Exact Solution for Free Vibration Analysis of FGM Beams

Exact Solution for Free Vibration Analysis of FGM Beams

Mohamed BouamamaAbbes Elmeiche Abdelhak Elhennani Tayeb Kebir Zine El Abidine Harchouche 

Laboratory Mechanics of Structures and Solids, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria

Laboratory of Materials and Systems Reactive, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria

Corresponding Author Email: 
mohamed.bouamama@univ-sba.dz
Page: 
55-60
|
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.18280/rcma.300201
Received: 
18 November 2019
|
Revised: 
28 December 2019
|
Accepted: 
6 January 2020
|
Available online: 
15 May 2020
| Citation

© 2020 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: 

This study relates the exact solution for free-vibration analysis of beams in material gradient (FGMs) subjected to the different conditions of support using the Euler Bernoulli theory (CBT). It is assumed that the material properties continuously change across the thickness of the beam according to the exponential function (E-FGM). The equations of motion are obtained by applying the principle of virtual works on beams and fundamental frequencies are found by solving the equations governing the eigenvalue problems. Numerical results are presented to describe the influence of the material on the fundamental frequencies of the beam for different state boundaries.

Keywords: 

exact solution, free vibration analysis, beams, E-FGM, fundamental frequencies, material distribution

1. Introduction

Improving the performance of the structural parts can lead to search, in the same material, different properties, often antagonistic, but locally optimized. The development of composite materials has made it possible to associate specific properties of different materials within the same room.

Improving the performance of the structural parts can lead to search, in the same material, different properties, often antagonistic, but locally optimized. The development of composite materials has made it possible to associate specific properties of the different materials within the same room.

Gradient property materials (FGMs) can be produced by continually changing the material components in a predetermined profile. The most distinct characteristics of the FGM micro-structure materials are their non-uniform with graded properties, macro in space. It is designed to improve and optimize the characteristic thermoelectric mechanical structures for sealing micro and nano [1].

Most of the FGM families are gradually made of metal-refractory ceramics. Typically, FGMs are constructed from a mixture of ceramic and metal or a combination of different materials. Ceramic in an FGM provides a barrier of thermal effects and protects the metal against corrosion and oxidation, and the FGM is hard and reinforced by the metallic composition. Currently FGMs are developed for general use as structural elements in extremely high temperature environments and different applications.

Due to the wide application of FGM several studies have been conducted on the mechanical and thermal behavior of FGMs [2-12]. Detailed theoretical and experimental studies have been carried out and published, on the mechanics of rupture [13-15], the distribution of thermal stresses [16-24], the treatment [25-27], etc. Among these FGM structures, beams have always remained the interests of researchers because of their applications. Approaches such as the use of shear deformation theory of beams, energy method, and the finite element method were performed.

The aim of this work is to analyze the free vibrations of FGM beams subjected to the different support conditions using the Euler Bernoulli (CBT) theory. It is assumed that the material properties continuously change across the thickness of the beam according to the exponential function (E-FGM). Solutions are found by solving equilibrium equations for eigenvalue problems.

2. Material Properties of E-FGM Beams

Many researchers use the exponential function to describe the material properties to describe the material properties of FGM materials. The exponential function is given by Delale and Erdogan [28].

$E(z)=A e^{\beta(z+h / 2)} $ (1)

With:

$A=E_{1}$ and $\beta=\frac{1}{h} \ln \frac{E_{1}}{E_{2}}$  (2)

where, E2 and E1 are respectively the material properties (Young's modulus; density or Poisson's ratio) of the lower surface (z = -h / 2) and the upper surface (z = + h / 2) of the E-FGM beam.

The variation of the Young's modulus through the thickness of the E-FGM beam is presented in Figure 1. The Young modulus is varied using a single function that dominates the material distribution in the E-FGM beam.

Figure 1. The variation of the Young's modulus of the E-FGM beam

3. Mathematical Formulations

Consider an FGM beam having the dimensions shown in Figure 2 subjected to free transverse vibration. It is assumed that the beam has a linear elastic behavior and the displacements following the axes "x" and "z" of an arbitrary point in the beam and denoted respectively by u(x, z, t) and w(x, z, t). This study is based on the classical theory of beam (CTB). The displacement field of any point of the beam takes the following form:

$U(M)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}u(x, z, t)=\mathrm{u}(\mathrm{x}, \mathrm{t})-\mathrm{z} \frac{\partial w(x, t)}{\partial x} \\ w(x, z, t)=\mathrm{w}(\mathrm{x}, \mathrm{t})\end{array}\right.$   (3)

Figure 2. Coordinates and geometry of the E-FGM beam

where, U (M) is the displacement field of a point "M"; u(x, t) and w(x, t) are the displacement components on the median plane. The relationship strain constraints can be written in matrix form as follows:

$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\boldsymbol{\sigma}_{x x} \\ \boldsymbol{\sigma}_{z z} \\ \boldsymbol{\tau}_{x z}\end{array}\right\}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{E(z)}{1-v(z)^{2}} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{E(z)}{1-v(z)^{2}} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{E(z)}{2(1+v(z))}\end{array}\right]\left\{\begin{array}{l}\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_{x x} \\ \varepsilon_{z z} \\ Y_{x z}\end{array}\right\}$   (4)

Such as:

The strain tensor is defined as follows:

\(\begin{align}  & \mathop{\varepsilon }_{xx}=\frac{\partial u(x,z,t)}{\partial x}=\frac{\partial u(x,t)}{\partial x}-z\frac{\mathop{\partial }^{2}w(x,t)}{\partial {{x}^{2}}} \\ & \mathop{\varepsilon }_{zz}=\frac{\partial w(x,z,t)}{\partial z}=\frac{\partial w(x,t)}{\partial z} \\ & \mathop{\gamma }_{xz}=\frac{\partial u(x,z,t)}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial w(x,z,t)}{\partial x} \\\end{align}\)   (5)

Using the virtual work principle on the E-FGM beam, the resulting equations of motion are:

\(\left\{ \begin{matrix}   {{A}_{11}}\frac{{{\partial }^{2}}{{u}_{0}}(x,t)}{\partial {{x}^{2}}}-{{B}_{11}}\frac{{{\partial }^{3}}w(x,t)}{\partial {{x}^{3}}}=0\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,  \\   {{B}_{11}}\frac{{{\partial }^{3}}{{u}_{0}}(x,t)}{\partial {{x}^{3}}}-{{D}_{11}}\frac{{{\partial }^{4}}w(x,t)}{\partial {{x}^{4}}}+{{I}_{1}}\ddot{w}(x,t)=0  \\\end{matrix} \right.\)   (6)

With:

\[({{A}_{11}},{{B}_{11}},{{D}_{11}})=\int_{-\frac{h}{2}}^{+\frac{h}{2}}{\frac{E(z)}{1-\nu {{(z)}^{2}}}(1,z,{{z}^{2}}).dz}\]

\[{{I}_{1}}=\int_{-\frac{h}{2}}^{+\frac{h}{2}}{\rho (z).dz}\]

4. Mathematical Solutions

Analytical solutions are obtained from Eq. (6), keeping the same E-FGM beam geometry for different boundary conditions (S-S, C-C, C-S, C-F). For harmonic vibrations, the vertical displacement can be expressed:

\(w(x,t)=w(x).{{e}^{i{{\omega }_{n}}t}}\)   (7)

The general amplitude equation is described as follows:

\(\begin{align}  & {{w}_{n}}(\tau )={{A}_{1}}.\cos ({{\beta }_{n}}L.\tau )+{{A}_{2}}.\sin ({{\beta }_{n}}L.\tau )+ \\ & {{A}_{3}}.\cosh ({{\beta }_{n}}L.\tau )+{{A}_{4}}.\sinh ({{\beta }_{n}}L.\tau ) \\\end{align}\)   (8)

Such as:

\(\tau =\frac{x}{L}\)   \(\tau \in [0,1]\)

A1, A2, A3 and A4 are arbitrary parameters determine and $\beta_{n}$ is the associated wave number to the nth own mode.  In this study we consider the beams with four different modes of support that is to say ,one beam clamped in the two extremities (C-C), a second beam articulated in extremity and clamped in other (C-S), third beam  articulated  to extremities (S-S) , and a fourth  beam  clamped in extremity and free in other (C-F).

The four boundary conditions can be obtained as follows:

  1. C-C: Clamped-clamped beam

\(\left\{ \begin{matrix}   {{w}_{n}}(\tau )=w_{n}^{'}(\tau )=0\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\tau =0  \\   {{w}_{n}}(\tau )=w_{n}^{'}(\tau )=0\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\tau =1  \\\end{matrix} \right.\)  (8.a)

  1. C-S: Clamped-supported beam

\(\left\{ \begin{matrix}   {{w}_{n}}(\tau )=w_{n}^{'}(\tau )=0\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\tau =0  \\   {{w}_{n}}(\tau )=w_{n}^{''}(\tau )=0\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\tau =1  \\\end{matrix} \right.\)   (8.b)

  1. S-S: Supported-supported beam  

\(\left\{ \begin{matrix}   {{w}_{n}}(\tau )=w_{n}^{''}(\tau )=0\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\tau =0  \\   {{w}_{n}}(\tau )=w_{n}^{''}(\tau )=0\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\tau =1  \\\end{matrix} \right.\)   (8.c)

  1. C-F: Clamped-free beam

\(\left\{ \begin{matrix}   {{w}_{n}}(\tau )=w_{n}^{'}(\tau )=0\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\tau =0  \\   {{w}_{n}}(\tau )=w_{n}^{'''}(\tau )=0\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\tau =0  \\\end{matrix} \right.\)   (8.d)

Using Eq. (7) for the four types of boundary conditions we obtain equations with eigenvalues, for the problem of free vibration:

\[([K]-{{\lambda }_{n}}[M])\left\{ \left. A \right\} \right.=0\]

Such as:

\[{{\lambda }_{n}}={{\left( {}^{{{\beta }_{n}}}/{}_{L} \right)}^{4}}\]

For the solutions of the Eq. (6), the following determinant could be equal to zero:

\[det([K]-{{\lambda }_{n}}[M])=0\] 

For each mode, the natural frequencies are given by:

\[{{\omega }_{n}}={{\left( {}^{{{B}_{n}}}/{}_{L} \right)}^{2}}\sqrt{\xi }\]

where,

\[\xi =\frac{1}{{{I}_{1}}}\left( \frac{{{B}^{2}}_{11}}{{{A}_{11}}}-{{D}_{11}} \right)\]

5. Numerical Application

In this study, we assume that the E-FGM beam is made of a mixture of ceramic and metal whose composition varies across the thickness. As the upper facet i.e., at (z = h / 2) is made of 100% ceramic Al2O3 (alumina), while the lower facet (Z = -h / 2) is made in 100% Al metal (Aluminum). The mechanical properties of these two materials are:

Ceramic (Alumina, $A l_{2} O_{3}$): EC = 380 x 109 N/m²; υ=0.33; ρC = 3800 kg/m3.

Metal (Aluminium, $A l$): EM = 70 x 109 N/m²; υ=0.33; ρM = 2780 kg/m3.

The numerical results are presented in terms of dimensionless frequencies. The non-dimensional natural frequencies parameter is defined as:

\[{{\bar{\omega }}_{n}}={{\omega }_{n}}{{L}^{2}}\sqrt{\frac{{{\rho }_{c}}A}{{{E}_{c}}I}}\]

Knowing that: I is the inertia moment and A is the section of FGM beam.

Table 1. Comparison of the fundamental frequencies $\overline{\omega_{n}}$ for isotropic beams

BCs

Source

$\overline{\omega_{1}}$

$\overline{\omega_{2}}$

$\overline{\omega_{3}}$

$\overline{\omega_{4}}$

$\overline{\omega_{5}}$

C-C

Present (exact solution)

(Eltaher et al.) [29]

22.3733

22.4926

61.6728

63.2455

120.903

107.762

199.859

128.924

298.556

208.792

C-S

Present (exact solution)

(Eltaher et al.) [29]

15.4182

15.4937

49.9649

51.0507

104.248

107.961

178.270

110.069

272.031

204.300

S-S

Present (exact solution)

(Eltaher et al.) [29]

9.8696

9.8698

39.4784

39.5500

88.8264

89.6055

157.914

107.868

246.740

162.459

C-F

Present (exact solution)

(Eltaher et al.) [29]

3.5160

3.5228

22.0345

22.3641

61.6972

53.9884

120.902

108.971

199.860

130.773

 

Table 2. The first three frequencies $\overline{\omega_{n}}$ of E-FGM beam for $L / h=10$  

$E_{U} / E_{L}$

$\overline{\omega_{n}}$

C-C

C-S

S-S

C-F

1

$\overline{\omega_{1}}$

$\overline{\omega_{2}}$

$\overline{\omega_{3}}$

22.373

61.673

120.90

15.418

49.964

104.24

9.8696

39.478

88.826

3.5160

22.034

61.697

2

$\overline{\omega_{1}}$

$\overline{\omega_{2}}$

$\overline{\omega_{3}}$

22.108

60.942

119.47

15.235

49.373

103.01

9.7525

39.010

87.773

3.4743

21.773

60.966

3

$\overline{\omega_{1}}$

$\overline{\omega_{2}}$

$\overline{\omega_{3}}$

21.720

59.871

117.37

14.968

48.505

101.20

9.5813

38.325

86.231

3.4133

21.391

59.895

4

$\overline{\omega_{1}}$

$\overline{\omega_{2}}$

$\overline{\omega_{3}}$

21.352

58.857

115.38

14.714

47.684

99.488

9.4190

37.676

84.771

3.3555

21.028

58.880

5

$\overline{\omega_{1}}$

$\overline{\omega_{2}}$

$\overline{\omega_{3}}$

21.020

57.941

113.59

14.486

46.942

97.942

9.2726

37.090

83.454

3.3033

20.702

57.965

Figure 3. The fundamental frequencies of an E-FGM beam for different conditions of support with a ceramic-metal mixture

To verify the accuracy of this method, the non-dimensional frequencies of the FGM beam with different boundary conditions were compared by Eltaher et al. [29]. The results are shown in the Table 1. We can notice that the results were in a good agreement that demonstrated the precision of our model.

Table 2 shows the first three fundamental frequencies ($\overline{\omega_{n}}$) of an E-FGM beam, for different boundary conditions with stiffness ratios EU/EL = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

It may be noted that the most important fundamental frequencies are those of the isotropic and homogeneous beams. (EU/EL =1) Where the mixture is made of pure ceramic (100% Alumina). It is also observed that the fundamental frequencies of an E-FGM beam decrease with the increase in stiffness ratio which is due to the decrease in the amount of ceramic in the mixture.

Figure 3 shows the proportionality of the fundamental frequencies with the vibratory modes (n) of the E-FGM beams and compared with those of isotropic and homogeneous beams which describes the two basic materials (Ceramics, Metal). From these figures, it can be deduced that the change in the fundamental frequencies depends on the combination of the volume fraction (E-FGM) of the extreme materials. This frequency change is influenced by the stiffness of the beams and becomes very significant for higher vibratory modes.

6. Conclusion

In this paper, we have analyzed the exact solution for free vibrations of the beams by using the classical Euler-Bernoulli theory (CBT) and assuming that the material properties of the beam are evaluated continuously in the direction of thickness according to the exponential law (E-FGM). The aim of this paper is to see the influence of the material distribution of the two extreme materials on the fundamental frequencies of the system. Numerical results have been presented for the E-FGM beam with various boundary states. These results can be used as a reference to other numerical methods.

Nomenclature

L

Total Length of beam, m

h

Thickness of the beam, m

b

Width of beam, m

E

Young's module, Gpa

A11, B11, D11

Terms of rigidities

[M]

Mass matrix

[K]

Stiffness matrix

$I_{1}$

Function of the volume fraction

$\{A\}$

unit vector

$B_{n}$

Wave number

Greek symbols

$\xi$

Ratio of stiffness coefficients

$\rho$

Mass density, Kg.m-3

u

Displacement along the X axis

$w$

Displacement along the Z axis

$\varepsilon_{i j}$

Strain Tensor

ν

Poisson coefficient

$\omega$

Eigenfrequency of the FGM beam

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