Issam Griche* | Sabir Messalti | Kamel Saoudi | Mohamed Y. Touafek
OPEN ACCESS
In this paper, new Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and PI controller have been proposed and investigated which the power system is equipped by Static Var Compensator (SVC) and small wind turbine. The SVC is controlled by PI controller optimized by genetic algorithm (GA) to regulate the voltage profile. To demonstrate the efficiency of proposed controller, a Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) has been considered, in which small fluctuation of mechanical damped has been applied to improve the transient stability and has been evaluated using a relative rotor criteria. Obtained results have demonstrated a better performance with ANFIS and PI controller in which both voltage and transient stability have been controlled perfectly.
power network, distributed generator (DG), simulation, intelligent controller
In the last few years, Electro-energetic systems are often subject to disturbances that can cause serious problem; their reliability is defined by operating limits and behavior subject disturbances [1-3]. These disturbances lead to additional constraints, mechanical, thermal, or electrical to those of the steady state and give the instability of the power system. Quite recently, considerable attention has been paid to cope with its problems, two means of improving stability, classical means such us transformer with taps adjustable, shifting phase transformer and modern means such us using a controller in the generator which an additional signal control in the exciter system of the generator, or using a controller in line-side which additional control signal in the systems FACTS devices. Due to previous dilemma, the power systems require more and more advanced devices and techniques. Current research on power system improvement is focused on different techniques such as HVDC, FACTS, and PSS [4-7].
Several publications have appeared in recent years documenting the PSSs. The literature on [8] shows a variety of approaches such as PID and lead lag compensators [9] which have been devoted to the study of optimization algorithm. One of the first examples of PSO is presented in [9]. The results obtained in [10-15] suggest that the sequential linear programing such as Genetic Algorithm (GA), chaotic algorithm, bacteria foraging and H∞. A key limitation of this research is that their simple structure, need to an accurate model and its non-optimal damping in different cases of power system.
However, the authors are available in the literature that discussed the issue of the adaptive of the PSS such as, neural networks (NN) [16-19], Wavelet neural networks (WNN) controller [20-21], self-tuning PID controllers [22-23], sliding mode and fuzzy controller [24-25]. Nevertheless, there are still some interesting and relevant problems to be addressed using adaptive control law. The problem with this approach is in that it requires offline training. Hence, an appropriate PSS have indicated in view of the drawbacks.
Among them, Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices have proved to be very effective and viable in alleviating the problems of electrical transmission systems for voltage controller and transient stability [26-27], security, and reliability in the modern power systems [28-29]. In addition, Distributed Energy Systems [30] has on the centralized supply in terms of cost of the energy delivered to consumers is evaluated.
To solve these defects, this paper establishes a new Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and PI controller to improve the transient stability and regulate the voltage profile of SMIB connected to small wind turbine and SVC. The propped ANFIS Controller is used to control the excitation system of generator; the SVC is controlled by PI optimize by genetic algorithm for load bus voltage improvement. Furthermore, assessment of power system transient stability and voltage regulation is studied in case of small fluctuation of mechanical power.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces the model of power system under studied. Section 3, describes the conventional PSS structure (CPSS). Section 4 provides the design of proposed controllers. Section 5 summarizes the results of this work and draws conclusions.
The efficiency of the proposed method has been tested using Single Machine infinite Bus (SMIB) equipped by SVC and a small wind turbine is connected in bus 2 shown in Figure 1. The external line parameters, $R_{e}$ and $X_{e}$ are to be varied to change the electrical strength of the connection between the synchronous generator and infinite bus which the load, wind turbine and the SVC are connected.
Figure 1. SMIB equipped by SVC and wind turbine
To demonstrate the validity of the proposed method, the standard two-axis model of the generator with field winding on the direct axis and damper winding on the quadrature axis, an IEEE type-I excitation system and a simplified turbine/governor model are adopted in this study. [2]
The stator voltage equations with the external impedance included is:
$\begin{align} & {{v}_{q}}=-\left( {{r}_{s}}+{{R}_{e}} \right){{I}_{q}}-\left( x_{d}^{'}+{{X}_{e}} \right){{I}_{d}}+E_{q}^{'} \\ & {{v}_{d}}=-\left( {{r}_{s}}+{{R}_{e}} \right){{I}_{d}}-\left( x_{q}^{'}+{{X}_{e}} \right){{I}_{q}}+E_{d}^{'}\, \\ \end{align}$ (1)
$\dot{\delta }=\left( \omega -{{\omega }_{b}} \right)$ (2)
$\dot{\omega }=\frac{{{\omega }_{b}}}{2H}\left[ {{P}_{m}}-{{P}_{e}}-D\,\left( \omega -{{\omega }_{b}} \right) \right]$ (3)
${{\dot{{E}'}}_{q}}=\frac{1}{T{{'}_{d0}}}\left[ {{V}_{ex\,}}-E{{'}_{q}}+\left( {{x}_{d}}-x{{'}_{d}} \right)I{{'}_{d}} \right]$ (4)
${{\dot{{E}'}}_{d}}=\frac{1}{T{{'}_{q0}}}\left[ -E{{'}_{q}}-\left( {{x}_{q}}-x{{'}_{q}} \right)I{{'}_{q}} \right]$ (5)
The electrical power at the bus 2 is given by:
${{P}_{e}}={{P}_{gen}}+{{P}_{wind}}$ (6)
where: $P_{g e n}$ is the electrical power generated by the synchronous generator, $P_{\text {wind}}$ is the electrical power generated by the wind turbine which the captured power (in W) by a Wind turbine (WT) can be written by:
${{P}_{wind}}=\frac{1}{2}{{\rho }_{w}}.{{A}_{rw}}.V_{w}^{3}.{{C}_{pw}}({{\lambda }_{w}},{{\beta }_{w}})$ (7)
where $\rho_{w}$ the air density (kg/m3), $A_{r w}$ is the blade impact area (m2), $V_{w}$ is the wind speed (m/s), the WT $\lambda_{w}$ the tip speed ratio, $\beta_{w}$ is blade pitch angle (degrees) and $C_{p w}$ power coefficient.
where $r_{S}, H, D, \cdot \omega, \cdot \delta, P_{m}, \cdot P_{e}$ are the parameters of the machine given in [2].
For the regulation of the voltage at bus 2, the model is completed by the algebraic equation expressing the reactive power injected $Q_{S V C}$ at the SVC node: [11]
${{Q}_{SVC}}=-{{b}_{SVC}}V_{2}^{2}$ (8)
where $b_{S V C}$ is the susceptance,
The regulator has an anti-windup limiter. Thus, the reactance $b_{S V C}$ is locked if one of its limits is reached and the first derivative is set to zero shown in Figure 2.
Let us define the following dependence of shunt-connected capacitor raises the voltage. The value of $b_{S V C}$ or $\mathcal{Y}_{S V C}$ is obtained by PI controller (Figure 2).
Figure 2. SVC with PI controller
To verify the validity of the PI controller method, we carried out the power system shown in Figure 1, voltage source of synchronous generator $V_{1}$ and an impedance of the transmission line $R_{e}+j X_{e}$. The equation that describes the voltage compensating impedance at the bus 2 $V_{2}$ is as follows:
${{V}_{2}}=\frac{1}{{{y}_{22}}+{{y}_{SVC}}}\left[ \frac{\left( P-{{P}_{wind}} \right)-j\left( Q\pm {{Q}_{SVC}} \right)}{{{V}_{2}}}-{{y}_{12}}{{V}_{1}} \right]$ (9)
where $y_{S V C}, y_{22}, y_{12}$ are the admittance of the SVC, bus 2 and the transmission line.
To resolve and calculate and the bus voltage $V_{2}$ Gauss-Sidel method have been used.
Therefore, there is a need for an effective method for tuning the parameters of the PI controllers so as to maximize the voltage regulation of power system. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a global searching technique based on the operations observed in natural selection and genetics. The stage of GA application is PI controller set parameters tuning, since each PI controller has one input. The chromosome length in this stage will be (27). Table (I) shows GA parameters in scaling factors tuning stage.
Table 1. GA parameters in scaling factors tuning stage
|
Variable number |
9 |
|
Gene number for each variable |
3 |
|
Chromosome length |
27 |
|
Population size |
54 |
|
Generation number |
50 |
The proposed algorithm flowchart is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Proposed algorithm flowchart
The bloc of CPSS consists of a stabilizer gain $K_{P S S}$, a washout block $\left(T_{W}\right)$ serves as a low-pass filter with a time constant and the phase compensation blocks with time constants $\left(T_{1}, T_{4}\right)$. From the Figure 4, the input signal of each PSS is the rotor speed deviation $(\Delta \omega(s y n))$ and the output is the stabilizing signal $\left(V_{s u p}\right)$ subject to an anti-windup limiter $V_{\sup }^{\min },V_{\sup }^{\max }$.
${{V}_{\sup }}=\left[ {{K}_{PSS}}\left( \frac{s{{T}_{w}}}{1+s{{T}_{w}}} \right)\left( \frac{1+s{{T}_{1}}}{1+s{{T}_{2}}} \right)\left( \frac{1+s{{T}_{3}}}{1+s{{T}_{4}}} \right) \right]\Delta \omega (syn)$ (10)
Figure 4. Control structure of PSS
To achieve the best dynamical response of power system, the structure of excitation system of generator is displayed in Figure 5. The ANFIS controller can be used to add damping to the rotor oscillations of the synchronous generator by controlling its excitation. The ANFIS input signal can be the rotor speed deviation of generator ω.
To ensure a robust damping; the ANFIS controller should provide a moderate phase advance at frequencies of interest in order to compensate for the inherent lag between the field excitation and the electrical torque induced by the ANFIS action.
Figure 5. Exciter system
The excitation system of the synchronous machine is represented by the following transfer function:
$\frac{{{V}_{ex}}}{{{E}_{f}}}=\frac{1}{{{K}_{E}}+s{{T}_{E}}}$ (11)
where $K_{E}$ and $T_{E}$ are respectively constant gain and time constant of exciter.
In standard excitation systems, to achieve the desirable dynamic performance and to shape the regulator response, a stabilizing circuit is used, which characterized by a gain $K_{F}$ and with a time constant $T_{F}$.
Figure 6. Transfer function of excitation system
Figure 7. Proposed ANFIS controller
Figure 8. Proposed ANFIS controller
The proposed strategy of control is composed ANFIS a controller, the inputs of this controller are oscillation of ω and its error. Figure 7 shows normalized membership functions for input and output variables.
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is a combining between Neural Networks and Fuzzy Inference System (FIS), it can be applied to solve several optimization problems.
In this paper, the $V_{S u p}$ is optimized by the Neuro-Fuzzy Controller shown in Figure 7. The training data which the speed of synchronous generator N1 is transmitted to the fuzzy logic toolbox using the conventional regulator shown in Figure 4. Then, using the ANFIS, the optimal fuzzy function is calculated using a hybrid method (back propagation error and least squares) according to the diagram shown in Figure 7. This provides, after learning process, the calculated functions of the two inputs and calculates the fuzzy rules that connect the inputs with the controller output. Since the fuzzy inference is Sugeno type, the output is a linear function with three coefficients:
If input 1 is Z and input 2 is P then output is $(a \times Z+b \times P+c)$ (a, b, c) are coefficients calculated by learning.
The fuzzy controller in our case contains 25 rules used to link inputs to the outputs. The Artificial neural networks (ANN) are used to adapt the membership functions and the determination of fuzzy rules. The configuration is Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS). The method used for the Neural-fuzzy system adaptation is called hybrid: a combination of optimization by the least squares method and refined by the back propagation of the error.
The ANFIS Editor is used to create, train, and test a Sugeno fuzzy system shown in Figure 8.
The membership function obtained by ANFIS is shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9. Input Membership function Speed changes ω and its derivative
In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller, the system being studied is simulated by MATLAB software shown in Figure 10.
Figure 10. System studied simulated by MATLAB software
The Flowchart for optimization of stochastic simulation is shown in Figure 11.
Figure 11. Flowchart for optimization of stochastic simulation
SVC and wind turbine are connected to the bus load which the system has been designed to study the electromechanical oscillations in large interconnected power systems. It has also been modified to include FACTS devices for studying the damping voltage improvement which the SVC will maintain the load voltage profile to close to 1.04 p.u.
The simulation results show the principle of CCT calculation in which we increase and decrease the duration of the mechanical damping until the relative rotor angles become not oscillators weakened.
Figure 12. Simulation results Tf=0.1, DT=5 %
The Figure 12 present the speed, the relative rotor angles, the active power and reactive power of synchronous machine in the case of fault duration Tf=0.1s and the size of the torque perturbation about operating point is 5 % of nominal torque.
In this section, we present the voltage improvement using SVC controlled by conventional PI optimize by GA, Figure 13 shown the voltage profile at the bus 1 and 2 for both cases: with and without of SVC device. It can be observed that the performance of voltage with SVC is better. So, the proposed strategy can be as one of the best methods for power system voltage control.
Figure 13. Voltage controller
To regulate the voltage in power system, other simulation has been tested which the profile of our reference voltage has changed. In Figure 14, it can be noted that the performance of voltage regulation with SVC is better and the proposed PI controller improve the voltage regulation for power system.
Figure 14. Voltage profile
In this paper, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and PI controller have been proposed and investigated which the power system is equipped by Static Var Compensator (SVC) and small wind turbine. The detailed architecture and the proposed method were discussed using SMIB which the SVC is controlled by PI controller optimize by Genetic Algorithm (GA). The simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of proposed controller in which the evaluation of the transient stability has been based on relative rotor angle criteria and the voltage regulation. The obtained results confirm the performance of the proposed ANFIS and PI controller. In future researches, this work can be completed using multi machine power system and optimization of PI controller using other technics.
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