Analysis and Simulation of Hydromagnetic Nano-Fluid Flow Passing an Inclined Heated Sheet

The study of fluid dynamics has attracted the research interest of several scientific researchers due to its wide applications which ranges from the computation of forces and moments on aircraft, rate of mass flow of petroleum passing through oil pipelines, forecasting of weather variabilities, forming fission armament explosion etc. Similarly, nano-fluid exhibits thermos-physical features like enhanced heat conduction and diffusion as well as heat transmission through convection and radiation. Meanwhile, nano-fluid is a blend of conventional fluid such as water, ethylene glycol (ECG), oil etc., and particles of metal, oxides and molten liquids. Ordinarily, the conventional fluids also referred to as base fluids are conductors of heat but in order to improve their thermos-physical conductivity, the introduction of nanoparticles becomes expedient. However, fluids exist in form of liquids, air, gasses and each of them enjoys a whole lot of applications in several areas such as in aerospace, automotive, processing of food and beverages, production of glasses and chemicals, electronics, calibration gas mixtures for controlling the environment due to coal fired power generating stations, leather processing, mining, medicals, high-voltage insulations, cutting and welding activities and a good component of refrigeration process etc. Similarly, the application of magnetic field in a nanoparticle filled system, for particles that are electrically conducting produces magnetic nanoparticles. The magnetic nanoparticles remarkably increase the thermal conductivity of the base fluid. However, the blending of different nano-sized particles of various materials in form of metallic and non-metallic oxides immersed in a convectional fluid such as H₂O, as a result of their capacities as heat removers and coolants have been analysed by several scholars in the past, Godson et al. [1], Keblinski [2], Ozerinc et al. [3], Wen et al. [4]. The magnetic nano-fluids which are made up of colloidal blends of highly paramagnetic nanoparticles and dispersed in a non-magnetic transporting fluid create a distinct type of nano-fluids with magnetic fluid characteristics [5]. In such mixtures, properties such as fluid movement, random motion of nanoparticles as well as thermal transmitting processes can be tamed by the application of magnetic fields. Also with this form of fluids, the possibility of accumulation of the particles owing to Vander wall impact and magnetic interactions among the particles exist. Thus, to control this situation, the coating of the nanoparticles through the use of a surfactant layer is carried out. However, a compound that reduces the surface tension among dual liquids or a liquid-solid mix is termed surfactants. Bio-medically, magnetic nano-fluids compliments to the modern procedures for the treatment of cancer patients by using them in distributing the radiation or drugs to different affected body areas. This feat can be attributed to the adhesiveness property possessed by the magnetic nanoparticles. Hence, surf-acted magnetic nano-fluids having lauric acid are deployed during magnetic drug testing, biomolecules restriction etc. [6]. Also, due to the existence of ammonia in water in different areas of the earth, the well-being of mammals are subjected to risk, especially when the mass of such a gas surpasses a particular value [7]. Nonetheless, magnetic nano-fluids also have applicability in the areas of leakage of free turning seal [8]. In vacuum installation systems, a highly powered electric controlling devices and liquefied gas pumps magnetic nano-fluids are very useful. Therefore, the usage of magnetic seals exists in computer hard disk systems, high vacuum schemes, chemical machineries, oil refineries [9].

The application of the concept of magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) was pioneered by Alfven [10]. Subsequently, a lot of contributions were made to position this concept in its present form [11]. Due to the increasing research interest in this field, Singh and Singh [12] examined the effect of MHD on thermal and mass transport with induced magnetic field under a viscid flow analytically. They noted that the density of the current retards because of the descending movement of the plate. However Singh and Singh [13] also investigated MHD natural convection and mass transmission flow over a non-curved surface. The study of the influence of comparative movement of a magnetic field upon unsteady MHD free convective passage was carried out by Lawal and Jibril [14]. They applied analytical means in their solution and hinted that the Hartmann number increases the skin friction at the innermost surface of the external cylinder. Following the impact of their study, Ramakrishna et al. [15], demonstrated the impact of an aligned magnetic field on an unsteady free convection flow over an inclined upright surface. They obtained a closed-form solution by applying the Laplace transformation approach and discovered that the increase in Dufour constraint resulted to a decrease in temperature. Similarly, the flow and thermal transmission of magnetic ferro-fluids over an inclined surface under an unstable aligned MHD boundary layer has been analysed numerically through the use of the Keller box methodology by Ilias et al. [16]. His result showed that the leading edge layer can greatly change the fluid flow and mode of thermal transmission. However, Masood et al. [17] investigated the viscid degeneracy in a magneto-hydrodynamic nano-fluid flow with approximate resolution through the aid of homotopic method. Their result related that more effects of Brownian and thermophoresis distributions were noticed as the improved theory of fluctuations are implemented. The description of the effect of an inclined magnetic field due to entropy formation in a ferro-fluid past an elastic plate in the presence of fractional slip and non-linear heat radiation has been given by Ganga et al. [18]. The analysis of the effect of heat radiation, temperature gradient with an angled magnetic field on peristaltic blood transport under asymmetric duct in the presence of changing viscosity and thermal source/sink has been attributed to Dar [19]. Meanwhile, he used the means of regular perturbation method by assuming a high wavelength and small Reynolds number approximations. The study of the impacts of a sticky degeneracy, ohmic heating with chemical reaction on MHD free flow over an inclined permeable sheet due to thermal generation has been reported by Selvarasu and Balamurugan [20]. The problem in their work was solved analytically by deploying the perturbation system and their result confirmed that velocity upsurge is as a result of the rising values of porosity, hall, thermal source, Dufour and Grashof numbers. In the same vein, Parashar and Ahmed [21] studied the influence of Hall current, ion slip effect with chemical reaction on non-steady convection MHD transmission of a metallic liquid in form of lead over a spontaneously semi non-finite upright spongy sheet due to an unchanging magnetic field. They adopted the Laplace Transform approach in finding the exact answer to the problem and noted that at the plate, both the magnetic and radiation constraints are responsible for the skin-friction intensification.

However, applications of thermal and mass transmissions are vital in the processes leading to the production of synthetic rubber, plastic, Textile, industrial packaging of agricultural produce, hydroelectric power, metal fabrication and annealing as well as in mining processes etc. Thus, a work on the impact of chemical reactions MHD visco-stretched fluid flow past a perpendicular elastic plate due to thermal generation and absorption was done by Jena et al. [22]. Through the application of the Runge-Kutta fourth order technique with the shooting method, they were able to solve the problem numerically. Thus, they established that chemical reaction, Prandtl and Soret parameters were accountable for the growth in the rate of heat passage at the plate. Similarly, Gurram et al. [23] investigated the MHD Casson fluid flow through an inclined plate in the presence of radiation due to the effect of chemical reaction by implementing the perturbation technicality to obtain the analytical result. From their findings, the heat wall thickness becomes enhanced as the perturbation factor intensifies. With hall current, Raju [24] considered the significance of a chemical reaction and buoyancy impact on an unsteady MHD natural and forced convections flow with an unbounded perpendicular permeable sheet. He embraced the Galerkein finite element scheme in solving the problem and infers that velocity distribution rises as hall and Grashof parameters of thermal and concentration transmissions also intensify. Venkateswarlu et al. [25] studied the role of mass transport on nonlinear MHD boundary layer flow of a viscid non-compressible fluid along a nonlinear leaky elastic plate in a permeable medium with heat source. Numerically, Bilal and Nazeer [26] investigated the non-Newtonian flow along a stratified elastic/lessening inclined plate due to an associated magnetic field and nonlinear convective flow. Their study was carried out by deploying the shooting approach and from their findings, it was captured that the local inertia coefficient is responsible for the declining nature of the velocity field. Nevertheless, the importance of MHD in the advancement of technology cannot be over-emphasised. Hence, the examination on the effect of MHD flow transitory along an exponentially inclined upright sheet of first-order chemical reaction due to changing mass diffusion and heat radiation was observed by Usharami et al. [27]. The utilization of the Laplace transmute process enabled the solution of their problem. Thus, the obtained result is indicative of the fact that the expense of intensification of the affinity edge of an effected attraction region leads to the receding of the speed profile.

In this work, we shall formulate a mathematical flow model governing the fluid flow and apply the regular series approximation technique in solving the problem. Then, the examination of the effect of the temperature dependent non-uniform heat source/sink parameters due to thermal source and mass transmission on hydrodynamic natural convective stream over an inclined sheet with magnetic field are investigated after solving the transformed dimensionless models analytically together with numerical simulation. Furthermore, the impacts of different fluid physical parameters on the momentum, energy and concentration specie (nanoparticles) distributions are depicted with graphs and legends. Thus, the results are discussed in details with an informing conclusion drawn.

The processes adopted in the solution of the problem under consideration are as follows:

• The mathematical models describing fluid movement which appears in partial differentials are transformed into joined ordinary differential equations.
• The boundary conditions to which the fluid problem is also converted to a dimensionless form.
• Mathematical definitions involving suction term, new independent variable, dimensionless velocity, energy and specie concentration are adopted.
• Due to convergent series solutions, solutions to the problem are presumed, differentiated and applied to the converted equations.
• Also, the mathematical definitions are differentiated up to third-order, substituted into the transformed mathematical models and simplified such that, new models are obtained. Also, the boundary conditions are changed again with the aid of the new definitions already mentioned above.
• Coefficients whose independent variables have equal index are equated while others with orders above two (2) are neglected.
• All the obtained equations are solved one after the other with their corresponding conditions at the boundary.
• The Mathematica and Wolfram codes are deployed in gaining the numerical solutions from analytical form.

According to Poddar et al. [29], the analogy of the Rosseland approximation in relation to the radiation heat fluctuation simplifies to

$\frac{\partial q r}{\partial y}=-\frac{4 \sigma_0 \partial T^4}{3 k_o \partial y}$          (7)

Such that $\sigma_0$ represents the Stefan-Boltzmann quantity. Thus, expanding the highest term in Eq. (7) with Taylor series without considering higher degrees results to

$T^4 \approx 4 T T_{\infty}^3-3 T_{\infty}^4$           (8)

Therefore, simplifying further and substituting into Eq. (4) above reduces to

$u \frac{\partial T}{\partial x}+v \frac{\partial T}{\partial y}=\alpha \frac{\partial^2 T}{\partial y^2}+\tau D_B\left(C-C_{\infty}\right)\left(T-T_{\infty}\right)+\frac{\sigma B_o^2}{\rho}\left(T-T_{\infty}\right)++\frac{1}{(\rho C)_f} q^{\prime \prime \prime}+\frac{16 \sigma_0 T_{\infty}^4 \partial^2 T}{3(\rho C)_f k_o \partial y^2}$                  (9)

The similarity variables needed for the transformation of Eqns. (2)-(4) and (9) are:

$\left.\begin{array}{rl}\varphi & =f(\eta) \sqrt{v x U_{\infty}}, \eta=\frac{y}{\sqrt{\frac{v x}{U_{\infty}}}} \\ \theta(\eta) & =\frac{T-T_{\infty}}{T_s-T_{\infty}}, \emptyset(\eta)=\frac{C-C_{\infty}}{C_s-C_{\infty}}\end{array}\right\}$              (10)

Eqns. (3), (5), (6) and (9) are converted into coupled nonlinear ordinary differential models through the standard similarity conversion procedure, Uka et al. [30] by using Eq. (10) and the results are:

$\frac{d^3 f}{d \eta^3}+\frac{1}{2} f(\eta) \frac{d^2 f}{d \eta^2}-M \frac{d f}{d \eta}+G_h \theta(\eta) \cos \gamma+G_c \emptyset(\eta) \cos \gamma=0$         (11)

$\frac{d^2 \theta}{d \eta^2}(1+S)+\operatorname{Prh}(\eta) \frac{d \theta}{d \eta}+N b \theta(\eta) \emptyset(\eta)++M \theta(\eta)+G \frac{d f}{d \eta}+H \theta(\eta)=0$            (12)

$\frac{d^2 \emptyset}{d \eta^2}+\frac{1}{2} S c f(\eta) \frac{d \emptyset}{d \eta}+\frac{N t}{N b} \theta(\eta)=0$         (13)

$f(0)=k_0, f^{\prime}(0)=1, \theta(0)=1 \emptyset(0)=1$ at $\eta=0$

$f^{\prime}(\infty) \rightarrow 0, \theta(\infty) \rightarrow 0, \emptyset(\infty) \rightarrow 0$ as $\eta \rightarrow \infty$            (14)

with the following dimensionless measures,

$M=\frac{\sigma B_0^2 x}{\rho U_{\infty}}, G_h=\frac{\left(1-C_{\infty}\right) \rho_{\infty} g \beta_T\left(T_s-T_{\infty}\right)}{U_{\infty}^2}$,

$G_c=\frac{\left(\rho_p-\rho f_{\infty}\right) g \beta_c\left(C-C_{\infty}\right) x}{U_{\infty}^2}, N b=\frac{\tau D_s\left(C_s-C_{\infty}\right) U_{\infty}}{v x}$,

$P r=\frac{v}{\alpha}, G=H=\frac{C R a_x^{\frac{1}{2}} \mu}{2 x k U_{\infty}}, S=\frac{16 T_{\infty}^3 \sigma_0^*}{3 k^*}$,

$N t=\frac{\tau D_T\left(C_s-C_{\infty}\right) v x}{T_{\infty}}, S c=\frac{v}{D_s}, \gamma$ and $k_0=\frac{2 w}{\sqrt{\frac{v U_{\infty}}{x}}}$,

Denoting magnetic field number, convective heat Grashof parameter, convective mass Grashof parameter, random (Brownian) motion number, Prandtl parameter, temperature dependent non-uniform heat source/sink numbers, radiation parameter, thermophoresis number, Schmidt factor, angle of inclination and velocity suction parameters.

Due to the adopted approach of solution, we defined the following terms which involves a very small parameter, an independent variable, $\eta$ and non-dimensional momentum, energy and nanoparticle concentration as follows:

$\left.\begin{array}{c}\eta=\xi k_0, h(\eta)=k_0 h(\eta), \theta(\eta)=g(\eta), \\ \emptyset(\eta)=w(\eta), \delta=\frac{1}{k_0^2}\end{array}\right\}$              (15)

Thus Eq. (15) and its derivatives are substituted into Eqns. (11)-(14) and simplified to obtain the following:

$\frac{d^3 h}{d \eta^3}+\frac{1}{2} h(\eta) \frac{d^2 h}{d \eta^2}-M \frac{d h}{d \eta} \delta+G_h g(\eta) \cos \gamma \delta^2+G_c w(\eta) \cos \gamma \delta^2=0$              (16)

$\frac{d^2 g}{d \eta^2}(1+S)+\operatorname{Prh}(\eta) \frac{d g}{d \eta}+\operatorname{Nbg}(\eta) w(\eta) \delta+M g(\eta) \delta+G \frac{d h}{d \eta}+H g(\eta) \delta=0$            (17)

$\frac{d^2 w}{d \eta^2}+\frac{1}{2} S c \frac{d w}{d \eta} h(\eta)+\frac{N t}{N b} g(\eta) \delta=0$          (18)

$\left.\begin{array}{c}h(0)=1, h^{\prime}(0)=\delta, \theta(0)=1, \emptyset(0)=1 \\ h^{\prime}(\infty)=0, \theta(\infty)=0, \emptyset(\infty)=0\end{array}\right\}$         (19)

For the existence of solutions for Eqns. (16)-(18), the expansion in degrees of $\delta$ is applied. Therefore, the regular perturbation series technique is applied thus:

Let the solutions of Eqns. (16)-(18) be defined as:

$H(\eta)=1+\delta h_1(\eta)+h_2(\eta) \delta^2+O\left(\delta^3\right)+\cdots$         (20)

$\theta(\eta)=g_0+\delta g_1+O\left(\delta^2\right)+\cdots$         (21)

$\emptyset(\eta)=w_0+\delta w_1+O\left(\delta^2\right)+\cdots$     (22)

Putting Eqns. (20)-(22) and their differentials into Eqns. (16)-(19), and simplifying, the order of the infinitesimal parameters are examined and the coefficients of corresponding order (index) are equated in such a way that the non-dimensional models representing momentum, energy and nanoparticle concentrations in the index of zero, unity and quadratic are given below:

$\left.\begin{array}{c}\frac{d^2 g_0}{d \eta^2}(1+S)+\operatorname{Pr} \frac{d g_0}{d \eta}=0 \\ g_0(0)=1, g_0(\infty)=0\end{array}\right\}$              (23)

$\frac{d^2 w_0}{d \eta^2}+\frac{1}{2} S c \frac{d w_0}{d \eta}=0 ; w_0(0)=1, w_0(\infty)=0$                (24)

For the unity index, we have

$\left.\begin{array}{c}\frac{d^3 h_1}{d \eta^3}+\frac{1}{2} \frac{d^2 h_1}{d \eta^2}=0 h_1(0)=0, \\ h_1{ }^{\prime}(0)=1, h_1^{\prime}(\infty)=0\end{array}\right\}$              (25)

$\left.\begin{array}{c}\frac{d^2 g_1}{d \eta^2}(1+S)+\operatorname{Pr} \frac{d g_1}{d \eta}+\operatorname{Prh}_1(\eta) \frac{d g_0}{d \eta}+ \\ N b g_0(\eta) w_0(\eta)+M g_0(\eta)+G \frac{d h_1}{d \eta}+ \\ H g_0(\eta)=0 ; g_1(0)=0, g_1(\infty)=0\end{array}\right\}$                   (26)

$\left.\begin{array}{l}\frac{d^2 w_1}{d \eta^2}+\frac{1}{2} S c \frac{d w_1}{d \eta}+\frac{1}{2} S c \frac{d w_0}{d \eta} h_1(\eta)+ \\ \frac{N t}{N b} g_0(\eta)=0 ; w_1(0)=0, w_1(\infty)=0\end{array}\right\}$                    (27)

While in terms of the quadratic index, we obtained:

$\left.\begin{array}{c}\frac{d^3 h_2}{d \eta^3}+\frac{1}{2} \frac{d^2 h_2}{d \eta^2}+\frac{1}{2} h_1(\eta) \frac{d^2 h_1}{d \eta^2}-M \frac{d h_1}{d \eta}+ \\ G_h g_0(\eta) \cos \gamma+G_c w_0(\eta) \cos \gamma=0; \\ h_2(0)=0, h_2^{\prime}(0)=0, h_2^{\prime}(\infty)=0\end{array}\right\}$                    (28)

Therefore, solving Eqns. (23)-(28) by the application of the integrating factor method and substituting the solutions obtained into Eqns. (17), (18) and (19) respectively, yields:

$\begin{aligned} H(\eta)=1 & +\delta\left(2 P_2+P_3 e^{-\frac{1}{2} \eta}\right)+\delta^2\left(-P_2 P_3 e^{-\frac{1}{2} \eta}\right. \\ & +\frac{1}{2}\left(P_3\right)^2 e^{-\eta}-2 M P_3 \eta e^{-\frac{1}{2} \eta} \\ & +\frac{G_h J_2 \cos \gamma}{(A)^2\left(A-\frac{1}{2}\right)} e^{-A \eta} \\ & +\frac{4 G_c H_2 \cos \gamma}{(S c)^2\left(\frac{1}{2} S c-\frac{1}{2}\right)} e^{-\frac{1}{2} S c \eta} \\ + & \left.2 P_4 \eta-P_4+2 P_5+P_6 e^{-\frac{1}{2} \eta}\right)\end{aligned}$                      (29)

$H^{\prime}(\eta)=\delta\left(-\frac{1}{2} P_3 e^{-\frac{1}{2} \eta}\right)+\delta^2\left(\frac{1}{2} P_2 P_3 e^{-\frac{1}{2} \eta}-\right.$

$-\frac{1}{2}\left(P_3\right)^2 e^{-\eta}-2 M P_3 e^{-\frac{1}{2} \eta}+M P_3 \eta e^{-\frac{1}{2} \eta}-$

$\frac{G_h J_2 \cos \gamma}{A\left(A-\frac{1}{2}\right)} e^{-A \eta}-\frac{2 G_c H_2 \cos \gamma}{S c\left(\frac{1}{2} S c-\frac{1}{2}\right)} e^{-\frac{1}{2} S c \eta}+2 P_4-\left.\frac{1}{2} P_6 e^{-\frac{1}{2} \eta}\right)$                    (29a)

But the velocity is defined as:

$h^{\prime}(\eta)=H^{\prime}(\eta) k_0^2$

Hence, the velocity of the fluid transmission is stated thus:

$\begin{aligned} h^{\prime}(\eta)=-\frac{1}{2} P_3 e^{-\frac{1}{2} \eta} & +\delta\left(\frac{1}{2} P_2 P_3 e^{-\frac{1}{2} \eta}-\frac{1}{2}\left(P_3\right)^2 e^{-\eta}\right. \\ & -2 M P_3 e^{-\frac{1}{2} \eta}+M P_3 \eta e^{-\frac{1}{2} \eta} \\ & -\frac{G_h J_2 \cos \gamma}{A\left(A-\frac{1}{2}\right)} e^{-A \eta} \\ & -\frac{2 G_c H_2 \cos \gamma}{S c\left(\frac{1}{2} S c-\frac{1}{2}\right)} e^{-\frac{1}{2} S c \eta}+2 P_4 \\ & \left.-\frac{1}{2} P_6 e^{-\frac{1}{2} \eta}\right)\end{aligned}$                  (30)

Such that the following constants were obtained from the solution.

$A=\frac{P r}{1+s}, H_2=1, J_2=1, P_2=1, P_3=-2$,

$P_6=P_2 P_3-\left(P_3\right)^2-4 M P_3-\frac{2 G_h J_2 \cos \gamma}{A\left(A-\frac{1}{2}\right)}-\frac{4 G_c H_2 \cos \gamma}{S c\left(\frac{1}{2} S c-\frac{1}{2}\right)}$                (31)

The solution for the fluid energy infers:

$\left.\begin{array}{c}g(\eta)=J_2 e^{-A \eta}+\delta\left(-\frac{2 J_2 P_2}{(1+S)} \eta e^{-A \eta}\right. \\ +\frac{2 A J_2 P_3}{\left(A+\frac{1}{2}\right)(1+S)} e^{-\left(\frac{1}{2}+1\right) \eta} \\ -\frac{2 N b H_2 J_2}{S c\left(A+\frac{1}{2} S c\right)(1+S)} e^{-\left(\frac{1}{2} S c+A\right) \eta} \\ +\frac{M J_2}{A(1+S)} \eta e^{-A \eta}+\frac{G P_3}{\left(\frac{1}{2}-A\right)(1+S)} e^{-\frac{1}{2} \eta} \\ \left.+\frac{H J_2}{A(1+S)} \eta e^{-A \eta}+\frac{J_3}{A}+J_4 e^{-A \eta}\right)\end{array}\right\}$                    (32)

where,

$A=\frac{P r}{1+S}, H_1=0, H_2=1, P_1=0, P_2=1, P_3=-2, J_1=0$,

$J_2=1, J_3=0$,

$J_4=\frac{2 N b H_2 J_2}{S c\left(A+\frac{1}{2} S c\right)(1+S)}-\frac{2 A J_2 P_3}{\left(A+\frac{1}{2}\right)(1+S)}-\frac{G P_3}{\left(\frac{1}{2}-A\right)(1+S)}$,

Are constants obtained from the solution.

For the nanoparticle (specie) concentration, we have:

$\left.\begin{array}{c}w(\eta)=H_2 e^{-\frac{1}{2} S c \eta}+\delta\left[-H_2 P_2 \eta e^{-\frac{1}{2} S c \eta}\right. \\ +\frac{H_2 P_3 S c}{1+S c} e^{-\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2} S c\right) \eta}-\frac{N t J_2}{N b\left(A-\frac{1}{2} S c\right)} e^{-A \eta} \\ \left.+\frac{2 H_3}{S c}+H_4 e^{-\frac{1}{2} S c \eta}\right]\end{array}\right\}$                 (33)

with,

$A=\frac{P r}{1+S}, P_1=0, P_2=1, P_3=-2, H_1=0, H_2=1, H_3=0$,

$H_4=\frac{J_2=1}{N b\left(A-\frac{1}{2} S c\right)}-\frac{H_2 P_3 S c}{1+S c}$

The physical quantities of interest such as the skin friction, Nusselt and Sherwood quantities are as given below:

$\left.\begin{array}{c}h^{\prime \prime}(\eta)=k_0^3 H^{\prime \prime} \\ g^{\prime}(\eta)=g_0^{\prime}(\eta)+\delta g_1^{\prime}(\eta) \\ \Rightarrow N u=-\left(\frac{\partial g}{\partial \eta}\right)_{\eta=0} \\ w^{\prime}(\eta)=w_0^{\prime}(\eta)+\delta w_1^{\prime}(\eta) \\ \Rightarrow S h=-\left(\frac{\partial w}{\partial \eta}\right)_{\eta=0}\end{array}\right\}$                (34)

$h^{\prime \prime}(0)=\frac{1}{4} P_3 k_0+\frac{1}{k_0}\left(-\frac{1}{4} P_2 P_3+\frac{1}{2}\left(P_3\right)^2+2 M P_3+\frac{G_h J_2 \cos \gamma}{\left(A-\frac{1}{2}\right)}+\frac{G_c H_2 \cos \gamma}{\left(\frac{1}{2} S c-\frac{1}{2}\right)}+\frac{1}{4} P_6\right)$                    (35)

$-N u=A J_2-\frac{1}{\left(k_o\right)^2}\left[-\frac{2 J_2 P_2}{(1+S)}-\left(\frac{3}{2}\right) \frac{2 A J_2 P_3}{\left(A+\frac{1}{2}\right)(1+S)}+\frac{2 N b H_2 J_2}{S c(1+S)}+\frac{M J_2}{A(1+S)}-\frac{1}{2} \frac{G P_3}{\left(\frac{1}{2}-A\right)(1+S)}+\frac{H J_2}{A(1+S)}+A\right]$                    (36)

$S h=-\frac{1}{2} H_2 S c+\frac{1}{\left(k_o\right)^2}\left[-H_2 P_2--\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2} S c\right) \frac{H_2 P_3 S c}{1+S c}+\frac{A N t J_2}{N b\left(A-\frac{1}{2} S c\right)}-\frac{1}{2} H_3 S c\right]$             (37)

where, the primes i.e., $\left({ }^{\prime}\right)$ implies differential with respect to $\eta$.

Figures 2 to 7 denotes the rate of flow (velocity) distributions under various parameters of interest in the study of fluid. From the first figure, flow field declines as the magnetic number intensifies. This is evidenced due to drag which pulls the flowing speed of the nanofluid backward. Thus, this opposing force is termed Lorentz force. Therefore, in order to effectively control the fluid velocity in a given industrial mechanical systems, the magnetic force play a crucial role. In Figures 3 and 4, the effect of both modified convective heat and specie Grashof strengths $G_h, G_c$ are elaborated. As a result of the dynamics existing between buoyancy and viscid drag owing to free convection in the nanofluid, its rate of passage increases as these numbers improves. The influence of suction parameter, $k_o$ on the flow profile is shown in Figure 5. With the creation of artificial vacuum through the removal of air so as to force fluid into an empty space, suction is encountered. This is applicable in several medical processes in getting rid of respiratory secretions, removing of blood from the airways as well as other poisonous substances from the lungs of patients. Hence, the velocity of the fluid transmission retards. In Figure 6, the appreciation of radiation number, S resulting from both electric and magnetic energy leads to a rise in the flow field. On the other hand, the impact of the inclination angle, γ on the velocity of the nanoliquid is depicted in Figure 7. Expansion in the values of this factor begets a fall in fluid rapidity.

The representation of the effect of quantities on temperature are demonstrated from Figures 8-13. Thus, impartation of heat dependent non-uniform numbers G and H on the temperature is featured in Figure 8. Meanwhile, increase of heat supply in form of thermal energy sparks the degree of fluid hotness which in turn raises the temperature. Similarly, improvement in the values of velocity suction parameter, $k_o$ lowers the temperature and this is captured in Figure 9. The effect of radiation number, S on temperature is showcased in Figure 10. Due to the increment in electromagnetic wave vis-a-vis radiation from an external source, heat energy of the fluid will appreciate. In Figure 11, the rate of thermal absorption distribution heightens as the magnetic field quantity amplifies. Subsequently, the consequence of raising the nanoparticle (specie) random movement Nb on the temperature appears in Figure 12. The constant and zigzag motion experienced in the nanofluid by the nanoparticles, leads to an increase in its energetic and kinetic strength which is converted into mechanical energy thereby enhancing the degree of hotness of the nanofluid. Thus, this confirms the nanofluid as a good conductor of heat. Evolution of the result of intensifying values of the Prandtl parameter, Pr on the conducting nanofluid is featured in Figure 13. In the case of metals in liquid form, smaller values of Pr, signifies that thermal phenomenon disperses faster as a result of bigger wall layer thickness. Thus, this explains the greater heat conductivity property associated with such nanofluids. Therefore, the rate of fluids’ hotness declines with appreciation of Pr showing that it (Pr) plays an impressive role in taming the degree of fluid hotness. The impression of suction and radiation parameters k_o and S on specie concentration are demonstrated in Figures 14 and 15 respectively. The direction of nanoparticle specie concentration decreases as both constraints are raised. Figures 16 and 17 uncovers the outcome on the specie flow field as the nanoparticle chaotic motion and thermomigration factors Nb and Nt expands. As the enhancement in the value of Nb breeds a decline in specie concentration, the reverse applies when there is an enhancement in Nt. Thus, the transporting of nanoparticles in a nanofluid rises in response to differences in temperature between the hot fluid and cold boundary. Figure 18, explains the rationale behind the Schmidt factor Sc, on nanoparticle concentration. As this number involves the relation of kinematic viscosity to mass diffusion, the specie concentration drops as coefficient of molecular diffusivity increases more than dynamic viscosity.

Appreciating values of $k_o$ indicates a fall in skin friction coefficient. This phenomenon is tabulated and pictured in Table 1 and Figure 19. The deterioration in the rate of thermal transfer as values of Pr intensifies is denoted by Table 2 and Figure 20. Similarly, as the rate of convection mass transmission outweighs the diffusivity molecular motion, the rate of mass transference number upsurges with a surge in Sc as shown in Table 3 and Figure 21 respectively.