Earth to Air Heat Exchanger and Its Applications in Arid Regions - An Updated Review

Earth to Air Heat Exchanger and Its Applications in Arid Regions - An Updated Review

Nasreddine Sakhri Younes Menni Ali J. Chamkha* Mohamed Salmi Houari Ameur

Laboratory of Energy in Arid Areas (ENERGARID), University of Bechar, B.P. 417, 08000, Bechar, Algeria

Unit of Research on Materials and Renewable Energies, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Abou Bekr Belkaid University, B.P. 119, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria

Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Sultan Endowment for Energy and Environment, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia

Department of Physics, University of M’sila, B.P. 1713, M’sila, 28000, Algeria

Department of Technology, University Center Salhi Ahmed of Naâma (Ctr Univ Naâma), B.P. 66, 45000, Naâma, Algeria

Corresponding Author Email: 
achamkha@pmu.edu.sa
Page: 
83-90
|
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.18280/ti-ijes.640113
Received: 
12 October 2019
| |
Accepted: 
12 October 2019
| | Citation

OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: 

Earth to Air Heat Exchanger ETAHE or Air Ground Heat Exchanger (AGHE) is a renewable technique based on geothermal source used for many centuries in arid and desert regions and considered as a principal element of vernacular and traditional architecture. Arid regions are characterized by a severe winter and summer weather conditions leads to a large thermal discomfort for the big part of the year. Many researchers studied the potentials of this technique to ensure thermal comfort inside buildings for summer and winter seasons. The present study is a review of numerical, experimental, parametric and economic studies of an earth to air heat exchanger with a focus on its application in semi-arid and arid regions. Using an air-to-ground heat exchanger for thermal comfort requires a deep understanding of geothermal deposits and these natural potentials and particularly in desert and arid regions.

Keywords: 

earth to air heat exchanger, air ground heat exchanger, geothermal source, arid and desert regions, semi-arid and arid regions

1. Introduction

Thermal comfort research returns to the onset of humanity on earth. Man has always sought to condition his living areas to ensure stability. Recent building architectural design highlighted the advantage and potential of natural ventilation systems for occupant’s thermal comfort. Natural ventilation has become a solution not only to reduce energy and cost, but also to provide thermal comfort and good indoor air quality [1-5]. An example of such innovative ventilation is the wind tower, solar chimney and earth to air heat exchanger.

Allard [6] defines the optimal air quality as air free of contaminants or harmful materials that can pose a risk to occupant’s health, which could cause irritation and discomfort. Natural ventilation provides fresh air for occupants through sustainable and energy-efficient methods [7]. Several numerical studies [8-18] and experimental studies [19-20] were conducted to investigate potentials and influencing parameters on natural ventilation.

2. Air-to-Ground Heat Exchanger

Air-ground heat exchanger (or Canadian underground tube) is an ecological, renewable and passive technique (without energy consumption) used since 3000 years B.C by the population of arid regions for conditioning and thermal comfort of their houses [21]. The principle is simple, a pipe of good thermal conductivity (steel, PVC, etc.) is buried at a certain depth where the annual temperature of the subsoil remains unchanged during the year [22]. Air, generally used as working fluid conducted heat transfers during its passage inside the tube where the ground work as heat or sink source due to its heat storage capacity [23]. It result two main thermal regimes:

Figure 1. Air-ground heat exchanger in operation during the day and summer period

During the day and the summer period (see Figure 1), the outdoor air temperature Text is higher than the temperature of the subsoil Tsoil. The air is pulsed naturally (by prevailing winds) or mechanically (by fan) inside the buried tube where it exchanges heat with the surrounding layer by conduction and convection where ground works as sink source and air loses some degree during its passage. Air will be injected directly into the building which improves cooling or natural ventilation [24-26].

During night and winter period (see Figure 2), outside air temperature is lower than the air temperature inside the building. Ground in this case work as a heating source to increase the temperature of the air passing through the device or the Tairoutlet > Tairintlet. The result is a preheating of air injected to the building, more airflow and improvement of occupant’s thermal comfort. The ability to work during all seasons of the year (winter and summer) shows the potential of this technique [27].

Figure 2. Air-ground heat exchanger operating during the night and winter period

3. Types of Heat Exchangers

Heat exchangers can be classified according to:

3.1 Air flow circuit

3.1. Closed loop, see Figure 3(a)

3.2. Open loop, see Figure 3(b)

3.3. Hybrid system, where the EAHE is used with air conditioning systems to reduce energy consumption and improve the system performance factor. Renewable techniques can also be combined with EAHE such as wind tower, solar chimney, etc.

Figure 3. EAHE with (a) closed loop and (b) open loop [28]

Figure 4. (a) Single tube EAHE and (b) multiple tubes EAHE system

3.2 Arrangement of buried tubes

3.2.1. Single tube system, see Figure 4(a)

3.2.2 Several tubes system, see Figure 4(a)

3.3 Alignment of the buried tubes

3.3.1 Horizontal EAHE, see Figure 5(a)

3.3.2 Vertical EAHE, see Figure 5(b)

Figure 5. (a) Vertical and (b) horizontal earth to air heat exchanger

4. Factors Influencing the Performance and Operation of AGHE
  • Geographic location
  • Climatic condition;
  • Composition and treatment of soil surface covering;
  • Physical properties of soil (moisture content, soil density, soil mineral composition, shape of soil particles, etc.);
  • Thermal properties of soil (thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity of the soil, penetration length)
  • Floor gluing with pipes;
  • Composition of the backfill material;
  • Temperature and air velocity;
  • Relative humidity of the air;
  • Parameters related to the pipe: material (PVC, steel, etc.), pipe length, diameter, thickness;
  • Depth of buried pipe;
  • Spacing between the pipes;
  • Roughness of the pipe;
  • Thermal insulation at the outlet of the pipe;
  • Running time; and
  • Sensitive and latent heat transfer.
5. EAHE Studies Review

Many researchers around the world have conducted numerical and experimental research to highlight the potentials of this technique. All begin with the geothermal source of the location where the good knowledge of the vertical profile of the temperature of the ground to know at which depth the tube of the exchanger will be buried. Several numerical models are developed and used for vertical subsoil temperature profile prediction. Mihalakakou et al. [29] presented a model for predicting the daily and annual change in soil surface temperature. Popiel et al. [30] conducted in-situ soil measurements in Poland between the summer of 1999 and the spring of 2001. Al-Ajmi et al. [31] propose a mathematical model to derive the profile of soil temperature in desert and arid regions.

Bojic et al. [32] have developed a two-dimensional model that estimates heat transfer between buried pipes and the subsoil. The model divides the subsoil into homogeneous and isotropic layers to facilitate the identification of existing thermal regimes. Paepe and Willems [33] simulated the operation of an EAHE under real climatic conditions. Gauthier et al. [34] developed a 3D model to predict the characteristics of circular and square EAHEs. The effect of energy accumulated in the ground on the functioning of the technique is studied by Bojic et al. [35]. The technique of earth to air heat exchangers has aroused the intention of researchers who have tried to model it numerically and study it experimentally. Chaturved and Bartaria [36] studied the cooling capacity of underground pipes. Also, the parameters affecting the operation of the air-ground heat exchanger technique for passive cooling have been studied. Several works [37-41] discuss numerical, parametric, experimental and economic studies carried out on the technique of air-to-ground heat exchangers.

The first experimental study on air-ground heat exchangers was conducted by Trombe et al. [42]. A tube of 48 m length and diameter of 0.2 m buried at 2.5 m underground was capable to create a difference of 10°C between the air temperature entering and leaving the system. Tzaferis et al. [43] conducted a numerical and experimental study of performance an air-to-ground heat exchanger made of PVC pipes buried at a depth of 1.1 m. Coherences between the numerical and experimental results have been found which validates the new model for designing purposes. Vaz et al. [44] studied experimentally and numerically by a calculation code based on the finite volume method (FLUENT) of distribution variation of the annual temperature inside a buried pipe. The obtained results show that the model was able to predict the temperature distribution with 15% for the biggest difference. Ghosal et al. [45] found an increase of 6-7°C in winter and a 3-4° reduction in summer within an agricultural greenhouse integrated to an EAHE. An experimental study conducted by Tiwari et al. [46] on an EAHE with continuous operation connected to a greenhouse confirms its capacities to function throughout the year and with different climatic conditions.

Bansal et al. [47] conducted an experimental and numerical study using a computational code on the influence of soil type with different conductivity (0.52, 2.0 and 4.0 W / m.K) on the efficiency of air-ground heat exchanger with 100 m length, 0.2 m diameter and air velocity of 5 m/s in the hot and dry region of Ajmer (India). They found that the air outlet temperature equal to 18.4°C, 18.7°C and 18.4°C for a thermal conductivity of 0.52, 2 and 4 W/m. K. The authors used a new parameter to evaluate the technique performance 'Derating Factor'. Haorong et al. [48] studied experimentally the coupling of EAHE and the solar chimney. They found that the new system was able to maintain a comfortable thermal environment inside the building that meets ASHRAE thermal comfort standards. A coupling between air-to-ground heat exchanger technology and a conventional compression air conditioning system has been questioned by Misra et al. [49]. EAHE is used to cool the condenser of the refrigerant circuit. The new hybrid system was able to reduce 18.1% of energy consumption. Soni et al. [50] have conducted an experimental study of a coupling between an EAHE and a conventional air conditioning system to ensure thermal comfort and achieve energy savings. The new hybrid system was able to reduce significantly energy consumption compared to a conventional air conditioning system.

In Algeria, an experimental study at the University of Biskra on PVC air-to-ground heat exchanger of 53.16 m length and 110 mm diameter buried at a depth of 3 m with 71 hours of continuous working regime was carried out by Belloufi et al. [51]. The temperature reduction reaches 18.06°C and the thermal efficiency reaches 78.96%. Menhoudj al. [52] studied the energy performance of an air-ground heat exchanger for buildings cooling in the region of Ghardaïa (South-east of Algeria). Sahli et al. [53] developed a one-dimensional numerical model to predict the performance of an air-ground heat exchanger with different depths dedicated to heating and cooling of buildings situated in South-west of Algeria (Béchar) by varying two parameters: the Reynolds number and the form factor. The simulation results are validated against experimental results. They found a good agreement between the numerical and experimental results. Misra et al. [54] conducted a study on the influence of soil moisture on thermal performance of an air-to-ground heat exchanger. They found that by changing the nature of the soil from dry to wet, the length of EAHE can be reduced from 14 to 12 m.

Kappler et al. [55] studied experimentally the use of a buried water tank as a heat accumulator. The results show that this technique has been able to ensure summer and winter thermal comfort. Jakhar et al. [56] studied numerically with TRNSYS 17 simulation Tools an EAHE and solar heating system. The study is validated with experimental results for the climatic conditions of Ajmer (India) for the winter period. They found that a system with 37 m EAHE, buried at 3.7 m depth was able to meet the required heating requirements. Chiesa [57] presents a simplified method for predicting the potentials of this technique taking into account the parameters that influence its functioning (climate, soil). Congedo et al. [58] studied the horizontal air-ground heat exchanger numerically in the summer and winter Mediterranean climatic conditions. The system was able to reduce significantly the use of air conditioning system. Wei al. [59] conducted a numerical study of fan replacement by a thermal draw system within a ventilated casing for the Chongqing Arid Region (China). They found that the new system was able to provide a cooling capacity of 56.3 kWh, and a heating capacity of 111.1 kWh for the warmest and coldest day of the ear.

A 1D model based on temperature and relative humidity is developed and tested by Su et al. [60] to study quantitatively and qualitatively the performance of the air-ground heat exchanger technique. Ramírez-Dávila et al. [61] conducted a numerical study and simulation of EAHE's performance for heating and cooling in 3 cities in Mexico. Each city is characterized by different climatic conditions. Juárez-Chihuahua characterized by a hot summer and cold winter; Mexico City with a moderate climate and Mérida-Yucatán with a hot summer. They found that EAHE performs better in summer than in winter. The temperature of the air decreases from 3.2 to 6.6°C in summer and increases from 2.1 to 2.7°C in winter. Shukla et al. [62] modelled thermal behavior of an agricultural greenhouse equipped with an EAHE. Bansal et al. [63] have studied numerically the heating capacity of an air-to-ground heat exchanger. The results were validated using experimental data show an increase of 4.1 to 4.8 °C in air temperature passing through the device.

An implicit-transient (variable) model was developed by Bansal et al. [64] to predict the cooling capabilities of an air-to-ground heat exchanger. The study is validated by experimental data. 8 to 12.7°C is the reduction of the air temperature passing through the device. The performance coefficient COP varies from 1.9 to 2.9 depending on the air velocity (2 to 5 m/s). The coupling between EAHE and an evaporative cooling system is studied numerically by Bansal et al. [65]. The use of the air-ground heat exchanger technique has allowed better control and improved thermal comfort. Maerefat and Haghighi [66] studied the coupling of the EAHE with a solar chimney in the same building. The authors state that with the right design, the new system will be able to create a comfortable indoor thermal environment for a considerable number of hours in the summer period. A complete parametric analysis was conducted by Ghosal et al. [67] to study the ability of EAHE to provide the heating requirements of agricultural greenhouses. Kumara et al. [68] propose an EAHE design tool based on neural networks. Ghosal and Tiwari [69] conducted a study of the parameters affecting the operation of an air-ground heat exchanger integrated into a greenhouse. Nayak and Tiwari [70] conducted a theoretical study of a possible combination between EAHE and solar energy using photovoltaic panel for agricultural greenhouses conditioning purpose.

Kumar et al. [71] proposes a new method for designing and dimensioning EAHE based on the heating and cooling requirements of new buildings. Tittelein et al. [72] used a numerical model based on response method to reduce time required for simulation. Chel et al. [73] developed a thermal model using the 4th degree Runge-Kutta method of a vaulted roof building connected to An EAHE. The results are validated by experimental data. The results showed that the difference in temperature between the air inside and outside the building was between 5 and 15°C for winter and summer respectively. They also found that the building's energy-saving potential increased from 4946 kWh / year to 10321 kWh / year. Also, the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) for ETAHE was 2 to 3. A study of the parameters influencing the performance of air-ground heat exchangers in arid regions was conducted by Hatraf et al. [74], such as the nature of the soil, depth, diameter of the pipe depth and induced airflow.

The coupling of EAHE and the photovoltaic-thermal energy of a solar panel connected to a greenhouse (located in Delhi, India) is studied by Nayak and Tiwari [75]. Its performance is evaluated over a year and finalized by an energy analysis. Also, a new PID control system associated with an air-ground heat exchanger was proposed to optimize its operation and ensure energy efficiency of the studied system. Gan [76] has developed a computer program to model and simulate heat and mass transfer between EAHE and the subsoil on its thermal performances for ventilation taking into account the dynamic variations of the climate and soil nature. The economic aspects of air-to-ground heat exchanger technique have been discussed by several researchers. Choudhury and Misra [77], Brum et al. 2018 [78], Taurines [79], Yang et al. [80], found that the EAHE technique is feasible and economically efficient while providing significant energy savings. Diaz et al. [81] use a system based on flow logic to ensure energy savings while improving the performance of an EAHE. Other studies on solar collector/heat exchanger channels can be found in previous studies [82-85].

6. Advantages and Disadvantages of EAHE Air-to-Ground Exchangers

The air-ground heat exchanger has the following advantages:

  • Simplicity of design and installation;
  • Adaptation to several types of soil;
  • For fully buried air-ground heat exchangers, the air outlet temperature depends only the inlet air temperature and the subsoil temperature;
  • Air is used as a working fluid;
  • Does not require energy for its operation in case of high wind speeds;
  • Requires less maintenance with lower costs; and
  • No pollution or greenhouse gas due to absence of any source of combustion.

Despite these advantages, the technique has the following disadvantages:

  • High installation price;
  • Condensation phenomenon inside the tube of the exchanger and possible development of micro-organisms which reduces the indoor air quality;
  • Outlet air temperature is non-uniform; and

High dependence to local climatic conditions in the presence of the upper parts of the tube above the ground, which influence directly and indirectly the thermal performance of the device.

7. Conclusion

The air-ground heat exchanger is an ancient technique invented by the Iranians before 3000 years A.C or they were called Qanât. Qanât is an underground network of water also serves as air ducts where the air in contact with the water loses some degrees. The air after its journey in the Qanats is injected into the living space, which creates more comfortable thermal environments inside buildings especially in arid regions. Using an air-to-ground heat exchanger for thermal comfort requires a deep understanding of geothermal deposits and these natural potentials and particularly in desert and arid regions.

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