Modeling of the Stress-Strain Relationship of Wood Material Beyond Its Elasticity Limit under Cyclic Compressive Loading: Comparative Study of Two Models

Modeling of the Stress-Strain Relationship of Wood Material Beyond Its Elasticity Limit under Cyclic Compressive Loading: Comparative Study of Two Models

Thierry FotheUlrich Gael Azeufack Bienvenu Kenmeugne Pierre Kisito Talla Médard Fogue

Reasearch Unit of Mechanics and Physical Systems Modeling (UR2MPS), Department of Physics, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O.Box 67, Cameroon

Research Unit of Engineering of Industrial Systems and Environment (URISIE), UIT-FV Bandjoun, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O.Box 134, Cameroon

Laboratoire d’Engineering Civil et Mecanique (LECM), Ecole Nationale Superieure Polytechnique de Yaoundé, Yaoundé P.O.Box 8390, Cameroon

Corresponding Author Email: 
thierryfothe@gmail.com
Page: 
64-70
|
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.18280/mmep.080108
Received: 
2 November 2020
|
Revised: 
12 January 2021
|
Accepted: 
26 January 2021
|
Available online: 
28 February 2021
| Citation

© 2021 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: 

In this work, we study the relative capacities of two mathematical models for the description of the stress-strain relationship of wood material subjected to damaging cyclic compressive stresses. The models studied are the Mazars-Pijeaudier Cabot model and the Fozao-Foudjet model (Fozao-Foudjet 2). The envelope curves obtained experimentally during the cyclic compression tests were approximated using the two mathematical models and the coefficient determination R2 was calculated for each of the models. It appears from the observations that the two models present a good fit to the experimental results. In addition, the Fozao-Foudjet 2 model used with the parameters and chosen such as 0.00≤λ0≤0.015 and 0.99≤λ1≤1.05, shows a better fit to the experimental results compared to the Mazar-Pijeaudier Cabot model.

Keywords: 

wood, cyclic compression, envelope curves, damage, mathematical models

1. Introduction

Wood is a biological material with impressive mechanical properties whose availability and ease of processing have made it the most used material for centuries. It operates at several levels in civil engineering, shipbuilding and many other fields. Its use has seen renewed interest in recent years due to the need to promote sustainable development while respecting the environment. The use of a material in the field of mechanical construction, whether in civil engineering, shipbuilding or simply carpentry, requires a prior knowledge of the mechanical characteristics of said material. These characteristics include the physicochemical properties of the material, the mechanical properties (Young's modulus, failure load, etc.) and the likely behaviors that these materials may exhibit when subjected to certain types of common stresses. The mastery of said characteristics not only guarantees better safety conditions, but also makes optimum use of the material. The study of the material in order to guarantee better safety conditions goes through the description of the various deterioration and rupture mechanisms of this material.

A material will be well known and therefore well valued if its different plasticity and damage mechanisms are well described. This problem is the subject of several studies carried out all over the world on the material wood [1-10]. The purpose of this study is to study the stress-strain relationship of some tropical species when they are stressed beyond their elasticity limits by cyclic compressive stresses.

It is shown that beyond the yield strength, a material exhibits nonlinear behavior. This nonlinearity is attributed mainly to the phenomena of plasticity and damage. These two phenomena are sufficiently well described by damage theory [11, 12].

Damage is the process of gradual deterioration leading to failure of the material [11], it begins with birth followed by the growth and coalescence of micro defects. The coalescence of the micro defects is the final step in the damage process and results in the appearance within the material of macroscopic cracks, thus marking the rupture of the material [12]. The first models for describing damage appeared in the 1960s when Kachanov [13] defined a mathematical variable for describing damage. Much work has therefore emerged on the modeling of damage to materials such as metals and concrete [11-16]. The modeling of the damage is generally done within the framework of the mechanics of the continuous damage developed by the authors such as Lemaitre and Chaboche [13] whose essential points are: (1) the choice of an admissible thermodynamic potential for the establishment of the constitutive laws of the observable variables (strain, and temperature) and (2) the appropriate choice of a potential of dissipation for the evolution of the internal variables (plasticity, damage). The difference between the damage models thus proposed can therefore mainly reside in the choice of the dissipation potentials and therefore in the choice of the form of evolution of the damage variable. This choice is, however, guided by experimental observations and must be made in ways that best reproduce these experimental observations [1]. There are thus many damage models in the literature which all differ from each other in the form of the law of evolution chosen for the damage [12, 14, 17]. However, the choice of a law of evolution being conditioned by experimental observation, it depends not only on the type of material studied, but also and above all on the type of stresses. The damage models are therefore developed according to the types of stress [1, 14].

One of the stress regimes responsible for material damage is the cyclic stress regime. These cyclic stresses can be low in amplitude in which case the damage is due to fatigue of the material after a high number of cycles; just as they can be of increasing amplitude and relatively high in which case damage occurs even after a low number of cycles [12]. This second type of solicitation is the subject of this study.

The modeling of the damage under cyclic load with low number of cycles was the subject of numerous works on materials such as steels and concretes. [11-17] Despite the large number of models existing for the description of the behavior cyclic of materials such as concrete and steels, there is to our knowledge very little model describing the behavior of wood material under cyclic stress at low number of cycles [18-21]. The objective of this study is to find, among two existing damage models for modeling the behavior of materials other than wood, the one capable of best describing the cyclic behavior at low number of cycles of wood.

Many damage models have been proposed within the framework of the modeling of cyclic behaviors, a large part of these models, based on the theories of plasticity and damage; although efficient remain difficult to apply to materials, this mainly due to the large number of parameters required for their use. A model widely used for its relative simplicity is that proposed by Mazars and pijaudier-cabot [22]. It was developed by the authors for the modeling of concrete damage. This model was subsequently adopted in the literature by many authors such as: Faria; Sima; Brecolleti [23-25], among many others for modeling concrete damage under cyclic stress. Recently it has been adopted in the framework of wood damage modeling by authors such as Wang [18]. The initial model as proposed by the authors is sometimes modified in order to bring improvements in the description of the damage Sima [23-28], but these modifications all the time bring an additional number of parameters and make the model more complex and therefore more difficult to use. One of the recent modifications made to the model is that carried out by Fozao-Foudjet [26] for the description of behavior of bamboo under cyclic stress. The model named Fosao-Foudjet 2 thus proposed by the authors has been shown to be more suitable for modeling the stress-deformation curves of bamboo under cyclic stress. The adoption of one or the other of these models within the framework of the modeling of the cyclic behavior of wood should be done by taking into account the capacity of the model to accurately describe the behavior studied, in this case the stress-strain relation. In this study, we are therefore interested in a comparison of the two damage models in their capacity to describe the stress-strain relationship through the envelope curves of the wood material subjected to cyclical stress. In our work, we plot the envelope curves proposed by the Mazar-Pijodiercabot and Fozao-Foudjet models, which we compare to the envelope curves obtained experimentally.

It is shown that the envelope curve of the material subjected to cyclic compression can be approximated by a stress-strain curve of monotonic compression. This monotonic compression curve includes: a linear part (zone with elastic behavior) and a nonlinear part describing the nonlinear behavior. The envelope curve is therefore generally defined by a set of parameters obtained experimentally including (1) the initial modulus of elasticity, (2) the strain at the elastic limit, (3) the coordinates at the top of the stress-strain curve, as can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Typical monotonic uniaxial stress-strain curve [23, 26]

2. Presentation of the Study Models and Experimental Methods

2.1 Presentation of models

The models object of our study are those of Mazar-pijaudier –Cabot [22] and Fozao-Foudjet [26]. The Mazar-Pijaudiercabot model was proposed for the description of the behavior of concrete under cyclic stress.The Fozao-Foudjet 2 model is obtained from the Mazar-pijaudiercabot model by the introduction of two parameters λ0 and λ1 with 1.00≤λ0≤1.38 and 0.0≤λ1≤0.13. For the description of the stress-strain relationship of bamboo. The mathematical expressions of the mazars-pijaudiercabot and Fozao-Foudjet 2 models are presented in Table 1. The original parameters were rewritten in terms of parameters obtained in the monotonic 1 D compression tests [23, 24].

Table 1. Mathematical expressions from Mazar-Pijeaudier-Cabot and from Fozao-Foudjet2 models

 

Equations of Mazar - Pijaudier cabot’s models

Equation of Fozao-Foudjet’s models

1

$\sigma =(1-D){{E}_{0}}\varepsilon $

$\sigma ={{\left( \frac{{{\varepsilon }_{c}}}{{{\varepsilon }_{0}}} \right)}^{{{\lambda }_{1}}}}(1-D){{E}_{0}}\varepsilon $ with 0.0≤λ1≤0.13

2

$D=1-\frac{{{\varepsilon }_{0}}}{\varepsilon }(1-B)-B\exp (\frac{{{\varepsilon }_{0}}-\varepsilon }{{{\varepsilon }_{c}}})$

$D=1-\frac{{{\varepsilon }_{0}}}{\varepsilon }(1-B)-B\exp (\frac{{{\varepsilon }_{0}}-\varepsilon }{{{\varepsilon }_{c}}})$

3

$B=\frac{\left[ {{\sigma }_{c\max }} \right.-\left. {{E}_{0}}{{\varepsilon }_{0}} \right]}{{{E}_{0}}\left[ {{\varepsilon }_{c}}\exp (\frac{{{\varepsilon }_{0}}-{{\varepsilon }_{c}}}{{{\varepsilon }_{c}}})-{{\varepsilon }_{0}} \right]}$

$B=\frac{\left[ {{\sigma }_{c\max }} \right.-\left. {{E}_{0}}{{\varepsilon }_{0}} \right]}{{{E}_{0}}{{\varepsilon }_{0}}\left[ {{\left( {{k}_{0}} \right)}^{{{\lambda }_{0}}}}\exp (\frac{{{\varepsilon }_{0}}-{{\varepsilon }_{c}}}{{{\varepsilon }_{c}}})-1 \right]}$

With ${{k}_{0}}=\frac{{{\varepsilon }_{c}}}{{{\varepsilon }_{0}}}$ and 1.00≤λ0≤1.38

In these formulas,

σ is the applied stress;

•${{\sigma }_{c\max }}$ is the maximum applied stress;

•${{E}_{0}}$ is the modulus of elasticity;

D is the Damage of the material;

•$\varepsilon $ is the total strain;

•${{\varepsilon }_{0}}$ is the elastic strain;

•${{\varepsilon }_{c}}$ is the strain at the maximum applied stress;

λ0 and λ1 are parameters of Fozao-Foudjet 2 model.

Figure 2. Zone of extraction of specimen (a) and dimensions of specimen (b)

Wood is a biological, anisotropic, heterogeneous and hygroscopic material. Each species of wood has its own physical properties. In addition, theses physicals and mechanicals properties are all dependent on its moisture content. The knowledge of a mechanical behavior of wood begins with the knowledge of its moisture content and its intrinsic mechanical caracteistics (modulus of elasticity and the failure load ect). The species studied are sapelli and iroko. The 30mmx30mmx90mm compression specimens were taken from the heartwood of each species according to standard NFB 51-003, Figure 2(a) shows the zone of extraction, while Figure 2(b) shows the dimensions of the specimen. The determination of the moisture content was made following the standard NFB 51-004. The moisture content is given by the relation:

$H=\frac{{{m}_{H}}-{{m}_{0}}}{{{m}_{0}}}x100$     (1)

where:

·H is the moisture content of the specimen;

·m0 is the mass of wood in an anhydrous state;

·mH is the mass of wood with moisture H.

The average humidity rate for our essences obtained during the tests was 19% for the sapelli and 15.82% for the iroko.

The determination of maximum stress followed the standard NFB 51-007. The test consisted of monotonic compressive loading at low velocity until failure of the specimen. The average breaking stress of the species determined by standard NFB 51-007 were 47.98 Mpa for sapelli and 45.80 Mpa for iroko for the obtained moisture contents. For the determination of the Damage cyclic compression loading and unloading tests have been made on longitudinal and radial directions of each species. Each cycle consisted of a monotonic loading phase, followed by an elastic unloading. The first load cycle was made at a maximum stress less than one third of the average breaking stress of each species (16Mpa for the sapelli end 15.3Mpa for the iroko). The value of the maximum stress for each cycle was incremented in the next cycle and the cycles were repeated until the specimen failed. The maximum cycle number was 06 for the longitudinal direction and 05 for the radial direction. The machine used for the tests was a motorized hydraulic compression machine of the DMY brand. The temperature of the experimental environment was stabilized at 23℃.

3. Results and Discussions

The envelope curves of the cyclic compression tests obtained by Fothe et al. [29] were plotted and approximated by the models of Mazar-Pijaudiercabot and Fosao-Foudjet. It is observed that both models give a good approximation of the stress-strain curve for stress levels below the yield stress where the material exhibits linear behavior. For the zone with nonlinear behavior, we observe divergences between the approximations of the two models. These divergences depend on the parameters λ0 and λ1 chosen for the Fozao-Foudjet 2 model; For certain values of these parameters, 1 and 0 respectively, one obtains a superposition of the Fozao-Foudjet curves on the Mazar-pijaudiercabot curves. This is easily explained by the fact that the Fozao-Foudjet model derives from the Mazars model by the introduction of the parametersλ0 and λ1. For other values of these parameters, the divergence between these two models is such that the curves of the Fozao-Foudjet model are closer to the experimental curves than that of Mazar-pijaudiercabot; thus making the Fozao-Foudjet model more apt to describe the stress-strain relation than the Mazar-pijaudiercabot model. The following Figures 3 a-d represent the experimental envelope curves and those proposed by the two models for certain values of λ0 and λ1 defined such as 1.00≤λ0≤1.38 and 0.0≤λ1≤0.13. For specimens in different directions.

(a) Measured and calculated data compared Sapelli in longitudinal Direction

(b) Measured and calculated data compared Iroko in longitudinal Direction

(c) Measured and calculated data compared Sapelli in Radial Direction

(d) Measured and calculated data compared Iroko in Radial Direction

Figure 3. Measured and calculated data compared

The following Tables 2-5 present the values of the parameters used in the plotting of the curves of the preceding figures. The coefficient of determination R2 [8] for the two models was calculated for each sample by the relation:

${{R}^{2}}=1-\frac{\sum\limits_{1}^{n}{(\sigma _{\exp }^{i}-\sigma _{cal}^{i})}}{\sum\limits_{1}^{n}{\left( \sigma _{\exp }^{i}-{{{\bar{\sigma }}}_{\exp }} \right)}}$     (2)

where:

•$\sigma _{\exp }^{i}$ is the experimental value of the stress;

• $\sigma _{cal}^{i}$is the value of the stress calculated by the model;

• ${{\bar{\sigma }}_{\exp }}$is the mean value of the experimental stress

The results are given in the following Tables 2-5.

It comes from the preceding Tables 2-5 that the values of the parameters and for each of the wood species and in each of the two directions are defined such that: 0.00≤λ0≤0.015 and 0.99≤λ1≤1.05. These values are lower than those proposed by Fozao-Foudjet in their study on bamboo. This difference can be explained by the fact that although they are both organic materials, wood and bamboo do not have the same cellular structure. The values of the coefficients of determination for each model and for all the test pieces in longitudinal directions of sapelli and iroko are such that R2≥98.86%. For the radial directions, this coefficient of determination for the great majority of specimens is such that: R2≥95.76%. These observations allow to conclude that the models of Mazar-PijaudierCabot and Fozao-Foudjet give good descriptions of the stress relation of formation of the wood material subjected to cyclic compressions.

However, for the entire test specimen, the coefficient of determination of the Fozao-Foudjet model is higher than that of theMazar-Pijaudiercabot model. This shows quantitatively that for the parameters and chosen such as 0.00≤λ0≤0.015 and 0.99≤λ1≤1.05. The Fozao-Foudjet 2 model gives a better description of the stress-strain relationship than the Mazar-Pijaudiercabot mode.

Table 2. Parameters used in the models for Sapelli in the longitudinal direction

 

Mazar’s Equation

Fozao-Foudjet 2

specimen

E0(Mpa)

σcmax (Mpa)

$\varepsilon_{c}$(x10-3)

$\varepsilon_{0}$(x10-3)

$\lambda_{0}$

$\lambda_{1}$

$B$

R2(%)

$\lambda_{0}$

$\lambda_{1}$

$B$

R2(%)

SAPL01

10482.38

46.18

5.8

2.5

1.00

0.00

2.43

99.24

1.02

0.010

2.35

99.37

SAPL02

9392.17

46.18

7.00

2.70

1.00

0.00

2.03

99.86

1.01

0.010

1.96

99.86

SAPL03

9506.12

46.18

7.3

2.73

1.00

0.00

1.83

99.46

0.99

0.0001

1.89

99.58

SAPL04

9506.12

46.18

6.9

3.4

1.00

0.00

1.95

99.60

0.99

0.01

2.03

99.73

SAPL05

13584.54

46.18

4.9

2.1

1.00

0.00

1.90

99.71

0.99

0.010

1.90

99.74

SAPL06

12919.52

46.18

4.8

2.6

1.00

0.00

2.21

99.49

0.99

0.015

2.21

99.61

Table 3. Parameters used in the models for Iroko in the longitudinal direction

 

Mazar’s Equation

Fozao-Foudjet 2

specimen

${{E}_{0}}$(Mpa)

${{\sigma }_{c\max }}$(Mpa)

${{\varepsilon }_{c}}$(x10-3)

${{\varepsilon }_{0}}$(x10-3)

${{\lambda }_{0}}$

${{\lambda }_{1}}$

$B$

R2(%)

${{\lambda }_{0}}$

${{\lambda }_{1}}$

$B$

R2(%)

IROKL01

6042.88

46.18

9.5

6.00

1.00

0.00

2.96

99.94

1.01

0.01

2.78

99.94

IROKL02

8068.25

42.76

6.4

4.4

1.00

0.00

3.17

99.79

1.00

0.01

3.17

99.77

IROKL03

9784.42

42.76

5.2

3.7

1.00

0.00

3.47

99.68

1.00

0.01

3.47

99.71

IROKL04

8002.97

42.76

6.6

3.1

1.00

0.00

2.89

99.69

1.00

0.01

2.89

99.75

IROKL05

9725.26

46.18

6.8

3.1

1.00

0.00

1.92

98.88

1.00

0.01

1.92

99.06

IROKL06

10862.97

42.76

5.8

2.6

1.00

0.00

1.76

98.86

0.99

0.01

1.83

98.99

Table 4. Parameters used in the models for Sapelli in the radial direction

 

Mazar’s Equation

Fozao-Foudjet 2

specimen

${{E}_{0}}$ (Mpa)

${{\sigma }_{c\max }}$(Mpa)

${{\varepsilon }_{c}}$(x10-3)

${{\varepsilon }_{0}}$(x10-3)

${{\lambda }_{0}}$

${{\lambda }_{1}}$

$B$

R2(%)

${{\lambda }_{0}}$

${{\lambda }_{1}}$

$B$

R2(%)

SAPR01

1424.60

 

13.68

15.9

4.8

1.00

0.00

1.53

94.99

1.02

0.01

1.44

95.76

SAPR02

1485.28

13.68

10.00

4.5

1.00

0.00

3.73

90.72

0.99

0.01

3.78

91.77

SAPR03

1592.15

13.68

15.87

4.4

1.00

0.00

1.26

97.10

1.02

0.01

1.26

97.51

SAPR04

1339.33

11.11

12.00

4.9

1.00

0.00

1.95

99.31

1.02

0.01

1.82

99.59

SAPR05

1321.76

11.11

11.3

5.3

1.00

0.00

2.32

97.21

1.02

0.01

2.15

97.80

Table 5. Parameters used in the models for Iroko in the radial direction

 

Mazars Equation

Fozao-Foudjet 2

specimen

${{E}_{0}}$(Mpa)

${{\sigma }_{c\max }}$(Mpa)

${{\varepsilon }_{c}}$(x10-3)

${{\varepsilon }_{0}}$(x10-3)

${{\lambda }_{0}}$

${{\lambda }_{1}}$

$B$

R2(%)

${{\lambda }_{0}}$

${{\lambda }_{1}}$

$B$

R2(%)

IROK R01

1227.35

8.55

13.6

4.9

1.00

0.00

0.91

99.28

1.01

0.00

0.86

99.29

IROK R02

1531.48

8.55

9.20

4.00

1.00

0.00

1.29

99.46

1.02

0.01

1.20

99.51

IROK R03

739.67

8.55

19.2

8.4

1.00

0.00

1.24

99.38

1.02

0.01

1.16

99.36

IROK R04

1474.80

8.55

10.8

4.4

1.00

0.00

0.88

98.19

1.05

0.01

0.75

98.49

IROK R05

1058.14

8.55

16.4

5.8

1.00

0.00

0.81

99.69

1.00

0.00

0.76

99.73

4. Conclusions

This work investigated the relative capacities of two damage models to describe the stress-strain relationship of wood materials subjected to cyclic compressive stresses. The models object of this study are the models of Mazar-Pijaudier Cabot and the model of Fozao-Foudjet 2. The experimental envelopes curves obtained from cyclic compression tests on the longitudinal and radial directions of the sapelli and the iroko were drawn and compared to the envelope curves proposed by each of the two models. The calculation of the coefficient of determination R2for each of the models was also carried out.

The results show a good agreement between the experimental curves and the two mathematical models. For the Fozao-Foudjet 2 models, this good agreement is obtained from the parameters λ0 and λ1 chosen as 0.00≤λ0≤0.015 and 0.99≤λ1≤1.05. The parameters of the model of Fozao-Foudjet 2, retained for the modeling of the cyclic compression of wood are thus defined such as 0.00≤λ0≤0.015 and 0.99≤λ1≤1.05. 

Moreover, for the parameters and chosen such as 0.00≤λ0≤0.015 and 0.99≤λ1≤1.05. The coefficient of determination for the Fozao-Foudjet 2 model is greater than that of the Mazar-Pijaudiercabot model for all of the two directions. This makes the Fozao-Foudjet 2 model a better candidate for describing the behavior of wood material subjected to cyclic compressions.

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