Mercury Levels in Fly Ash and APC Residue from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Before and After Electrodialytic Remediation

Mercury Levels in Fly Ash and APC Residue from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Before and After Electrodialytic Remediation

Celia Dias-Ferreira Gunvor M. Kirkelund  Pernille E. Jensen 

Centro de Estudos de Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Sociedade (CERNAS), Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politecnico de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal

Materials and Ceramic Engineering Department, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal

Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark

Page: 
672-682
|
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP-V11-N5-672-682
Received: 
N/A
| |
Accepted: 
N/A
| | Citation

OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: 

Fly ash (FA) and Air Pollution Control (APC) residues collected from three municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWI) in Denmark and Greenland were treated by electrodialytic remediation at pilot scale for 8 to 10 h. The original residues and the treated material were analysed for mercury (Hg) in order to assess the influence of the electrodialytic treatment on the concentrations of this element. Mercury levels varied with the MSWI residue, ranging from 0.41 mg kg−1 in FA sample from electrostatic precipitator (ESP) to 8.38 mg kg−1 in MSWI residues from a semi-dry system with lime and activated carbon. Two distinct behaviours were observed for mercury as a result of the electrodialytic treatment. This element became enriched in the MSWI residues from the semi-dry system with activated carbon, whereas it decreased in ESP’s and cyclone’s FA. This work presents for the first time information about the effect of electrodialytic treatment on mercury levels and discusses the valorisation options for these MSWI residues.

Keywords: 

arctic, construction materials, EDR, electrodialytic remediation, Greenland, Hg, incineration, incinerators, MSW, MSWI, waste

  References

[1] UNEP 2013, Minamata convention on mercury, united nations environment programme (UNEP), available at: http://www. mercuryconvention.org/Convention/tabid/3426/Default.aspx (last access: 17 March 2016)

[2] UNEP 2013 Global Mercury Assessment 2013: Sources, emissions, releases, and environmental transport, UNEP chemicals branch, Geneva, Switzerland.

[3] Directive 2000/76/EC of the European parliament and of the council of 4 december 2000 on the incineration of waste. Official Journal of the European Communities L332/91-111, 28.12.2000.

[4] Ferreira, C., Ribeiro, A. & Ottosen, L., Heavy metals in MSW incineration fly ashes. Journal de Physique Archives, 107, pp. 463–466, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20030341

[5] Environment Agency, Solid residues from municipal waste incinerators in england and wales. A report on an investigation by the Environment Agency, 2002.

[6] Ferreira, C., Ribeiro, A. & Ottosen, L., Effect of major constituents of MSW fly ash during electrodialytic remediation of heavy metals. Separation Science and Technology, 40, pp. 2007–2019, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/SS-200068412

[7] Ferreira, C.D., Jensen, P., Ottosen, L. & Ribeiro, A., Preliminary treatment of MSW fly ash as a way of improving electrodialytic remediation. Journal Environment Science and Health. A: Toxic Hazardous Substances Environmental Engineering, 43, pp. 837–843, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934520801974319

[8] Kirkelund, G.M., Magro, C., Guedes, P., Jensen, P.E., Ribeiro, A.B. & Ottosen, L.M., Electrodialytic removal of heavy metals and chloride from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash and air pollution control residue in suspension - test of a new two compartment experimental cell. Electrochimica Acta, 181, pp. 73–81, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.192

[9] Jensen, P.E., Ferreira, C.M.D., Hansen, H.K., Rype, J.-U., Ottosen, L.M. & Villumsen, A., Electroremediation of air pollution control residues in a continuous reactor. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 40, pp. 1173–1181, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-010-0090-1

[10] Jensen, P.E., Kirkelund, G.M., Pedersen, K.B., Dias-Ferreira, C. & Ottosen, L.M., Electrodialytic upgrading of three different municipal solid waste incineration residue types with focus on Cr, Pb, Zn, Mn, Mo, Sb, Se, V, Cl and SO4. Electrochimica Acta, 181, pp. 167–178, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.06.012

[11] Dias-Ferreira, C., Kirkelund, G.M. & Jensen, P.E., The influence of electrodialytic remediation on dioxin (PCDD/PCDF) levels in fly ash and air pollution control residues. Chemosphere, 148, pp. 380–387, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.061

[12] Kirkelund, G.M., Jensen, P.E., Villumsen, A. & Ottosen, L.M., Test of electrodialytic upgrading of MSWI APC residue in pilot scale: focus on reduced metal and salt leaching. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 40, pp. 1049–1060, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-009-0059-0

[13] DS/EN 12457-3-Characterisation of waste - leaching - compliance test for leaching of granular waste materials and sludges - Part 3: two stage batch test at a liquid to solid ratio of 2 L/kg and 8 L/kg for materials with high solid content and with particle size below 4 mm (without or with size reduction), 2002.

[14] Dansk Standardiseringsraad-DS259:2003, Determination of metals in water, sludge and sediments - General guidelines for determination by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in flame/DS259:2003.

[15] Zhang, L., Wang, S., Wu, Q., Wang, F., Lin, C., Zhang, L., Hui, M., Yang, M., Su, H. & Hao, J., Mercury transformation and speciation in flue gases from anthropogenic emission sources: a critical review. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16, pp. 2417–2433, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2417-2016

[16] Environment Agency, Testing of residues from incineration of municipal solid waste. Science Report P1-494/SR2, Environment Agency, UK, 2004.

[17] Eisted, R. & Christensen, T.H., Environmental assessment of waste management in Greenland: current practice and potential future developments. Waste Management and Research, 31(5), pp. 502–509, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242X13482175

[18] Driscoll, C.T., Mason, R.P., Chan, H.M., Jacob, D.J. & Pirrone, N., Mercury as a global pollutant: sources, pathways, and effects. Environmental Science and Technology, 47(10), pp. 4967−4983, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es305071v

[19] Ferreira, C., Ribeiro, A. & Ottosen, L., Possible applications for municipal solid waste fly ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 96, pp. 201–216, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00201-7

[20] Lam, C.H.K., Ip, A.W.M., Barford, J.P. & McKay, G., Use of incineration MSW ash: a review. Sustainability, 2, pp. 1943–1968, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su2071943

[21] JRC, Study report on end-of-waste criteria for biodegradable waste subjected to biological treatment. Draft Final Report, Joint Research Centre, 2013.

[22] Miljøministeriet, Bekendtgørelse om genanvendelse af restprodukter og jord til byggeog anlægsarbejder. Bekendtgørelse nr. 1662 af 21 december 2010 (In Danish).

[23] Carlon, C. (ed), Derivation methods of soil screening values in Europe. a review and evaluation of national procedures towards harmonisation. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Eur 22805-EN, Evaluation. EUR 22805_EN, 2007.