Mathematical Model of Tubular Linear Induction Motor

Mathematical Model of Tubular Linear Induction Motor

Viacheslav Okhrimenko* Maiia Zbіtnieva

Department of Power Supply and Power Consumption of Cities, O. M. Beketov National University of Urban Economi in Kharkiv, 16 Marshala Bazhanova, Kharkiv 61002, Ukraine

Kharkiv Humanitarian-Pedagogical Academy, 7 Shota Rustaveli Lane, Kharkiv 61000, Ukraine

Corresponding Author Email: 
monviktor@ukr.net
Page: 
103-109
|
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.18280/mmep.080113
Received: 
15 November 2020
|
Revised: 
15 January 2021
|
Accepted: 
23 January 2021
|
Available online: 
28 February 2021
| Citation

© 2021 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: 

Problem of calculation of distribution of magnetic field induction in clearance of tubular linear induction motor (TLIM) is considered. Mathematical model is represented by Fredholm integral equations of second kind for complexes of electric field strength and density of coupled magnetization currents at interface of environments. Algorithm of calculation of distribution of magnetic field induction in TLIM clearance has been developed. Dependence of magnetic field induction in motor clearance on value of pole division is investigated. There is area of optimum pole pitch. Reliability of results of calculations on mathematical model is confirmed by their comparison with results obtained on physical model. Calculated dependence of induction on thickness of runner's iron circuit also has extreme character. Given model can be used at design stage of TLIM. Model allows calculating its optimal geometric dimensions based on criterion of maximum induction in motor clearance, taking into account physical properties of applied materials.

Keywords: 

coupled magnetization currents, electric field strength, geometric structure optimization, magnetic field induction, polar coordinate system, ТLIM

1. Introduction

Linear electric motors are widely used in drives of various mechanisms with translational motion of executive organs. Researchers and developers pay much attention to problems of improving their designs and calculation methods [1].

Tubular linear induction motors (TLIMs) are distinguished by their simplicity and low cost of design. Area of their use is constantly expanding: drives of manipulators and industrial robots; in mining, electric power and other industries. Researchers pay a lot of attention to problem of optimization of TLIM, perfection of their characteristics [2-4].

Problem of development of methods of calculation of TLIM [4, 5], accounting for edge effects [6], optimization of geometric dimensions of engine remains urgent.

2. Analysis of Recent Researchers and Publications

New method of calculation of linear asynchronous motors with inductors of limited length with flat, cylindrical or rotating working organs is proposed in work [2]. Information on developed three-phase tubular linear motors for mining machineries and single-phase linear motors for high-voltage switching devices is presented.

Problem of optimization of TLIM at design stage by modelling taking into account edge effects is considered in [6]. Many researchers use finite elements method [7]. Method of three-dimensional finite elements is applied for analysis and improvement of characteristics of TLIM in article [8].

Developers solve problem of choice of rational geometric structure that provides required energy characteristics, for example, efficiency of engine in process of designing TLIM. This problem can be solved by investigation of influence of geometric parameters on electromagnetic field in TLIM, which in general case is described by Maxwell system of equations. Analytical solution of Maxwell system of equations, due to complexity of geometric structure of TLIM, is not possible and problem is solved by numerical methods. One of solutions, transformation of original system of Maxwell equations into partial differential equations such as Laplace or Poisson equations [9]. However, calculated models obtained in this case do not allow investigate influence of geometric dimensions on characteristics of field in engine, since one of assumptions in such models is absence of grooves on inductor surface.

3. Formulation of Problem

It was proposed to use method of secondary sources [10] to study electromagnetic field in TLIM in work [11]. Problem is formulated in form of Fredholm integral equations of second nature for complexes of electric field strength and coupled magnetization currents σ at border of division of environments with different magnetic permeabilities (stator steel - air, stator steel - stator winding, and runner steel - copper-coated runner surface). The resulting computational model of the engine makes it possible to study the influence of the geometric dimensions of the engine (pole division, coil thickness, etc.) and the physical properties of the materials used (magnetic permeability of the steel of the magnetic circuit, electrical conductivity) on the value of magnetic induction in the engine gap.

Aim of work was to refine mathematical model of TLIM, algorithm for its calculation and research of dependence of induction in engine gap on geometric dimensions of engine.

4. Construction TLIM

Device of tubular LIM is shown in Figure 1 [12]. Immovable stator of engine is installed in cylindrical housing 1. Steel clips 2 form stator magnetic circuit. Stator windings, made in form of flat coils 3, are installed in clips. Clamping nuts 4 have bronze bushings 5 that serve as slides for movement of movable part - runner 7. There is copper coating 6 that acts as winding of movable part on runner surface.

Figure 1. Device of tubular LIM

Stator winding is powered by three-phase current (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Stator coil connection diagram

Currents flowing in winding create alternating magnetic field in inhomogeneous medium of stator, consisting of steel, copper, insulation and air when stator winding is connected to three-phase network. This field induces eddy currents in runner copper sleeve, which affect resulting magnetic field of motor.

5. Matematical Model of TLIM

Following assumptions are made in mathematical model.

Electromagnetic field in engine is quasi-stationary. Displacement currents in dielectric and, as a consequence, radiation can be neglected in this case. This assumption is quite true, since stator winding is powered from electric network with a frequency of 50 Hz and dimensions of motor elements are much less than wavelengthes of electromagnetic field. It is possible, without prejudice to accuracy of calculation, to neglect displacement currents in dielectric, and, consequently, radiation in this case.

Environment in which electromagnetic field is investigated is considered piecewise homogeneous. We are considered constant within limits of each conductor and each individual part of iron circuit, specific conductivity γ and magnetic permeability μ in this case.

Assumption of constancy of specific conductivity γ in metal conductors at ordinary temperatures is fulfilled at frequencies up to 1 MHz [10]. Assumption of constant magnetic permeability μ is valid if induction in iron circuit of motor does not reach value at which nonlinear properties of used steel are affected.

Strength of electric and magnetic fields changes sinusoidally with time. We do not take into account phenomenon of hysteresis.

Winding is laid evenly within stator slots. This assumption is acceptable from the point of view of stator winding manufacturing technology.

Engine runner is copper-plated steel bar. Induced currents are induced in runner's copper coating under action of electromagnetic field of stator. We assume that induced currents penetrate only to depth of copper coating since conductivity of copper is much higher than conductivity of steel.

We will be considered field in engine in cylindrical coordinate system since design of it is axisymmetric. Scheme of computational model of TLIM is shown in Figure 3. Polar axis Z of cylindrical coordinate system is aligned with longitudinal axis of engine, and polar radius ρ is aligned with left edge of stator.

Plane-meridian nature of field in engine allows, in order to reduce amount of calculations, to calculate electromagnetic field in one meridian plane. Plane φ = 0 is chosen in model.

Figure 3. Design model TLIM

Electromagnetic field in engine with immovable runner is described by system of integral equations for complexes of electric field strength $\dot{\widetilde{E}}$ and density of coupled magnetization currents $\dot{\tilde{\sigma}}$ [11].

$\begin{align}  & \overset{{}}{\mathop{\dot{\tilde{E}}(Q)+j{{\lambda }_{0}}\int\limits_{{{D}_{n}}}{\frac{\mu (M)}{{{\mu }_{0}}}\gamma (M)\dot{\tilde{E}}(M)T(Q,M)d{{S}_{M}}+}}}\, \\  & +j{{\lambda }_{0}}\int\limits_{L}{\dot{\tilde{\sigma }}(M)T(Q,M)d{{L}_{M}}}={{{\dot{F}}}_{1}}(Q),\begin{matrix}   {} & Q\in   \\\end{matrix}{{D}_{n}}, \\ \end{align}$      (1)

$\begin{align}  & \dot{\tilde{\sigma }}(Q)-\chi \int\limits_{L}{\dot{\tilde{\sigma }}(M)S(Q,M)d{{L}_{M}}}- \\  & -\chi \int\limits_{{{D}_{n}}}{\frac{\mu (M)}{{{\mu }_{0}}}\gamma (M)\dot{\tilde{E}}(Q,M)d{{S}_{M}}={{{\dot{F}}}_{2}}(Q)},\begin{matrix}   {} & Q\in L  \\\end{matrix}, \\ \end{align}$            (2)

where: Q and M - fixed and current integration points;

μ(M) - magnetic permeability in point М;

γ(М) - electroconductivity at point М;

μ0- magnetic constant;

λ0- coefficient determined by ratio

${{\lambda }_{0}}=\frac{\omega {{\mu }_{0}}}{2\pi };$            (3)

х - coefficient determined by ratio

$x=\frac{1}{\pi }\frac{{{\mu }_{st}}-1}{\mu _{st}^{{}}+1},$                 (4)

where: µst - magnetic permeability of steel.

Kernels T(Q, M) and S(Q, M) of integral equations (1) and (2) are determined by relations [11]

$T(Q,M)=(\frac{2}{k}-k)K(k)-\frac{2}{k}E(k),$           (5)

$\begin{align}  & S(Q,M)=\frac{1}{2{{\rho }_{Q}}\sqrt{{{\rho }_{Q}}{{\rho }_{M}}}}({{f}_{1}}(k)(({{Z}_{Q}}-{{Z}_{M}})\cos ({{{\bar{s}}}_{Q}},{{{\bar{e}}}_{\rho }})- \\  & -{{\rho }_{Q}}\cos ({{{\bar{s}}}_{Q}},\bar{e}{}_{Z}))-{{f}_{2}}(k){{\rho }_{M}}\cos ({{{\bar{s}}}_{Q}},{{{\bar{e}}}_{Z}})), \\ \end{align}$        (6)

where: ρQ and ρM - coordinate ρ of points Q and М;

ZQ and ZM - coordinate Z of points Q and М;

$\bar{e}_{\rho}$ and $\bar{e}_{z}$ - unit vectors of coordinate axes $\rho$ and $Z$;

$\bar{s}_{Q}$ - unit vector of tangent to interface at point Q;

k - module of complete elliptic integrals K(k) and E(k)

${{k}^{2}}=\frac{4{{\rho }_{Q}}\cdot {{\rho }_{M}}}{{{({{\rho }_{Q}}+{{\rho }_{M}})}^{2}}+{{({{Z}_{Q}}-{{Z}_{M}})}^{2}}};$            (7)

K(k) and E(k) - сomplete elliptic integrals of first and second kind [11]

$K(k)=\int\limits_{0}^{\pi /2}{\frac{d\rho }{\sqrt{1-{{k}^{2}}{{\sin }^{2}}\rho }}}$              (8)

$E(k)=\int\limits_{0}^{\pi /2}{\sqrt{1-{{k}^{2}}{{\sin }^{2}}\rho }}d\rho ;$             (9)

f1(k) and f2(k) - functions of modulus of complete elliptic integrals of 1st and 2nd kind

${{f}_{1}}(k)=k(K(k)\frac{2-{{k}^{2}}}{2(1-{{k}^{2}})}E(k),$            (10)

${{f}_{2}}(k)=\frac{{{k}^{3}}}{2(1-{{k}^{2}})}E(k).$          (11)

In Eqns. (1) and (2) denotes:

$\dot{\tilde{E}}(Q)=\sqrt{\rho_{Q}} \dot{E}(Q)$       (12)

$\dot{\tilde{\sigma }}(Q)=\sqrt{{{\rho }_{Q}}}\dot{\sigma }(Q).$        (13)

Right-hand sides of Eqns. (1) and (2) are determined by ratios [11]

${{\dot{F}}_{1}}(Q)=-j{{\lambda }_{0}}\int\limits_{{{S}_{c}}}{\dot{\tilde{\sigma }}(N)T(Q,N)d{{S}_{N}}}+\frac{{{{\dot{\tilde{e}}}}_{ext}}(Q)}{2\pi \sqrt{{{\rho }_{Q}}}},$               (14)

${{\dot{F}}_{2}}(Q)=\chi \int\limits_{{{S}_{c}}}{\dot{\tilde{\delta }}(N)S(Q,N)d{{S}_{N}}},$       (15)

where: $\dot{\tilde{\delta}}(N)=\sqrt{\rho_{N}} \dot{\delta}(N)$‒ density of conduction currents at point N of cross section of stator coils;

Sc - area of section of stator coils;

Q, N - fixed and current integration points;

$\dot{\tilde{e}}_{e x t}(Q)$‒ external emf, which is determined [11]

${{\dot{\tilde{e}}}_{ext}}(Q)=\frac{2\pi \rho _{\text{Q}}^{{}}}{{{\gamma }_{\text{k}}}}\dot{\delta }(Q)+j\omega {{\mu }_{0}}\sqrt{{{\rho }_{Q}}}\int\limits_{{{S}_{c}}}{\dot{\delta }(N)T(Q,N)d{{S}_{N}}}.$       (16)

System of Eqns. (1) - (2) has view in operator form

$\dot{\tilde{E}}(Q)+j\lambda _{0}^{{}}{{T}_{nn}}\frac{\mu }{{{\mu }_{0}}}\gamma \dot{\tilde{E}}+j{{\lambda }_{0}}{{T}_{nL}}\dot{\tilde{\sigma }}={{\dot{F}}_{1}}(Q),\begin{matrix}   {} & Q\in {{D}_{n}}  \\\end{matrix}$            (17)

$\dot{\tilde{\sigma }}(Q)-\chi {{S}_{LL}}\dot{\tilde{\sigma }}-\chi {{S}_{Ln}}\frac{\mu }{{{\mu }_{0}}}\gamma \dot{\tilde{E}}={{\dot{F}}_{2}}(Q),\begin{matrix}   {} & Q\in L  \\\end{matrix}$        (18)

Eqns. (17) and (18) denote:

${{T}_{nn}}\frac{\mu }{{{\mu }_{0}}}\gamma \dot{\tilde{E}}=\int\limits_{{{D}_{n}}}{\frac{\mu (M)}{{{\mu }_{0}}}}\gamma (M)\dot{\tilde{E}}(M)T(Q,M)d{{S}_{M}},\begin{matrix}   {} & Q\in {{D}_{n}}  \\\end{matrix},$               (19)

${{T}_{nL}}\dot{\tilde{\sigma }}=\int\limits_{L}{\dot{\tilde{\sigma }}(M)T(Q,M)d{{L}_{M}}},\begin{matrix}   {} & Q\in {{D}_{n}}  \\\end{matrix},$          (20)

${{S}_{LL}}\dot{\tilde{\sigma }}=\chi \int\limits_{L}{\dot{\tilde{\sigma }}(M)S(Q,M)d{{L}_{M}}},\begin{matrix}   {} & Q\in L  \\\end{matrix},$           (21)

${{S}_{Ln}}\frac{\mu }{{{\mu }_{0}}}\gamma \dot{\tilde{E}}=\chi \int\limits_{{{D}_{n}}}{\frac{\mu (M)}{\mu _{0}^{{}}}\gamma (M)\dot{\tilde{E}}(M)S(Q,M)d{{S}_{M}}},\begin{matrix}   {} & Q\in L  \\\end{matrix}.$         (22)

System (17) - (18) is solved by reducing it to system of algebraic equations, replacing integrals with finite sums. Integration contour L is divided into n sections ΔL. ϭ is considered constant and equal to its value in centre of segment on each segment. Then elements of matrices (20) and (21) with linear integrals can be calculated from ratios

${{S}_{ij}}=-x\int\limits_{\Delta {{L}_{j}}}{S(Q,M)d{{L}_{j}}},i\text{ }\ne j$,       (23)

${{S}_{ii}}=1-\frac{\lambda }{\pi }\int\limits_{\Delta L_{j}^{{}}}{S(Q,M)d{{L}_{j}}}.$           (24)

We calculate integral over ΔLj using Simpson formula, dividing ΔLj into m parts

$\begin{align}  & \int\limits_{\Delta {{L}_{j}}}{S({{Q}_{i}},M)d{{L}_{j}}}=\frac{\Delta {{L}_{j}}}{3m}(S({{Q}_{i}},{{M}_{0}})+4S({{Q}_{i}},{{M}_{1}})+ \\  & 2S({{Q}_{i}},{{M}_{2}})+...+4S({{Q}_{i}},{{M}_{m-1}})+S({{Q}_{i}},{{M}_{m}})). \\ \end{align}$                (25)

Point M approaches point Q when calculating diagonal coefficients Sii using formula (24), and, if their coordinates coincide, integral in expression (24) has peculiarity that was studied in [10]. Select neighbourhood of point and denote it δLj to take into account peculiarity when calculating integral by formula (24) on segment ΔLj. Now integral over two halves of ΔLj - δLj is found by formula (25), and integral over δLj is calculated by ratio [10]

$\int\limits_{\delta {{L}_{j}}}{S({{Q}_{i}},M)\cong \frac{\cos ({{\overline{S}}_{{{Q}_{j}}}},{{\overline{e}}_{Z}})}{{{\rho }_{{{Q}_{j}}}}}\ln \frac{16{{\rho }_{{{Q}_{j}}}}}{\delta {{L}_{j}}}\delta {{L}_{j}}}.$         (26)

Ratio for calculation diagonal coefficients of matrix S has view taking into account (24)

${{S}_{ii}}=1-\frac{\lambda }{\pi }(\int\limits_{\Delta Lj-\delta {{L}_{j}}}{S({{Q}_{i}},M)dL_{j}^{{}}+}\frac{\cos ({{\overline{S}}_{Q_{j}^{{}}}},{{\overline{e}}_{Z}})}{{{\rho }_{{{Q}_{j}}}}}\ln \frac{16{{\delta }_{{{Q}_{j}}}}}{\delta {{L}_{j}}}\delta {{L}_{j}}).$                (27)

We divide area of integration Dn into rectangles ΔS=2a×2b to calculate elements of matrices (19) and (22). Then, elements of matrix T are calculated [13]:

${{t}_{ij}}=T({{Q}_{i}},{{M}_{j}})\Delta {{S}_{Mj}},~i\ne j$         (28)

${{t}_{ii}}=4ab(\ln \frac{8{{\rho }_{{{Q}_{i}}}}}{\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}+{{b}^{2}}}}-\frac{1}{2}(1+\frac{a}{b}arctg\frac{b}{a}+\frac{b}{a}arctg\frac{a}{b})).$           (29)

System of algebraic equations that approximates system of integral Eqns. (1) - (2) has view

$\overline{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{{\tilde{E}}}}\,}+j{{\lambda }_{0}}{{T}_{nn}}\frac{\mu }{{{\mu }_{0}}}\gamma \overline{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{{\tilde{E}}}}\,}+j{{\lambda }_{0}}{{T}_{nL}}\overline{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{{\tilde{\sigma }}}}\,}={{\overline{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{F}}\,}}_{1}},$           (30)

$\overline{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{{\tilde{\sigma }}}}\,}\chi {{S}_{LL}}\overline{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{{\tilde{\sigma }}}}\,}\chi {{S}_{Ln}}\frac{\mu }{{{\mu }_{0}}}\gamma \overline{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{{\tilde{E}}}}\,}={{\overline{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{F}}\,}}_{2}},$           (31)

where,

${{\overline{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{F}}\,}}_{1}}=-j{{\lambda }_{0}}{{T}_{nk}}\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{{\tilde{\delta }}}}\,+\overline{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{F_{1}^{0}}}\,},$         (32)

${{\overline{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{F}}\,}}_{2}}=\chi {{S}_{Lk}}\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{{\tilde{\delta }}}}\,,$       (33)

$\overline{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{F_{1}^{0}}}\,}=\frac{{{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{{\tilde{e}}}}\,}_{ext}}(Q)}{2\pi \sqrt{{{\rho }_{Q}}}}.$          (34)

System (30) - (31) is written in complex form. We write Eq. (30) in following view

$\overline{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{{\tilde{E}}}}\,}+j{{\lambda }_{0}}{{T}_{nn}}\frac{\mu }{{{\mu }_{0}}}\gamma \overline{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{{\tilde{E}}}}\,}={{\overline{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{F}}\,}}_{11}},$           (35)

where,

${{\overline{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{F}}\,}}_{11}}={{\overline{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{F}}\,}}_{1}}-j{{\lambda }_{0}}{{T}_{nL}}\overline{\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{{\tilde{\sigma }}}}\,}={{\bar{\dot{F}}}_{1}}-{{\bar{\dot{F}}}_{3}}.$             (36)

Eq. (35) is solved by direct method. Calculation formulas for determination active and reactive components of electric field strength for our case have view [13]

${{\overline{{\tilde{E}}}}_{a}}={{\left[ I+{{(T)}^{2}} \right]}^{-1}}({{\overline{F}}_{11a}}+T{{\overline{F}}_{11r}}),$       (37)

${{\overline{{\tilde{E}}}}_{r}}={{\overline{F}}_{11a}}-T{{\overline{{\tilde{E}}}}_{a}},$           (38)

where, I is unitary matrix, and matrix T is determined by ratio

$T={{\lambda }_{0}}{{T}_{nn}}\frac{\mu }{{{\mu }_{0}}}\gamma .$              (39)

We write Eq. (31) to solve it in following view

$\bar{\dot{\tilde{\sigma }}}-\chi {{S}_{LL}}\bar{\dot{\tilde{\sigma }}}={{\bar{\dot{F}}}_{22}},$              (40)

where,

${{\bar{\dot{F}}}_{22}}={{\bar{\dot{F}}}_{2}}+\chi {{S}_{Ln}}\frac{\mu }{{{\mu }_{0}}}\gamma \bar{\dot{\tilde{E}}}={{\bar{\dot{F}}}_{2}}+{{\bar{\dot{F}}}_{4}}.$                 (41)

We obtain two independent systems of linear equations that allow us to calculate active $\overline{\tilde{\sigma}}_{a}$ and reactive $\overline{\tilde{\sigma}}_{r}$ components of density of coupled magnetization currents after division active and reactive components of Eq. (40)

${{\overline{{\tilde{\sigma }}}}_{a}}-\chi {{S}_{LL}}{{\overline{{\tilde{\sigma }}}}_{a}}={{\overline{F}}_{22a}},$           (42)

${{\overline{{\tilde{\sigma }}}}_{r}}-\chi {{S}_{LL}}{{\overline{{\tilde{\sigma }}}}_{r}}={{\overline{F}}_{22r}}.$         (43)

System (30) - (31) is solved by iterative method [10]. We set initial distribution of coupled currents and solve first equation of system at first step. We determine distribution of induced currents in runner's copper-plated surface. We solve second equation of system and determine distribution of coupled currents. We again solve first equation of system at second iteration step. We check fulfilment of condition for required solution accuracy

$E_{\mathrm{n}+1}-E_{\mathrm{n}} \leq \mathcal{E}$          (44)

where: $\mathcal{E}$- required solution accuracy;

n - iteration step.

If condition (44) is not carried out, we take next iteration step. If condition is carried out, we end process of calculation of coupled and induced currents. Active components of magnetic induction along ρ and Z axes are determined [10]:

$\begin{align}  & {{B}_{\rho a}}(Q)=-\frac{{{\mu }_{0}}}{4\pi }\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}{\sigma _{a}^{{}}({{M}_{j}})\frac{{{Z}_{Q}}-{{Z}_{{{M}_{j}}}}}{{{\rho }_{Q}}\sqrt{{{\rho }_{Q}}{{\rho }_{{{M}_{j}}}}}}}{{f}_{1}}(k)\Delta {{L}_{{{M}_{j}}}}- \\  & -\frac{{{\mu }_{0}}}{4\pi }\sum\limits_{\nu =1}^{m}{{{\delta }_{a}}({{N}_{\nu }})\frac{{{Z}_{Q}}-{{Z}_{{{M}_{\nu }}}}}{{{\rho }_{Q}}\sqrt{{{\rho }_{Q}}{{\rho }_{{{N}_{\nu }}}}}}{{f}_{1}}(k)\Delta {{S}_{{{N}_{\nu }}}}}; \\ \end{align}$              (45)

$\begin{align}  & {{B}_{Za}}(Q)=\frac{{{\mu }_{0}}}{4\pi }\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}{\sigma _{a}^{{}}({{M}_{j}})\frac{1}{{{\rho }_{Q}}\sqrt{{{\rho }_{Q}}{{\rho }_{{{M}_{j}}}}}}({{\rho }_{Q}}{{f}_{1}}}(k)+{{\rho }_{M}}{{f}_{2}}(k))\Delta {{L}_{{{M}_{j}}}}+ \\  & +\frac{{{\mu }_{0}}}{4\pi }\sum\limits_{\nu =1}^{m}{{{\delta }_{a}}({{N}_{\nu }})\frac{1}{{{\rho }_{Q}}\sqrt{{{\rho }_{Q}}{{\rho }_{{{N}_{\nu }}}}}}({{\rho }_{Q}}{{f}_{1}}(k)+{{\rho }_{N}}{{f}_{2}}(k))\Delta {{S}_{{{N}_{\nu }}}}.} \\ \end{align}$        (46)

Reactive component of induction is calculated using formulas similar to (45) and (46).

6. Algoritme of Calculation of Induction in Clearance of TLIM

Algorithm of calculation of magnetic field induction in TLIM clearance is developed, diagram of which is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Scheme of algorithm of calculation of induction in clearance TLIM

Step 2 - declaration of array sizes and input of initial data.

Step 3 - cycle for formation of matrix Т is set (steps 4 and 5) and vector $\bar{F}_{1}$ (steps 6 and 7).

Step 8 - solution of Eq. (30) relatively to active $\overline{\widetilde{E}}_{a}$ (37) and step 9 - relatively to reactive ${{\bar{\tilde{E}}}_{r}}$ (38) components of electric field strength.

Step 10 - cycle is set to form vector $\bar{F}_{2}$ (steps 11 and 12) and matrix S (steps 13 - 18).

Step 19 - cycle of iterations between first (30) and second (31) equations of system is specified (cycle was limited to 5 steps in calculations).

Step 20 - cycle of vector $\bar{F}_{4}$ formation is set (steps 21 and 22).

Step 23rd - solution of Eq. (31) relatively to active $\overline{\tilde{\sigma}}_{a}$ (42) and step 24 - relatively to reactive $\overline{\widetilde{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ (43) components of magnetization currents.

Step 25th - cycle is set to form vector $\bar{F}_{1}$ (steps 26 and 27).

Step 28th - solution of Eq. (30) relatively to active  $\overline{\tilde{E}}_{a}$(37) and step 29th - relatively to reactive ${{\bar{\tilde{E}}}_{r}}$ (38) components of electric field strength.

Step 30th - check for required solution accuracy.

Steps 31 - 33: calculation of induction distribution in clearance of TLIM.

Step 34 - output of calculation results.

7. Research Results

Above mathematical model was used to calculate induction in clearance of three-phase TLIM used for drive of high-voltage disconnectors (Figure 1) [12]. Motor parameters are given in appendix 1.

Integration area Dn (Figure 3) was divided into 100 rectangles with section 2a × 2b (N1 = 100) in mathematical model. Matrix T has dimension of 100 × 100 in this case.

Cutset of each of 18 coils of stator winding was divided into 6 rectangles (N2 = 18 × 6 = 108).

Integration contour L (Figure 3) was divided into 108 sections ΔL (N3 = 108), within which approximation was performed using Simpson formula (23) for case m=4 (N4=108×4=432; N5=4). S has dimension of 108 × 108 in this case.

Functions f1(k) and f2(k) were preliminarily calculated using formulas (7) and (8) from tabular values of elliptic integrals of first K(k) and second E(k) kind. We used arrays f1(k) and f2(k) for 101 points in calculations.

Magnetic field induction was calculated for 79 points along motor air clearance. Values of physical parameters taken in calculation of induction are given in appendix 2.

Figure 5. Calculated B/Bmax = f(τ) and experimental η/ηmax = f(τ) dependences

It is shown results of calculation of dependence of magnetic induction in TLIM clearance on value of pole division B = f(τ) (solid curve) in Figure 5. Parameters of stator winding coils remained unchanged in calculations. Pole division τ was changed due to toothed zone of stator iron circuit.

It can be seen from graph that there is area of values of pole division τ of motor, in which induction in clearance of motor takes maximum value.

Figure 5 is also shown experimental dependence of efficiency of motor from value of pole pitch η = f(τ) (dashed curve), obtained on physical model [14], which has similar parameters. Analysis of graphs (Figure 5) shows that area of optimal values of pole division in calculated and experimental dependences practically coincide and it confirms reliability of calculated data.

Figure 6 is shown calculated dependence of induction B in engine clearance on thickness of runner's magnetic core Δ for engine having pole division τ = 36 mm. Diameter of runner on steel is 18 mm., runner's magnetic core is solid steel bar at Δ=9 mm, and it is tubular runner at Δ < 9 mm. Function B=f(Δ) also has maximum in area of optimal values of runner's magnetic core thickness as can be seen from graph (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Calculated dependence B = f(Δ)

8. Experimental Verification of the Design Dataё

Dependence of TLIM energy characteristics on pole pitch value was studied out on physical model, parameters of which coincide with parameters of calculated mathematical model. Results of research of physical model are given by Ochrimenko [14]. Optimum pole pitch was τopt.physical = 35 mm.

We also carried out research of mathematical model of TLIM stator (actually engine without moving part) with same geometric dimensions. Research results are published in [15]. Stator electromagnetic field is described by one Fredholm integral equation of 2nd kind for density of coupled magnetization currents [16]

$\overset{\bullet }{\mathop{\sigma }}\,(Q)+\frac{\lambda }{\pi }\int\limits_{L}{\sigma (M)S(Q,M)d{{L}_{M}}}={{\dot{F}}_{1}}(Q),$         (47)

where the designations are the same as in Eq. (2).

Eq. (47) is similar to Eq. (2), and resulting relations for calculation of magnetic induction are similar to relations (45) and (46). In general, Mathematical model of stator and its software implementation is much simpler than mathematical model of engine, electromagnetic field in which is described by two Fredholm integral equations of 2nd kind (1) and (2). Calculated optimal value of pole pitch for TLIM stator was τopt.stator = 23 mm [15]. That is, areas of optimal values of pole pitch of engine and separately engine stator do not coincide.

Comparison of optimal values of pole pitch of physical TLIM model (τopt.physical = 35 mm) with optimal pole pitch values calculated using mathematical model presented here (τopt.mathematic = 34 mm) showed coincidence sufficient for engineering calculations. At the same time, it was concluded that it is necessary to take into account geometric parameters of moving part of engine (runner) in TLIM mathematical model.

9. Conclusions

Presented mathematical model covers the entire TLIM class and does not require the introduction of special coefficients that take into account the presence of longitudinal edge effects and depend on the ratio of the geometric parameters of the engine. Model makes it possible to calculate induction in the TLAM gap taking into account its real geometric structure, dimensions and physical properties used by material.

Mathematical model of TLIM can be used to calculate quasi-stationary fields of axisymmetric electromagnetic systems described by two Fredholm integral equations of second kind relatively to density of coupled magnetization currents at environments interface and density of induced currents in conductors.

Dependences of induction in clearance of TLIM on value of pole division and on thickness of magnetic conductive part of runner are investigated. Extreme nature of these dependencies and presence of areas of optimal values of pole division and thickness of magnetic conductive part of runner in which induction in engine clearance is maximum are shown.

Described mathematical model can be used at design stage in order to determine optimal geometric dimensions of TLIM.

Further research involves improvement of development of mathematical model, taking into account dynamics of runner movement and obtaining of possibility of calculation of working characteristics of TLIM.

This problem requires research of question of assignment of rational lengths of sections of fragmentation ΔL, ΔS, Dn, number m of parts of fragmentation of sectiont ΔLj for i = j. (optimality condition is minimum number of integration points with acceptable accuracy of calculation of induction in engine gap or tractive force of engine). Designed calculations of engine geometry will also require taking into account degree of saturation of magnetic circuit. As a result, it will be possible to calculate optimal (minimum) geometric dimensions for given tractive forces, operating modes and used materials.

Nomenclature

TLIM

tubular linear induction motor

Q

fixed point of integration

M

current integration point

$\dot{E}$

electric field strength complex, V/m

S

stator winding area, m2

D

runner's copper-plated surface area, m2

Z

coordinate of cylindrical coordinate system, m

Greek symbols

$\dot{\sigma }$

density complex of coupled magnetization currents, A/m2

µ

magnetic permeability

γ

electrical conductivity, Ωм·m

$\dot{\delta }$

conductivity current density complex

ω = 2πf

angular frequency of current, rad/s

ρ

coordinate ρ of cylindrical system coordinate, m

χ

coefficient determined by ratio (4)

Subscripts

a

active component

c

coil

ext

external

r

reactive coomponent

st

steel

Appendix

(1) Parameters of the TLIM

Geometrical dimensions (Figure 1).

Stator housing: outer diameter d1 = 60 mm, inner diameter

d2 = 55 mm, length - 240 mm.

Stator magnetic core - solid steel (Ст. 3) clips: outer diameter d2 = 53 mm, inner diameter d3 = 50 mm, clip thickness 1.5 mm.

Stator winding coil: outer diameter d3 = 49 mm, inner diameter 25 mm, thickness h = 9.3 mm.

Runner. Solid bar (St. 3) with diameter of d4 = 19 mm, length L1 = 595 mm. Conductive part - copper overlay of thickness 1.5 mm, length L2 = 507 mm.

Stator winding: 18 coils, number of turns – 1520. Connecting circuit – star. Supply voltage – 220 V. Supply voltage frequency 50 Hz. Pole division – 36 mm. Number of pole

pairs – 3.

(2) Parameters of mathematical models

μ0 = 4π∙10-7 H/m

μst = 100 H/m

γ(М) = 52,5∙106 1/(Ω∙m)

λ0 = ω∙μ0/(2π) = 6,28∙10-5

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