmission in the physical layer level via massive MIMO technology and millimeter wave [1, 2] technology for present day 5G and evolving 6G systems. MIMO wireless networks provide increased spectral efficiency, diversity gain [3] thereby contributing to enhanced data rates based on modulation schemes. Diversity parameter plays a key role in wireless networks as it improves the performance and offers diversity gain (DG) [4]. Spatial modulation techniques when applied for 5G wireless networks [5], or in the context of multiuser massive MIMO systems [6] can provide the benefits of tradeoff in system performance by reducing system complexity and is an option for massive MIMO systems [7, 8]. Spatial modulation can be generalized to a group of antennas [9] at a specific time instant, having a single active antenna with its index considered to be a resource which offers high spectral efficiency and modulation schemes with lower order [10].
Spatial modulation based MIMO systems, have reduced hardware complexity when radio frequency chain quantity decreases. In spatial modulation MIMO system transceiver chain, the antenna is selected and the digital data signal is transmitted [11]. In the receiver, antenna index is separated and transmitted data signal is detected. Detection techniques [12] can be as that of optimal detection and suboptimal detection. Optimal detection jointly detects the index of the antenna and the transmitted digital data. Suboptimal detection separately detects antenna index and digital data. Further, to improve the signal strength at the receiver via multipath fading, maximal ratio combiner (MRC) is used. Using space time block code (STBC) also, it can be combatted by having proper spacing between two transmitting antennas and proper time delay between successive transmitting codes. In STBC system, the transmitting signals are orthogonal to each other and the error probability of the received digital data signal can be optimized [13]. Spatial modulation MIMO systems experience multipath fading which can be characterized by Rayleigh distribution, Rician distribution and Nakagami distribution. Rayleigh fading occurs in non-line-of- sight (NLOS) scenario, Rician fading for line-of-sight (LOS) scenario [14] and Nakagami fading [15] in deep fading situations, long delay spread scenarios, cluster of waves situations and also characterised by the shape parameter m [16].
Research works in spatial modulation MIMO systems have been done with due consideration of antenna selection with reduced complexity [17]. Spatial modulation MIMO systems comprising of four transmitter antennas reaching full diversity is presented in the work of Nguyen et al. [18]. Data transmission using Alamouti scheme for spatial modulation [19] can provide diversity gain in fading channels. Adaptation can also be employed for spatial modulation [20] depending on the antennas which are selected can also give good performance for transmitting data information. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme can be applied for spatial modulation MIMO transmission to provide high data rates [21]. Data transmission in Nakagami fading channels employing spatial modulation MIMO systems are assessed for outage probability [22] metric and in correlated fading channels [23].
Variations of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) for spatial modulation systems are observed for Nakagami fading channels and its performance analysis is dealt in the literature [24]. Less computational complexity using spatial multiplexing for spatial modulation information transmission can be made possible in fading channels [25]. Spatial modulation experiencing Beckmann fading channels performance analysis for reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is done in the study of Canbilen [26] and signal vector detection scheme for spatial modulation is also essential which is dealt in the study of Wang et al. [27]. Further multiuser MIMO transmission and reception in spatial modulation [28] can give significant information which can be useful for massive MIMO systems performance analysis.
All the above research works presented give significant work done relating to spatial modulation. In this proposed research paper data transmission and reception in spatial modulation MIMO systems is presented with signal propagation in Nakagami-m fading channel. Nakagami fading channels are represented by the shape parameter m and it also represents deep fading channels. Pairwise Error Probability (PEP) is obtained for various modulation orders in Nakagami-m fading channel for multiantenna configurations of 2 and 4 transmitter and receiver antenna combinations.
This research paper is presented as that in section 1 provides introduction, section 2 proposes system model of spatial modulation multiple input multiple output system. Section 3 presents Nakagami-m fading channel and its mathematical statistics. Section 4 presents analysis in terms of pairwise error probability for spatial modulation MIMO system and section 5 gives conclusion to the paper.
Representations: Vectors and Matrices are represented by using bold letter small case and bold letter capital letters. H, ^, *, X-1,tr{ }, e(.), arg(.), max(.) min(.), E{.}, $R_e\{$., Σ(.), |.|, ||.||, ||.||F, Q(.) represents the Hermitian, estimate, conjugate, inverse operation of a matrix, trace of a matrix, exponential operation, argument operation, maximum operation, minimum operation, statistical average or expectation of a random variable, real part of a complex entity, summation, absolute operation, Norm, Frobenius Norm, Q function of a variable.
The spatial modulation MIMO system transceiver chain is given in Figure 1 in which the input bits are sent into the spatial mapper and the corresponding antenna is selected to transmit the data symbol employing binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation scheme. In the receiver the bits are combined using maximal ratio combiner (MRC), and the antenna number is selected implying the index and the data bits are obtained at the output of the spatial demodulator. Figure 2 shows the spatial modulation multiple input multiple output system using antenna index and its corresponding symbol entries for BPSK modulation.
Figure 1. Spatial modulation MIMO system transceiver chain
Figure 2. Spatial modulation MIMO system using antenna index
Nakagami-m fading channel is defined by Nakagami distribution where m defines the fading parameter [29] or the shape parameter [30]. Nakagami-m distribution is fitted for land to mobile communication, indoor to mobile multipath propagation and radio links pertaining to ionosphere. The probability density function (PDF) of Nakagami-m fading channel given as
$\mathrm{f}(\alpha, m, \xi)=\frac{2 m^m \alpha^{2 m-1}}{\xi^m \Gamma m} e^{\left(-\frac{m \alpha^2}{\xi}\right)}$ (1)
where, $\xi=E\left[|\alpha|^2\right]$ is the variance, m is the shape parameter [30], $\Gamma$ is the gamma distributed instantaneous signal to noise (SNR) which is expressed as,
$P_\gamma^\gamma=\frac{m^m \gamma^{2 m-1}}{\bar{\gamma}^m \Gamma m} e^{\left(-\frac{m \gamma}{\bar{\gamma}}\right)} ; \gamma \geq 0$ (2)
where, the average SNR is given as
$\bar{\gamma}=\frac{\xi E_s}{N_0}$ (3)
To analyze the metric of pairwise error probability for modulation scheme of binary phase shift keying, modulation orders of 2,4 and 8 are considered for spatial modulation MIMO systems. MIMO systems are used to improve the diversity, spectral efficiency and reliability as it will combat multipath fading. In multipath fading the spatial MIMO channel can be correlated [31] using space time orthogonal block code (STBC) with Rayleigh fading or Rician fading and uncorrelated as considered in this research paper. But the fact is that it leads to increased radio frequency (RF) chains which is not desirable due to space constraints. To reduce the radio frequency chain, spatial modulation is beneficial where bulkiness is reduced by using spatial modulation multiple input multiple output system. In spatial modulation MIMO system, there is requirement of single radio frequency chain and antenna index is used for selection of antenna by which the digital data signal can be transmitted using the selected antenna. At the receiver the combined digital data sequence is detected at the receiver [11]. The antenna index is represented as
$a=\log _2 N_t$ (4)
where, $a$ is antenna index and $N_t$ represents the number of transmitter antennas. Further, based on antenna index digital modulated bits can be represented as
$v_b=\log _2 M$ (5)
where, $v_b$ is the modulated digital data. The received signal vector is given as,
$y=H x+w$ (6)
where, $y$, H, x and w denote the received signal vector, MIMO channel matrix, transmission data vector and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) vector. In the receiver, detection process is done which is mainly suboptimal detection and optimal detection. Under suboptimal detection the modulated bits and the antenna index are independently carried out, whereas in optimal detection simultaneous operation is done on modulated bits and antenna index.
4.1 Suboptimal detection
Suboptimal detection is a separate detection process in terms of index of the antenna and digitally modulated bit sequence. Suboptimal detection of antenna index and digitally modulated bit sequence are stated as [12]
$\hat{a}=\arg _a \max \left|h_a^H y\right|$ (7)
$v_{\hat{b}}=\arg _b \min \left\|h_{\hat{a}} v_b\right\|^2-2 \operatorname{Re}\left\{h_a^H y v_b^*\right\}$ (8)
4.2 Optimal detection
Optimal detection considers modulated bits and antenna index to be detected simultaneously. The optimal detection can be written as [14],
$\left\{\hat{a}, v_{\hat{b}}\right\}=\arg _{a, b} \min \left\|h_a v_b\right\|^2-2 \operatorname{Re}\left\{h_a^H y v_b^*\right\}$ (9)
Proceeding further, considering $v_{S M}\left(a, v_b\right)$ as the transmitted bit sequence, $v_{S M}\left(\hat{a}, v_{\hat{b}}\right)$ as the detected bit sequence at the destination, whereas $v_b$ and $v_{\hat{b}}$ denote the digitally modulated bit sequence and estimated digitally modulated bit sequence. In spatially modulation MIMO system, a is the antenna index and $\hat{a}$ is the estimated antenna index. PEP is $P\left(v_{S M}\left(a, v_b\right) \rightarrow v_{S M}\left(\hat{a}, v_{\hat{b}}\right)\right)$ [16].
$P\left(v_{S M}\left(a, v_b\right) \rightarrow v_{S M}\left(\hat{a}, v_{\hat{b}}\right)\right)$$=P\left(\left\|h_{\hat{a}} v_{\hat{b}}\right\|^2-2 R_e\left\{h_a^H y v_b^*\right\}\right)$ (10)
$P\left(v_{S M}\left(a, v_b\right) \rightarrow v_{S M}\left(\hat{a}, v_{\hat{b}}\right)\right)$ $\begin{aligned} & =P\left(\left\|y-h_{\widehat{a}} v_b\right\|^2\right. \left.\leq\left\|y-h_a v_b\right\|^2\right)\end{aligned}$ (11)
$P\left(v_{S M}\left(a, v_b\right) \rightarrow v_{S M}\left(\hat{a}, v_{\hat{b}}\right)\right)$ $\begin{aligned} & \leq P\left(\left\|h_a v_b-h_a v_{\hat{b}}\right\|_F-\|w\|_F\right. \left.\leq\|w\|_F\right)\end{aligned}$ (12)
$P\left(v_{S M}\left(a, v_b\right) \rightarrow v S M\left(\hat{a}, v_{\hat{b}}\right)\right) \leq P\left(\left\|\left(\frac{h_a v_b-h_a v_{\hat{b}}}{2}\right)\right\|_F \leq\|w\| F\right)$ (13)
$P\left(v_{S M}\left(a, v_b\right) \rightarrow v_{S M}\left(\hat{a}, v_{\hat{b}}\right)\right) \leq Q\left(\sqrt{\frac{\gamma \|\left(h_a v_b-h_a v_b \|_F^2\right.}{2}}\right)$ (14)
where, γ is energy per spatially modulated bit sequence and the Q function is mathematically given as
$Q(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi}} \int_x^{\infty} e^{-\frac{z^2}{x}} d z$ （15）
The overall pairwise error probability (PEP) of spatial modulation multiple input multiple output system using union bound can be formulated as,
$P_e \leq \sum P\left(v_{S M}\left(j, v_l\right) \rightarrow v_{S M}\left(\hat{\jmath}, v_{\hat{b}}\right)\right)$ （16）
$\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{e}}=\sum_{\mathrm{a}, b} P\left(u_{S M}\left(a, v_b\right) \rightarrow u_{S M}\left(\hat{a}, v_{\hat{b}}\right)\right)$ （17）
Simulation results are obtained for spatial modulation wireless systems in matrix laboratory (MATLAB) platform to assess the metric of pairwise error probability against signal to noise ratio (SNR). Nakagami-m fading channel is considered with shape parameter m for various modulation order M, transmitter antennas Nt and receiver antennas Nr. The following Table 1 gives the simulation parameters, metrics and its corresponding values for spatial modulation multiple input multiple output system.
Figure 3 shows the pairwise error probability against signal to noise ratio (SNR) with modulation order M=2,4 and 8 with shape factor m=0. The number of transmitter and receiver antennas are 2 and 2 respectively. To achieve a PEP of 10-1, modulation order of 2 takes 3.2dB, modulation order 4 takes 5.6dB and modulation order 8 takes 9dB. When the modulation order of the system increases it requires more signal to noise ratio for 2 transmitting antennas and 2 receiving antennas. Also, the diversity gain is 4 which is the product of the number of transmitting and receiving antennas which can be minimal improvement in terms of performance.
Table 1. Simulation parameters and its metrics
|
Simulation parameter |
Metrics |
Values |
|
Data signal |
Binary Phase Shift Keying modulated signal |
Binary 0’s and 1’s |
|
Modulation Order |
M=2.4 and 8 |
2-PSK, 4-PSK and 8-PSK |
|
Fading channel |
Nakagami-m Fading Channel |
Complex Random Variables |
|
ShapeParameter (or)Fading Parameter |
m |
m=0.1 |
|
MIMO RF Chain |
Transmitter Antennas= Nt Receiver Antennas=Nr |
Nt=2.4; Nr=2.4; |
|
Evaluation Metric |
Pairwise Error Probability (PEP) |
10-1; 10-2; 10-3; |
Figure 3. Pairwise error probability versus SNR (dB) for shape factor m=0 and Nt =2and Nr=2 antennas
Figure 4. Pairwise error probability versus SNR (dB) for shape factor m=0 and Nt =4and Nr=4 antennas
Figure 4 shows the pairwise error probability against signal to noise ratio with modulation order M=2,4 and 8 with shape factor m=0. The number of transmitter and receiver antennas are 4 and 4 respectively. To achieve a PEP of 10-2, modulation order of 2 takes 5.8dB, modulation order 4 takes 6.8dB and modulation order 8 takes 9.1dB. As per obtained results when the modulation order of the system increases the performance of the spatial modulation MIMO system gets reduced due to the fact a symbol has increased number of bits.
Figure 5. Pairwise error probability versus SNR (dB) for shape factor m=1 and Nt =2and Nr=2 antennas
Figure 5 shows the performance when the shape factor is m=1 Nakagami-m fading channel for various modulation orders with 2 transmitter and 2 receiver antennas. To achieve a PEP of 10-1, modulation order of 2 takes 3.1dB, modulation order 4 takes 5.5dB and modulation order 8 takes 8.9dB. It infers when the shape parameter increases to 1 for Nakagami-m fading channel the SNR reduces by a significant value of 0.1dB in comparison to the results obtained in Figure 3.
Figure 6. Pairwise error probability versus SNR (dB) for shape factor m=1 and Nt =4and Nr=4 antennas
Figure 6 shows the performance when the shape factor is m=1 Nakagami-m fading channel for various modulation orders with 4 transmitter and 4 receiver antennas. To achieve a PEP of 10-2, modulation order of 2 takes 5.8dB, modulation order 4 takes 6.9 dB and modulation order 8 takes 9.1dB. It infers when the shape parameter increases to 1 for Nakagami-m fading channel the SNR reduces which implies that lesser power is needed for data signal transmission and reception. Further, medical signal such as electrocardiogram signal can be transmitted and received using spatial modulation MIMO systems.
Spatial modulation MIMO systems have profound interest towards reduction of RF chains. As in MIMO systems, there is requirement of large number of RF chain, bulkiness and complexity which gets reduced in spatial modulated MIMO system as compared to MIMO system. By virtue of the simulation results obtained in this research paper there is improvement in PEP for the lower order modulation M and significantly gets degraded for higher order modulation schemes in Nakagami-m fading channels in BPSK modulation scheme and its variant orders. Different antenna configurations have also been performed with respect to Nt transmitting and Nr receiving antennas. Further, development of upcoming 5G and 6G systems employing massive MIMO technologies and millimeter wave technologies can also employ spatial modulation which provide further research explorations.
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