Andi Tenri*
| Muhammad Yunus | Aziz Thaba
© 2024 The authors. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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The main objective of this research is to explore the survival strategies used by women heads of poor households in Sadar Village, North Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study used descriptive qualitative method. Data collection used in-depth interview techniques and participant observation. This research uses primary data sources, namely poor female household heads, village heads, and representatives of the village community empowerment and development division. This research found several factors that cause poverty for female heads of households in Sadar Village, namely divorce, husbands no longer being productive, husbands dying, and husbands going abroad to earn a living. The socio-economic conditions that cause poverty among women heads of poor families in Sadar Village do not necessarily make them silent in accepting their fate. They continue to try to survive. This is reflected in the conditions: women actively work in various sectors even with low wages. However, some have obtained decent work, the level of women's education has been increased, although there are still low levels of education, access to assistance and access to special training courses for poor women is also starting to become easier and more open, as well as poor women's participation in activities in villages or other environments. has started to be improved. The strategies used by poor female household heads in Sadar Village to survive are entrepreneurship or work, waiting for results from other people, transferring to other people, and utilizing the resources available at the work location. It is hoped that the implications of this research will direct the efforts of the village government, regional government and related organizations to accelerate capacity building and economic empowerment for poor female heads of households in Sadar Village.
feminization of poverty, head of household, survival strategy, social economic
Bidarti stated that a common problem that occurs in various big cities, especially Indonesia, is the problem of poverty [1]. One of the causes is that many people are urbanizing from villages to cities in order to find work, while job opportunities are increasingly difficult to find so that migrants live below the welfare line. Apart from that, economic development and stability are still being optimized. The level of poverty in society greatly influences the pace of the economy and development. If the poverty level is still high while people have low incomes, economic progress will be difficult to realize. However, if the community's poverty level is low and decreases every year and the community's income increases, then development and the economy will progress.
There are several factors that are related to each other which are the main factors of poverty in Indonesia, namely: education level, income level, geographical location, gender, environmental conditions, and access to goods and services. As contained in the Term Development Plan National Intermediate 2004-2009, namely poverty is not only defined as economic disadvantage, but is a failure to fulfill basic rights and unequal treatment of a group or person in carrying out their lives with dignity. In general, the basic rights that are legitimized consist of the fulfillment of the needs for food, work, health, land, clean water, a sense of security, the environment and natural resources [2]. Poverty as a situation where a group or person, whatever gender, whose basic rights are not fulfilled in order to develop and maintain a life of sustainable dignity, is influenced by several factors, namely: education, income level, access to goods and services, health, gender, environmental conditions and geographical location [3, 4].
Based on the context, poverty is divided into three, namely: 1) Natural poverty, namely the condition of poverty which is influenced by several natural factors such as illness, disability, natural factors or old age; 2) Cultural poverty, poverty which is based on the lifestyle of a person or group of people due to living habits, attitudes and culture where they always feel lacking and not having enough; 3) Structural poverty, namely a condition of poverty created by humans themselves, corruption and collusion and a world economic system that leads to special group profits and unequal policies, unfair distribution of manufacturing assets [4]. Ahmad et al. [5] stated that poverty is a multi-parameter and complex social reality. Apart from the takers policy practitioners, including from the government (top-down perspective), poverty must also be understood from the perspective of various actors involved, poverty must also be understood subjectively by actors who actually experience it (bottom-up perspective) because poverty is a social reality that only those who are experiencing it and definitely understand it.
Currently, poverty is a very complex multidimensional problem, not only related to income issues, but also related to the insecurity and vulnerability of an individual or several individuals, both women and men, which makes them miserable. Differences in perspective can ensure significance regarding the character, context and conditions of misery, whatever causes of misery can be identified and how to overcome the problem of poverty.
There have been many poverty reduction programs that were launched during the era of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's administration (periods one and two) such as Direct Cash Assistance, Rice for the Poor, and National Community Empowerment Program. Furthermore, in the era of President Joko Widodo's administration through Smart Indonesia Program, Healthy Indonesia Program, Family Hope Program, Rastra (Prosperous Rice) or Social Food Assistance, Non-Cash Food Assistance, Program Agrarian Reform and Social Forestry, and the Village Fund Program [5].
Referring to data from the Central Statistics Agency as of July 2020, the poverty rate in Indonesia reached 31.02 million people, 13.33% of the total population in Indonesia in March 2010. Population poverty rate Indonesia reached 25.95 million people as of March 2018. The number of poor people decreased by 633.2 thousand people compared to September 2017. Meanwhile, That is, when compared to March of the previous year, the population poverty decreased by 1.82 million people. If the data is viewed according to the living environment, in the period September 2017-March 2018, the total number of poor people in urban areas decreased by 128.2 thousand people, while in rural areas it decreased by 505 thousand people. The percentage of poverty in urban areas was reduced from 7.26 percent to 7.02 percent. Apart from that, in rural areas, it decreased from 13.47 percent to 13.20 percent [6].
The problem of poverty in North Luwu Regency is also in the main spotlight, because the source of research results from Central Statistics Agency of South Sulawesi in 2020, the poverty rate of North Luwu Regency is relatively high and is in third position at 13.59% below Jeneponto Regency 14 .28 percent and Pangkep 14.28 percent [7].
Usually, the concentration of poverty is categorized into certain populations, for example, women, single parents, the elderly, children, homeless people, disabled groups and certain ethnic groups. Women's poverty is one model of poverty which is currently emerging in Indonesia. There are 16.12% of families headed by females and poor in March 2021. Tamsah et al. [8] state that women's poverty is the feminization of poverty namely poverty which is concentrated among women, especially women who act as heads of families which is related to their lower income compared to men. From a feminist perspective, the process of women's impoverishment occurs because of the gender-biased social construction that causes its emergence oppression and domination of women. Ferguson views women as being oppressed by men through history long social structural arrangements that initiate, support, and legitimize the conditions of oppression [4].
Generally, in developing countries, Indonesia in particular, women are placed below men. The roles and functions carried out by women in certain groups in an indirect, conscious way are generally built on the basis of certain customs and customs of second-class citizens. Gender bias in society generally occurs in this position. One of the sources of subordination and discrimination against women according to CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency) is published in the journal Analysis Social; Women, Poverty and Decision Making show that in gender issues and household (domestic) poverty [5].
The inequality that exists in households indicates that women and men experience unequal forms of differentiation, for example (1) different tasks in managing family finances, (2) different use of food, health services, types of medicine, as well as education, supervision regarding use, household power, (4) uneven job classification because there are women's reproductive responsibilities, and (5) paths regarding the origin of inventions, for example, land, capital, ownership, and also education and training. Apart from that, in relation to poverty, it is possible to quickly become a problem for women and that women are the biggest contributors to economic disadvantage, this is what is known as the feminization of poverty [8].
Poverty for women is a problem, because if Poverty is seen as a denial of human rights, so it is necessary to recognize that poor women who are among the poor certainly experience twice as much suffering as the denial of their human rights, this is caused by gender disparities and poverty/squalor itself [9]. Even though a woman and a man are both poor, the cause of poverty could be due to experiences, reasons for different abilities in dealing with it.
For women, the poverty they feel comes from economic limitations. This bad situation is because someone who has the female gender has worsened her capacity to live and becomes a person who is categorized as a low class in society. One of the roots of poverty is the lack of financial support women related to public services, economic productivity, and how to lead and participate in the government sector in order to fulfill their daily needs as individuals with dignity. Cruelty, sexual delinquency, multiple work responsibilities and at the same time placing them into products and objects are other bad conditions faced by women and children. Woman. This situation and procedure is then understood as the feminization of poverty as a condition of women's poverty which is caused by devotional activities to satisfy their rights because the individual has the female gender.
In Indonesian history, the feminization of poverty continues and has played a role in women's resistance since the colonial era. Eliminating forced marriages, ending "Chinese Mindring" or the sale of women, increasing women's education, participation in state administration and other things that have been on the agenda since the first women's Congress existed in 1928 [5]. However, until now we are still faced with the same problems, even though the names and forms are different. The problem of the feminization of poverty is actually becoming sustainable and not just disappearing because it is caused by several factors, namely the increasing harshness of old-fashioned perspectives as well as procedures and policies that lead to the process of privatizing public services and the strictness of patriarchal customs [10].
Tackling poverty without solving problems specifically for women will still leave millions of poor women who will always be poor. Therefore, it is time to stop patriarchal culture, to abolish principles that support or privatize public services and that undermine a culture that respects diversity. If the government catches up, the poverty rate will decline from 10.96 percent to 7.0-8.0 percent in 2019, in calculations statistics make it possible to achieve. However, quantitative reduction cannot be a contribution to stopping the severity and depth of poverty, especially for women [11].
The level of poverty for heads of families controlled by women tends to be much higher than heads of families controlled by men because of fundamental problems: because of the principal problem: the inequality of qualifications between women and men, especially regarding achievement, education. In reality, despite the disparity between women and men getting narrower, women are still far behind men in terms of educational attainment.
Without touching framework of the feminization of poverty, ending poverty is impossible. A mission has been emphasized as a national development priority the 2015-2019 period, namely: ending segregation from various gender perspectives; preparing equal paths for the public in all community services as well as economic facilities and needs; controlling poverty and unemployment in a rapid manner; controlling social inequality as a whole and increasing defense for communities, groups and regions that are particularly vulnerable; as well as creating and equalizing expansion and justice by increasing territorial expansion [3, 8].
The feminization of poverty is generally seen in the case of the head of the house female household, where women have the dual position of head of the family and housewife [3, 12]. In Indonesia, a very hotly discussed issue is the phenomenon of heads of households poor women because quite a few poor households are led by women with low capability, amounting to 16.12 percent or around one million households poor in March 2021 led by women. In addition, it is 11.03 percent or as many as 1.2 million poor children come from households that headed by women [13, 14].
North Luwu Regency as one of the regencies in South Sulawesi is also experiencing the problem of feminization of poverty, there are around 4000 households in North Luwu Regency which are led by women and are in poor conditions, with this high number resulting in multiple roles that apply to women, especially poor women city. This dual role occurs when a woman holds the same job as a housewife and as head of the household. Usually, cases like this occur in conditions of widows and/or wives who have to work to meet household needs for other reasons. One of the villages in North Luwu Regency which has the highest number of poor female household heads is Sadar Village, Bone-Bone District, with 235 people. As explained previously, the problem of gender inequality in handling poverty also occurs in Sadar Village. Not only that, there has not been a comprehensive effort to understand and explore the socio-economic factors and conditions of poor female heads of households in Sadar Village. For this reason, it is very important to identify the factors that cause female heads of households, the socio-economic factors that cause poverty, as well as the strategies that poor female heads of households have used in Sadar Village so far. This is important to do so that poverty alleviation programs run by the government or related agencies are right on target and effective.
The feminization of poverty refers to the disproportionate impact of poverty on women compared to men [15-18]. This phenomenon has been widely studied and documented in various countries and regions around the world [18, 19]. Research has shown that there are multiple factors contributing to the feminization of poverty [20]. These factors include gender discrimination [18, 21], limited access to education and employment opportunities [19, 22], unequal pay for equal work [21, 23], the burden of unpaid care work [19, 23], and systemic barriers that hinder women's economic empowerment [17, 24]. Furthermore, research has also highlighted the intersecting factors of race, ethnicity, and other forms of social inequality that further compound the feminization of poverty for marginalized women [17, 19, 25].
The problem of poverty is a persistent and pervasive issue that affects individuals and communities worldwide [15]. In the Philippines, poverty remains a mainly rural phenomenon, with rural female heads of households being particularly vulnerable [26-28]. According to the sources, poverty levels in rural areas are strongly linked to educational attainment [26]. Furthermore, poor households tend to have large families, with six or more members, placing an additional strain on their already limited resources. Additionally, governance and institutional constraints hinder the effective implementation of poverty reduction programs, further exacerbating the problem [12, 27, 29-31]. Furthermore, these households are also more vulnerable to shocks and risks such as natural calamities, armed conflict, and health deterioration [28, 32]. This vulnerability often leads to a cycle of chronic poverty, making it difficult for rural female heads of households to escape the grasp of poverty [33, 34].
The problem of poverty for rural female heads of households is complex and multi-faceted. It requires a comprehensive approach that addresses various factors such as educational opportunities, access to resources, social support systems, and institutional capacity building [20, 33, 34]. To effectively alleviate poverty for rural female heads of households, short-term measures should be implemented to ensure food security and nutrition, such as providing support for diet diversity and micronutrient consumption [33]. In addition, long-term measures should be put in place to promote sustainable agriculture and strengthen women's property rights. These measures can empower rural female heads of households, enabling them to better cope with food price increases and improve their overall livelihoods [34, 35].
The problem of poverty for rural female heads of households is a multifaceted issue that requires comprehensive solutions [20]. Addressing the problem will require a combination of short-term measures, such as providing support for diet diversity and micronutrient consumption, and long-term measures that promote sustainable agriculture and empower women through property rights [27, 36]. In conclusion, the problem of poverty for rural female heads of households is complex and interconnected. It requires a holistic approach that addresses various factors such as education, family size, governance, and access to resources. The problem of poverty for rural female heads of households is a complex and multifaceted issue. Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive approach that considers factors such as educational attainment, household size, vulnerability to shocks and risks, and institutional constraints in the poverty response.
3.1 Types of research
The research that will be carried out by researchers uses types qualitative research with a descriptive approach. According to Harper [37], descriptive qualitative research is research methods that are usually used to research conditions natural objective where the researcher acts as a key instrument. Meanwhile, Khan [38] defines method descriptive as a method that describes an objective situation or certain events based on appropriate facts then accompanied by efforts to draw general conclusions based on these historical facts. In addition, descriptive studies acc Cresswel is a research focused in the study of problems that exist today [39].
3.2 Research location
This research was carried out in Sadar Village, Bone-Bone District, North Luwu Regency. This village was chosen with consideration; 1) Sadar Village is one of the ten villages with the highest poverty rate, including poverty of female heads of households; 2) Sadar Village is one of the underdeveloped villages which is the government's priority to become an empowered village; 3) As a result of the high poverty rate, Sadar Village is a village with a very high rate of social crimes, such as teenage fights, theft, household conflicts, and various other socio-economic problems.
3.3 Data collection technique
Researchers use data collection techniques, namely observation techniques, interview techniques and documentation techniques. In this research, the researcher made observations about and condition of the heads of the house poor women's households in North Luwu Regency. Researcher conduct interviews with several required informants, who have certain criteria, namely poor women who become head of household in North Luwu Regency. In this case, the document is not limited to space and time so gives researchers the opportunity to find out about things from the past that have occurred for data reinforcement in checking the validity of the data, making interpretations and drawing conclusions.
3.4 Sampling technique
In this research, researchers used purposive sampling techniques. The selection of a group of subjects in pursive sampling is based on certain characteristics which are considered to have a close relationship which have been applied based on the research objectives [40]. This purposive sampling technique selects subjects based on those who are deemed to have extensive enough knowledge to be able to answer the questions that will be asked by the researcher. In this research, the informants who will be interviewed are women who are heads of households in North Luwu Regency and are included in the poor category, village heads, and representatives of the division of capacity strengthening and empowerment of poor communities from the regional government. Because this research involves humans as data sources, all information relating to informants is disclosed based on mutual agreement, including only name and age. Informants do not wish to reveal more personal information such as photos, telephone numbers or other personal documents.
3.5 Data validity
This research uses source triangulation to test data validity and data reliability. Triangulation is an examination technique the validity of the data through something else from outside the data as a check or comparison of the data [38]. Source Trangulation tries to ask something the same through different sources. In this research, the researcher attempted to compare the data with other data that has different points of view, such as between the administrators of the neighborhood association division and the local community association division as well as documentation that researchers obtained.
3.6 Data analysis technique
Data analysis techniques aim to process and analyze data collected into one systematic and meaningful data. Data analysis is the process of systematically compiling what is obtained from the results of interviews, field notes, and documentation compiled into categories and breaks them down into units and patterns leads to a conclusion [41]. According to Miles and Huberman stated that activities in qualitative data analysis can be carried out interactively and continue continuously until completion [42].
4.1 Description of the feminization of poverty in Sadar Village
The feminization of poverty in Sadar Village is a condition that is detrimental to women who become poor, especially women who act as female heads of households. There are 235 poor female heads of households in Sadar Village, 32% of whom are aged 15-25 years, 46% aged 26-40 years, the rest are aged over 40 years. If we look closely, the majority of poor female heads of households are still in the workforce and are productive. The following describes in detail the findings of poverty reduction in Sadar Village, especially for female heads of households.
4.1.1 Background to the feminization of poverty
The feminization of poverty occurs in one form making women the head of the family or head of the house ladder. The female head of the household is a woman who is considered responsible for their household, namely: 1) Women are not married. Is a woman who is not tied down with marriage and responsibility for the home the steps, 2) Married women. Namely, women who are tied to marriage but living separately from the husband so that the woman heads the household, and 3) The woman is divorced or dead and has not remarried and not returned to the birth family or in-laws [43].
Several things could appear to be factors in the background of how women can become heads of the housing ladder. From the results of interviews with several informants, the background of the feminization of poverty and making them into the head of the household is:
Husband dies
Of the seven informants, there were three informants stated that it was their background that made them who they were head of household due to the death of the husband. This matter which then makes them inevitably have to work herself fulfills household needs in place of her husband. The average informant has been the head of the household for a period of time within 2-3 years, there was even one informant named Mrs. Muliati who had been head of the household for 14 years.
“Yes, about 14 years old, sis, when my father was sick about 2 years, then after my father died in 2006," Mrs Muliati 49 Years.
As experienced by Mother Muliati who was left behind died of her husband of approximately 14 years, leaving two the children from their marriage are all still in school. Mrs. Muliati's husband died in 2006, before being declared the death of Mrs. Mulaiti's husband already has a history chronic illness, so that before her husband died, Mrs. Muliati was used to working alone without relying on her husband.
Unproductive husband
The factors behind women becoming heads of the next household is the condition of the husband who is not productive again or are sick and still have to replace roles husband as breadwinner in the family. Be the backbone family when the main breadwinner is sick, it is a woman have to work harder to meet household needs as well as to fulfill their husband's treatment. From the results interviews, there were two informants who had this background, namely Mrs. Kartiyem and Mrs. Timin both have to work to make ends meet household needs when the husband is sick.
I've been sick for a long time, I've had a stroke, right? It's hard to want to work again. Then every month the children are allocated... child. But yes, it's not enough for daily food and... sometimes to buy medicine. Yes, I open a small shop whenever I can me” Mrs. Kartiyem, 68 years old
The story of Mrs. Kartiyem, who had to work in her place her husband who had been sick for about three years years making him the main breadwinner in the family. According to the story, Mrs. Kartiyem's husband previously worked as a coolie building, and one day had an accident then it resulted in him having a stroke and never again can work. However, there was not much that Mrs. Kartiyem could do at that time apart from relying on money from their children already working. However, in the end Mrs. Kartiyem decided to open a small shop business to connect live while waiting for money from their existing children work.
Divorce with susband
When husband and wife agree to divorce, usually women will lose the people who used to support them deeply household, so women must continue to work to fulfill their needs, especially if the child is in the care of a woman. This matter making it a challenge for women to prove that when without men, they can still fulfill household needs. Of course, there is a background leading to a divorce, some cases show factors that cause divorce, such as lack of responsibility from both parties (husband and wife), there is no harmony in the household, adultery occurs one or both parties (husband and wife), as well as economic factors [44]. From the results of interviews in the field, there are two informants which have a divorce background between Mrs Ninuk and Mrs. Sri Rahayu.
“I divorced my husband in 2017, sis, because economic problems and a husband who works far away rarely comes home also. Previously I only took care of the household small online sales, husband works to make money, but after the divorce I looked for a job with a steady income, I got it at the restaurant there," Mrs. Baharia, 38 years old
The information obtained from Mrs. Baharia includes, among other things, Baharia's mother experienced a divorce in 2017. Initially the author did not get an answer as to the cause of her divorce, however Finally he said that the divorce occurred because of the husband worked outside the island for several years and rarely came home In fact, it is often late to send monthly money, so this happens the spices of fighting that led to their relationship lack of harmony and have an impact up to divorce with custody The child fell to Mrs. Baharia. Until now, Mrs. Baharia lives with his mother and worked as a household assistant at a restaurant that is still in the same area as where he lives. Before the divorce, Baharia's mother was only a housewife while selling online and helping his mother's business. However, After the divorce, Baharia's mother started looking for work fixed income to meet his and his children's needs still in school.
Husband goes abroad
When the husband is required to earn a living for the family, while the work he was engaged in makes him have to stay far away from family, like it or not, women are the ones who must replace the husband's position while at home. Besides that, Women can also work here to increase their income family. As experienced by Mrs. Marsinah and Mrs. Ngatinah. Their husbands both work outside the city as workers building projects and moving from place to place, so as to going home can only be counted on the fingers of one hand. To increase the family income because of course the husband will send money once a month, Ibu Marsinah and Ibu Ngatinah also work, opening a laundry like Mother does Marsinah and becoming a household assistant as was done by Mrs Ngatinah.
“My husband has been involved in a project in Pati since 2018 It's not wrong sis, you don't have to go home sometimes every 3 months, I even got home half a year ago. But yeah, that's okay "People are looking for money," Mrs. Marsinah, 43 years old
4.2 Socioeconomic conditions of female heads of households poor
Social life has the meaning of humans as living creatures have the instinct to always live together within environment, while what is meant by economic life is that humans have basic needs that must be fulfilled for survival [45].
4.2.1 Social conditions of poor female heads of households
In this research, the author further explains the conditions of social aspects in many aspects, namely work aspects, background education, participation in social activities in the surrounding environment, accessibility to health and education, acceptance assistance to poor families from the government, participation in training to increase productivity for women, social impacts received while being the head of the household, and the last is social acceptance or acceptance by surrounding environment.
Occupation of female head of household
Work is the most important thing for them the woman who is the head of the family, because without jobs they would not have the income to meet the needs of their family members. The results obtained in the field showed that the seven informants have heterogeneous jobs, ranging from traders, factory employees to household assistants.
"If you were my age, where else would you work, sis? The best thing is to go with someone, I also have dependent children small 1 rather than no one to take care of it then I tried- Just try opening a business, thank God, that's how it is now” Mrs. Suparmi, 49 years old
Educational background of female heads of house ladder
Education is important in this era modern as it is today. This is then what can be done influence their job search process female head of household. Educational background can be used to see how far along they will be and can easily capture information about their work, so that the quality of Human Resources (HR) can be determined one way or another through background this education.
Based on the results in the field, it shows that almost all informants have a background the same education, namely secondary school graduation Upper or high school/equivalent, whichever is the level of education is reasonable as determined by the government in field of education. And when you look at the world of work, of course, many job vacancies set limits educational standards for prospective workers upon graduation from high school/equivalent.
According to researchers, educational background and its impact on the job obtained by This poor female head of household is not like that it has an influence because if you look at the type of work taken by them mostly are jobs in the sector informal or a type of entrepreneurship and work for individual, so it doesn't matter that much their educational background.
Participation of female heads of households in activities in the surrounding environment
Living as the head of the household obliged to support family members women have to work extra, and possibly making it difficult for them or lack of time to get it interact or take part in activities in the local environment live them. According to field results, several informants said that they could still take part in activities in the environment but there are also those who are less active because of various reasons, such as feeling old or not can always take part in all activities, even if there are difficulties dividing time between work and environmental activities. The various activities they participate in are such as: including Empowerment of Family Welfare, social gathering, community service, Family Development Teenagers, regular monthly recitation, there is even one informant named Mrs. Suparmi who is the Chairperson Dawis in his neighborhood.
"Certainly come along, so that if we have information, we will too I know, sis. Moreover, I am the head of the Dawis, so I can take part in the events. "Continue the event, sis," Mrs. Suparmi, 49 years old
Access to education and health for poor families headed by a woman
In life, needs such as health and education is a very basic need necessary, not least for poor families who headed by women. Ease of access to vital areas that should be obtained by poor families, especially families in weak categories like this one headed by women.
But in reality, not all of these families get easy access to the field of education and health. Proven from those who still have to pay for children's education costs, and do not receive free access to hospitals. But there are also quite a few From the start, it has had easy access because received intervention from the government. Apart from access from the government, informants work in the industrial sector of course you already have special health insurance employees, as received by Mrs. Sri Rahayu.
What I have is a health guarantee from the factory sis, there's nothing from the government," Mrs. Sri Rahayu, 43 years old
Ease of access to assistance for poor families headed by a woman
For families in the poor category, assistance is sometimes necessary for them to support their needs felt less fulfilled due to low income. Help is not only in the form of money, it can also be in the form of basic commodities food, and even capital assistance if someone has it business. Not only from the government, help can come from anywhere, it could be from the private sector or communities' poverty alleviation.
The results in the field show that the informant have different types of assistance from one to another others, such as holiday assistance received by Mrs. Ponirah, routine Family Hope Program (PKH) that Mrs. Ninuk and Mrs. Sulastri received, assistance business capital received by Mrs. Pujiarti, as well as assistance from the work institution where Mrs. Timin's husband works.
"If you get help before getting a divorce, I'll register with you PKH sis, until now I still get ki, I don't know Someday it will be revoked, I don't know. But so far "This assistance is really helpful," Mrs. Ninuk, 38 years old
Training and human resource development for women
Training and human resource development is usually carried out in the form of training to increase creativity individuals, especially vulnerable groups, are wrong the only one is a woman. Usually, the government will provide training programs such as sewing training, making cakes, as well as training that produces goods economic value that can later be put into practice in their respective homes for resale so increase their income.
Field results show that there was only 1 informant namely Ms. Pujiarti who has attended training, the rest never followed. Training followed by Mrs. Pujiarti, namely MSME training in 2016 In the past, this might have happened because of the business they had by Mrs. Pujiarti so that he was included in coaching the.
"It wasn't from the sub-district, Miss, who told you I used to be the one who liked to buy karak at my place, from I forgot the name of that place of work. The training is just listening to people say that to me I don't understand what parents are called either hehe. Yes, just "That's a knock," Mrs. Pujiarti, 68 years old
Social impacts received by female heads household
As a mother and main breadwinner for family, women must be good at dividing their time for home matters and work matters, when working outside the house takes up a lot of time, it can work Households are neglected, so they use services Household assistants are something you can choose from dealing with piled up homework. However, what happens if the results of their work are not sufficient if you have to pay a household assistant? The results show that they are working women This does not use household assistants at all in completing their homework. They are required to divide their time between work and completing household chores, this is what causing a double burden, namely women have to working in two sectors, the internal sector (household) and external sector (working to earn a living). Such that expressed by Mrs. Kartiyem who still has to work on it doing homework alone without help from family members others, as well as Mrs. Suparmi and Mrs. Marsinah too do your own homework because of course have free time.
"Yes, after selling, I cleaned up the house. Sales I'm at home alone, Grandma, when there's no one around I'll buy it and clean up the house, sis cook it like that, so early in the morning I've already cooked it breakfast, if it's lunch I usually cook it when you have finished trading," Mrs. Suparmi, 49 years old
Social acceptance or acceptance from society about women headed households
Living as social creatures requires us to interacting with other people, one of which is build relationships with local neighbors. Connection what is good with neighbors is when neighbors are mutual care for each other thus creating an environment which is harmonious. Acceptance and respect for families headed by women are one of them proof that women have been well received in his environment. This was also expressed by informant that local residents have a relationship good with them. They tend not to concerned about the status of female heads of households this and continue to live in harmony.
"The neighbor's attitude is normal, yes, if I sell, yes bought. That's normal," Mrs. Suparmi, 49 years old
4.2.2 Economic conditions of poor female heads of households
A person's economic condition can be seen from several aspects, in this case, the researcher focuses on several aspects, namely income, economic difficulties experienced, as well as the involvement of family members others in meeting economic needs
Income
Income is the most important thing in life, because without income, life's needs will not be met, especially for female seekers main income in the family. If income is low, Fulfillment of life's needs will also be disrupted. Results interviews with informants show that in part of them have a fixed income, namely those who work for other people or laborers like Mrs. Ninuk.
“My salary is calculated per week, yes, for a shop the crowd could be between 200-300 thousand per week, sis. Thank God, sometimes I still bring vegetables from the stall also for eating at home" Mrs. Ninuk, 38 years old
Economic difficulties experienced
With the low income of female seekers This livelihood, of course, creates difficulties for they are female heads of household. Research result shows the difficulties they are experiencing average on insufficient income for satisfaction of needs during the period before income next accepted. For example, Mrs. Sri Rahayu whose income is accumulated for one month, Later, there won't be a full month of income yet thinning out or even running out due to expenses for life greater than his income. Also for Mrs. Sri Dewi, who receives a salary once a week, sometimes not yet Even one week's income has almost run out.
"The term is, the peg is bigger than the pole, sis, You only get your salary for 2 weeks, sometimes it's already gone, you know How does it work? It's just me, that's what I think "It's still not enough," Ms Sri Rahayu, 43 years old
Involvement of other family members fulfillment of economic needs
Because of some of the difficulties that have been described above, it is not impossible that this woman was involved other family members to work for a little reduce the economic burden borne by women. This can be done if other family members old enough to work and live at home with them. According to research results, some informants involved other family members especially their children to work, though doesn't help significantly financially, kids will automatically fulfill personal needs themselves without having to ask their parents, and this slightly lightens the burden on the female head of the house ladder.
"My son is already working, sis, so the burden is a little lighter. And I was also rationed from "Her salary is ready, thank God," Mrs. Suparmi, 49 years old
4.3 Survival strategies of poor female heads of households
With the emergence of various problems faced by They are female heads of household, of course there is a strategy or the methods used by them to stay fulfill their life needs. When summarized, there are several strategies What the female head of the household does working or being self-employed, using a place to work, waiting for the work of other family members, to making loans.
Work or entrepreneurship
This method is the most common way they do it as the main breadwinner in the family. Because if they don't work, automatically other family members don't his life needs will be met. One might even say, way This is a mandatory method for some female heads of the house stairs so that life can continue.
Some informants were used to working before Being left by your husband is certainly easier to adapt to, but for... those who are basically just housewives, working or opening a business is a new thing to do to fulfill the lives of other family members.
"Yes, for my family's needs I have to work, right? At that time there were people who needed an assistant to help them The shop is quite close to the house, so I'll get to work there, what will happen to my child if I don't work?" Ibu Ninuk, 38 years old
Utilizing existing resources in the workplace
To be able to save expenses, someone can carry out subsistence activities or replace goods needed with other goods that may have a price low or even free, this will certainly save you money expenses from poor families so that existing funds can used for other things.
Utilization of existing resources in this workplace if traced according to the results of this research are those which was carried out by Mrs. Ninuk working as a household assistant, according to Mrs. Ninuk said, she got a portion of food or vegetables was left over from the day's sales, so he always took the remaining portion of vegetables home so he could eat at home together other family members, so the money is due used for daily meals can be trimmed and used for other activities.
“I work at a food stall, sis, sometimes I don't have all the leftover vegetables, well that's sometimes I was told to take it home by my boss, thank God, sis save money on food. Sometimes it's the same as the side dishes." Mrs. Ninuk, 38 years old
Waiting for the results of other family members' work
Apart from working alone, the woman is the head of the household also involves other family members to work, so that income is not only from the head of the household, but also from other family members. This matter makes the female heads of household expect their child's work to increase family income. So if the income earned the female heads of these households are not enough, they are can still rely on the income of other family members to meet life's needs. As experienced by Mother Marsinah, sir hoping for the results of her husband's retirement.
"My husband sometimes sends money once a month, sometimes once every two weeks. Yes, for example, the results from laundry or not enough, I still have hope of waiting for my husband's salary sis” Mrs. Marsinah, 43 years old
Making loans to other people
The easiest thing and most people do if experiencing economic deprivation, namely by doing loan. Options that can be achieved in an easy way and the short time makes them sometimes get used to taking out a loan when they feel their needs have not been met. It is evident from almost all informants that they will take out a loan if they ever experience difficulties to meet needs. Usually they do loans to close relatives or to savings and loan cooperatives. They consider this to be an effective way to earn money quickly and easily.
"Yes, if you have difficulties, you experience it, sis, sometimes you don't Needs and existing money are not balanced. My way Yes, look for a loan from a cooperative, if not from a neighbor, that's it. My friends, it's easy if I borrow money like that. Which It's important to return it on time, God willing, always trusted. Besides, it's not much to borrow, sis, so yeah "You can still return it," Mrs. Suparmi, 49 years old
Using the basic survival mechanism theory of James Scott, researchers will begin to analyze the survival mechanisms carried out by the female head of this poor household. The data analysis process was carried out inductively starting by reviewing the available data from the results of interviews or observations written down with field notes. The data that has been collected will be classified, categorized, interpreted, and then analyzed.
Through methodological verstehen or understanding process, researchers will understand which subjective strategies or methods are carried out by subjects, obtained from observations and interviews. After the process of understanding, then strategies or methods will be sorted out subjects carried out by dividing according to the classification of three mechanism strategies survival according to James Scott, including reducing expenses for food; using alternative subsystems; and asking for help from existing social networks. Then the results of the data will be presented in the form of a narrative description.
The theory of survival mechanisms popularized by James said that there are three ways that people usually do poor to survive, namely: 1) Reducing spending on food by eating only once a day and switching to lower quality foods; 2) Using alternative subsystems, namely self-help which includes activities such as small-scale selling, working as a craftsman, as a freelance worker, or migrate to search work. This method can involve existing resources in in poor households, especially the wife who earns a living in addition to the husband; 3) Ask for help from social networks such as relatives, village friends, or take advantage of relationships with patrons (patron), where the relationship between the patron and his client (labor) is form of insurance among farmers. Patron by definition is a person who is in a position to help his clients. Patrons in the life of farmers are owners of capital who can help with the financial difficulties faced by farmers [46].
From the overall data of the informants, researchers can see several things survival variations are selected based on the needs and abilities thought each informant. According to researchers, survival strategies that this woman head of a poor household have different variations. When described and analyzed using three survival mechanisms put forward by James Scott above, strategy survival carried out by the female head of the household refers more to just two categories, namely using alternatives subsystem and seek help from social networks. Using alternative subsystems, namely self-help which includes activities such as small-scale selling, working as a craftsman, as a freelance worker, or migrate to search work. This method can involve existing resources in poor households, especially the wife who earns a living in addition to the husband. Apart from working individually or as the main breadwinner by work or entrepreneurship, the female heads of the household are also involved other family members to work to meet their household economic needs. Namely involving children who already have adults to work, involving mothers who are still working to meet their needs, and there are also wives who continue to work even though their husbands are already working to make ends meet their family income.
Ask for help from social networks such as relatives, friends fellow villagers, or take advantage of relationships with patrons (patron), where the relationship between the patron and his client (labor) is a form of insurance among farmers. Patron by definition is a person who is in a position to help his clients. Patrons in the life of farmers are owners of capital who can help the financial difficulties faced by farmers. In the case of the female heads of the household, for example, they seek help from existing social networks by lending money to those closest to them, besides, they can also exploit patron-client relationships, as is done by women who work as household assistants, namely by meeting needs food at work.
If researchers understand further, they are female heads This household does not carry out the first strategy with reduce spending on food because it is felt that it can still fulfill their food needs, even though they are only simple and do not fulfill them standard 4 healthy 5 perfect, but they can still meet the needs the food.
Refers to the four factors that influence women became the head of the household mentioned above, namely because the husband died world, the husband is no longer productive, the husband goes abroad and this happens divorce, according to researchers the most domestic category of women affected and the most difficult to survive are women who her husband is no longer productive. Because they don't just work to meet the basic needs of life such as food, clothing, shelter, but they also have to prepare funds for health costs or check-ups for their husband if one day his illness recurs, even though if you look at it today, health costs are not cheap and not everything is guaranteed by Social Security Administrator or Healthy Indonesia Card provided by government for poor families so whether they like it or not they have to use personal funds. Apart from that, they also can't develop themselves by working outside the area or to other places farther from home because their priority is their husband is sick and requires special care.
When viewed from the types of survival strategy categories carried out by the female head of the household mentioned above, the researcher concluded that there were two strategies that helped them the most to meet life needs, namely alternative subsystems or with work, entrepreneurship and involving other family members to work so that the process of fulfilling life's needs is quickly achieved. As well as how to seek help through social networks, namely by doing loans to other people, this is said to help because with make loans, they can easily get money for fulfilling needs without having to work hard first.
The attention of the North Luwu Regency Government is reflected in the activities currently being carried out by Sadar Village, namely by collecting data on poor families, especially female heads of households so that later the data obtained will be processed in such a way as to determine what policies can be taken by the Village Government to be able to intervening with these women heads of poor households, one of which is through HR development training which will begin to be implemented at the end of 2021. Through the findings of this research, village governments and other higher levels of government must be able to design poverty alleviation efforts fairly and evenly based on a gender perspective. Women also have the potential for empowerment so they can be involved in the development process beyond just survival. For example, providing business capital assistance or providing pathways to a decent world of work for them.
This research is limited to exploring the factors that cause poverty and the survival strategies used by poor female heads of households in Sadar Village. There are still a number of topics that can be explored further regarding survival strategies for women heads of poor households in Sadar Village or in other village locations.
From the data analysis that has been carried out, it can be concluded that a picture of the feminization of poverty in Sadar Village can be seen of what factors make women the head of the household. Some of them are because the husband died later making this woman the head of the household and the main breadwinner in family, the second factor is because the husband is no longer productive. This condition seems to make it difficult for poor female heads of households because apart from being the head of the household they have to work to fulfill their needs family needs, they also have to work hard to meet their needs treatment of their husband who is sick, the third factor is because of the occurrence divorce in the household, where this divorce results in women must continue to survive by working, and if the rights care for their children falls to the women indirectly, too must continue to work to meet the needs of their children. Apart from material burdens borne by women who experience divorce, the moral burden as well they receives gossip from people around them. And the last factor is making a woman the head of the household is because the husband works overseas so that women have to be the head of the household and decision making is in the hands of this woman.
The socio-economic conditions that cause poverty among women heads of poor families in Sadar Village do not necessarily make them silent in accepting their fate. They continue to try to survive. This is reflected in the conditions; 1) women actively work in various sectors even with low wages. However, some have obtained decent work, the level of women's education has been increased, although there are still low levels of education, access to assistance and access to special training courses for poor women is also starting to become easier and more open, as well as poor women's participation in activities in villages or other environments. has started to be improved
All brief descriptions of the feminization of poverty happened in Sadar Village, there are certainly several ways or strategies carried out by women, especially heads of households poor to still be able to meet the living needs of their families. Here are some survival strategies used by women head of poor household: 1) Work or entrepreneurship. This method is the most common method They do this as the main breadwinner in the family. Because if they don't work, automatically other family members won't his life needs will be met. One could even say, this way is a mandatory method for some female heads of households to life can go on. 2) Utilize existing resources in the workplace. To be able to save expenses, someone can just do activities subsistence or replacing necessary goods with other goods it may have a low price or even be free, this is of course will save expenses for poor families so that funds are available it can be used for other things; 3) Waiting for the results of other family members' work. Apart from working alone, The female head of the household also involves members the rest of his family to work, so the income is not only from those of the head of the household, but also from other family members. This makes them female heads of household expect the results of their children's work to increase their income family. So if the income earned by the woman is the head of the house these stairs are not enough, they can still rely on income of other family members to meet living needs; 4) Making loans to other people. In practice, fulfillment economic needs are not as easy as working and entrepreneurship then all his life needs are met. Lots the problems and difficulties that they certainly feel especially female heads of households. Their problem naturally not far from economic problems, namely insufficient the income he receives. So they have to turn around brain to be able to meet their needs; 5) The easiest thing and most people do if experiencing economic deprivation, namely by doing loan. Options that can be achieved in an easy way and time the short time makes them sometimes get used to doing loans when they feel their needs have not been met. Proven from Almost all informants stated that they would take out a loan if at any time they have difficulty meeting their needs.
The authors thanked to Faculty of Social Science and Political Science, Dayanu Ikhsanuddin University, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Patompo University, and Head Principal Lembaga Swadaya Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan Matutu.
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