Preparation and Performance Analysis of Foam-concrete Sound Absorbing Material Prepared Purely from Solid Wastes

Preparation and Performance Analysis of Foam-concrete Sound Absorbing Material Prepared Purely from Solid Wastes

Jun JiXiaosheng Liu Shengying Tan Meina Wang Wen Ni 

School of Civil and Resources Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute Co, LtD Chang-ping district, State Grid Corporation of China, Beijing 102211, China

Corresponding Author Email: 
niwen@ces.ustb.edu.cn
Page: 
37-42
|
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.18280/acsm.430106
Received: 
19 December 2018
|
Revised: 
25 January 2019
|
Accepted: 
2 February 2019
|
Available online: 
25 April 2019
| Citation

OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: 

To control the pollution of industrial solid wastes and noises, this paper prepares foam-concrete sound absorbing materials purely from solid wastes like steel slag (SS), blast furnace slag (BFS) and desulfurized gypsum (DG) , and experimentally explores the effects of fiber content and aluminum powder content on the compressive strength and sound absorption of the foam-concrete prepared jointly by physical and chemical foaming. The results show that the addition of a proper amount of fibers can effectively enhance the compressive strength and high-frequency sound absorption of the material; when the aluminum powder content is 1 %, the physical- chemical combined foaming can produce a sound absorbing material with a high sound absorption coefficient at both medium and high frequencies, and the mean sound absorption coefficient can reach 0.457.

Keywords: 

foam-concrete, sound absorption performance, industrial solid waste, compressive strength

1. Introduction

Industrialization and modernization are picking up pace, making noise pollution a major type of pollution in the world, alongside with water pollution, air pollution, and solid waste pollution [1]. In fact, noise pollution has become a leading cause of complaints from urban residents. To solve the problem, many materials have been adopted to absorb noises. The popular options include perforated metal sheet, wood fiber board, polyester fiber boards and foam-concrete sound barrier [2-4]. As a new energy-saving, green building material, the foam-concrete stands out for its low cost, corrosion resistance and non-flammability [5]. Nevertheless, this material is constrained by its narrow sound absorption range, and poor sound absorption effect under high compressive strength [6]. These defects can be attributed to the numerous interconnected pores in the concrete, which are the key to the sound absorption of the foam-concrete. It is these pores that create weak links in the material, reducing the compressive strength [7-8]. Therefore, the compressive strength and sound absorption coefficient must be well balanced, such as to design a foam-concrete with lightweight, high-strength and good sound-absorbing effect [9].

At present, the foam-concrete is foamed either physica [10]. However, the physically foamed product might not absorb noises well due to the low connectivity between the pores. As for chemical foaming, autoclaving is needed to enhance the compressive strength, as the foaming process is too unstable to control the pore size. The two foaming methods have been studied separately to improve the sound absorption of foam-concrete [11-12]. For instance, Park S.B. measured the sound absorption coefficient using standing-wave tube and reverberation chamber, and correlated sound absorption coefficient with porosity and frequency [13]. Through theoretical and experimental analysis, Mun and Sungho explored the effects of material diameter, porosity and other influencing factors on the sound absorption properties of porous materials, concluding that small aggregates outperform large ones in sound absorption [14]. Gerharz B. investigated the structure of propylene-modified porous concrete, and verified the excellence of modified porous concrete in noise reduction [15]. To sum up, the physical and chemical foaming methods have rarely been combined to improve the sound absorption effect of foam-concrete.

The strength of foam-concrete has been enhanced primarily in two ways: (1) improving the early strength of foam-concrete with accelerators and early strength agents, thus promoting construction efficiency; (2) replacing part of Portland cement with tailings, and enhancing foam-concrete by the synergistic effect of multiple components. The first strategy has been adopted by the following scholars. Huang et al. mixed silicate and sulfate cement into a foam-concrete with a wet density of 400 kg/m3 and excellent thermal insulation properties [16]. Taking NaCl and Na2SO4 as early strength agents, Su Qian greatly improved the early strength of foam-concrete and applied it successfully in foam-concrete pouring [17]. Some of the representative studies using the second strategy are introduced as follows. Adding fly ash into silicate foam-concrete, Ma et al. significantly reduced the porosity and enhanced the strength of fly ash concrete at 28d, and the late strength exceeded that of ordinary concrete [18]. He Ting et al. disclosed the effect of steel slag content on the strength of foam-concrete, revealing that the test block surpassed pure cement foam-concrete in 28d strength when the steel slag content was lower than 20 % [19]. Cui Xiaowei, Ni Wen and Ren Chao eliminated the foaming process, and produced a material with high compressive strength from steel slag (SS), blast furnace slag (BFS) and desulfurized gypsum (DG) at the mix ratio of 6.2:3:2.8 [20]. In addition, Christina Krämer improved the comprehensive strength of the test material using the nanometer SiO2 synthetized by vapor phase method as dispersant, which enhanced the repulsion between particles, reduced the chance of sedimentation and ensured the foam stability. Krämer’s research sheds important new light on foam-concrete enhancement [21], because the compressive strength of foam-concretes (density: 300~800 kg/m3) mostly fall in the low range of 0.5~5.0 MPa.

In light of the above, this paper prepares foam-concrete acoustic panels from base cementitious materials steel slag (SS), blast furnace slag (BFS) and desulfurized gypsum (DG), and explores how fiber and aluminum powder affect the strength and sound absorption of the foam-concrete prepared jointly by physical and chemical foaming.

2. Methodology

2.1 Raw materials

In our experiment, the steel slag (SS), blast furnace slag (BFS) and desulfurized gypsum (DG) are respectively produced by Yuhua Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., Xintai Iron & Steel Corp., Ltd. and Beijing Gypsum Line Plant. The chemical composition of these raw materials was tested. The test results in Table 1 show that the steel slag and mining slag contain lots of silicon and calcium, which is similar to the composition of cement. Our experiment also uses the composite foaming agent produced by Henan Huatai Building Materials Development Co., Ltd, the aluminum powder produced by Handan Silver Spring Aluminum Powder Co., Ltd., and the chopped fiberglass supplied by Nanjing Fiberglass Research & Design Institute Co., Ltd.

Table 1. Chemical composition of raw materials (%, mass fraction)

Material

SiO2

Al2O3

CaO

Fe2O3

MgO

MnO

K2O

SO3

Blast furnace slag

16.79

3.61

46.08

8.56

8.07

1.79

0.075

<0.01

Steel slag

34.65

12.2

40.02

0.13

10.04

11.44

0.44

<0.01

Desulfuriz-ed gypsum

1.08

0.11

32.17

0.16

0.23

0.01

<0.01

46.02

2.2 Pre-processing of raw materials

The activity of the raw materials, namely the steel slag (SS), blast furnace slag (BFS) and desulfurized gypsum (DG), can be effectively enhanced by increasing the specific surface area (SSA). Taking the mining slag for instance, the growth in SSA is equivalent to the reduction of the particle size. With the increase of the SSA, the grading is optimized, the cementitious materials are more active, the hydration reaction is more complete, and the strength of the cementitious materials is thus enhanced. Studies have shown that the compressive strength of the cementitious materials reaches the maximum when the SSA surpasses 500 m2/g, but further increase of the SSA to over 600 m2/g will cause the materials to agglomerate [22,23], leading to higher energy consumption and poorer mechanical performance. Before our experiment, steel slag (SS), blast furnace slag (BFS) and desulfurized gypsum (DG) were all ground to the SSA of 500 m2/g by ball milling and forged grinding as shown in the Figure 1.

The laser diffraction analysis shows that the particle size of the grinded materials averaged at 5~8 μm, far below that of ordinary Portland cement 425 m2/g. On the foam surface, a coating layer was formed by many micron-sized particles, which rapidly participated in the hydration on the foam wall [24], The rapid presetting of the slurry restrained and fixed the bubbles, and maintained the stability of pores.

Figure 1. The particle size of the grinded materials and ordinary Portland cement

2.3 Test procedure

During the test, the steel slag (SS), blast furnace slag (BFS) and desulfurized gypsum (DG) and aluminum powder were placed into a mixer and mixed for 30s .Then, the mixture was subjected to the addition of fiber and a 45s-long stirring, the addition of fiber and a 60s-long stirring, and the addition of aluminum powder and a 15s-long stirring. After that, the mixture was added rapidly with foams and stirred evenly, before loaded into the mold. The experiment is matched as shown in the Table 2.

Table 2. Experimental proportioning (%, mass fraction)

Num

steel slag

blast furnace slag

desulfurized gypsum

aluminum powder

Fiber glass

A0

38

60

12

0

0

A1

38

60

12

0

1

A2

38

60

12

0

3

A3

38

60

12

0.

5

B1

28

60

12

0.05

0

B2

28

60

12

0.1

0

B3

28

60

12

0.15

0

C

38

60

12

0.1

3

3. Test Results and Discussion

3.1 Effects of fiber on the strength and sound absorption of foam-concrete

Figure 2 shows that the addition of 1 %, 3 % and 5 % fiber increased the compressive strength of foam-concrete by 2.35 %, 5.59 % and 0.588 %, respectively, by the 7th day, and 2.16 %, 7.98 % and 2.50 %, respectively, by the 28th day. With the growth in fiber content, the compressive strength of cementitious materials increased first and then declined. This trend can be explained as follows. The fiberglass has the properties of a hollow tubular material. The short-chopped fibers are distributed evenly in the slurry, and packed densely by the slurry layer [24]. Thus, the alkali-resistant fiberglass is tensioned in all directions, forming a disordered support system, in which the cementitious materials are bound into a dense 3D network with enhancement effect [25-27]. The disordered support system inside the foam-concrete consists of countless fiber monofilaments. Together, these monofilaments hinder the separation of aggregates and ensure the uniform bleeding of the foam-concrete in the early phase. In this way, more pores are formed and the concrete strength is improved [28]. The excessive growth of fibers may suppress the compressive strength, because the fibers cannot disperse evenly but agglomerate when the fiber density is too high in the foam-concrete.

Figure 2. Influence of proportion of fiberglass on strength of concrete

Figure 3. XRD pattern of pastes at different ages

The foam-concretes cured for 3d and 7d were subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis, aiming to clarify the strength enhancement mechanism of foam-concrete made purely from solid wastes. The results show that the peak strength of ettringite was higher on the 7th day than the 3rd day, indicating that the ettringite was not fully generated on the 3rd day. With the elapse of time, more and more ettringite was produced through hydration in the system of steel slag (SS), blast furnace slag (BFS)and desulfurized gypsum (DG). Meanwhile, the peak strengths of C2S and C3S were smaller on the 7th day than the 3rd day. This means the C2S and C3S in the steel slag powder were hydrated, forming the C-S-H gel. For CaSO4·H2O, the main component of FGD gypsum, the peak strength was obviously lower on the 7th day than the 3rd day. This trend reveals that the Ca2+ in FGD gypsum were involved in the hydration reaction, and reacted with the AlO2- from the mining slag, producing ettringite. As shown in the fig.3, undecomposed gypsum was observable on the 3rd day, but almost disappeared on the 7th day, indicating the involvement of decomposed gypsum in hydration. In the later phase, the compressive strength grew slowly, because the growth was mainly driven by ettringite in the system. The formation of ettringite was confirmed by the XRD analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as shown in the Figure 4.

Figure 4. SEM images of hydration products cured for 7d

Next, foam-concretes were prepared without fiber, and with 1 %, 3 % or 5 % of fibers, and measured by standing-wave tube method. The sound absorption coefficients of all specimens were obtained and presented in Figure 5. It can be seen that the cementitious materials foamed without fiber were comparable to ordinary foam-concrete in sound absorption. With the addition of fibers, the foam-concrete did better in absorbing high-frequency noises but poorer facing low-frequency noises. This is because fibers enjoy strong ability to absorb high-frequency sound waves [29]. The addition of fibers made the foaming system more viscous and harder. What is worse, the fibers could not disperse evenly in the specimens [30]. In the foaming process, the fibers impeded the formation of pores, and thus suppressed the absorption of low-frequency sound.

Figure 5. Influence of proportion of fiberglass on sound absorption coefficient of concrete

The above analysis shows that the material boasted a high compressive strength and good sound absorption performance at the fiber content of 3 %: the 28d strength amounted to 6.26 MPa and the mean sound absorption coefficient reached 0.346.

3.2 Effects of physical-chemical combined foaming on the strength and sound absorption of foam-concrete

As shown in the Figure 6, after adding 0.5 % aluminum powder, the strength of foam-concrete increased by 3.53 %, 5.40 %, and 8.49 %, respectively, on the 3rd day, 7th day and 28th day, from the level of the specimen prepared without aluminum powder. The possible reasons of the strength growth are as follows. With the addition of aluminum powder, the nano-sized aluminum powder reacted rapidly to form microbubbles, making the slurry system more uniform. Meanwhile, the Al3+ replaced the tetrahedron of silicon in the C-S-H gel, turning the latter into a geopolymer [31-32]. The cement slurry between the large bubbles was not severely lost, and many small pores were embedded in the large pores. This integrated two-layer structure enhanced the pore walls, and thus the foam-concrete.

Figure 6. Influence of proportion of aluminum powder on strength of concrete

By contrast, the compressive strength of foam-concrete prepared with 1 % aluminum powder decreased by 14.7 %, 23.32 % and 66.89 %, respectively, on the 3rd day, 7th day and 28th day, from the level of the specimen prepared without aluminum powder. This is because the growing amount of aluminum powder accelerated the gas generation in a short time. Then, the original foam bubbles expanded, and the pores became interconnected. The heavy presence of interconnected pores is detrimental to the compressive strength.

When the aluminum powder content reached 1.5 %, the compressive strength of the foamed cementitious materials was reduced by 61.76 %, 65.66 % and 67.05 %, respectively, on the 3rd day, 7th day and 28th day. The dramatic decline in compressive strength was accompanied by the large expansion of the materials [33], the obvious increase in slurry temperature, the thermal expansion of bubbles and the drastic reduction of material density.

When the aluminum powder content was below 1.5 %, the sound absorption of the material was improved obviously with the increase of the dosage as shown in the Figure 7. This is because the closed circular pores prepared by physical foaming were re-opened by the micro-air flows from chemical foaming. The ensuing secondary agglomeration is a recombination of the gas phase, the liquid phase and the solid phase [34-35]. Due to the surface free energy effect, the micro- and small bubbles formed tiny facture zones, in which bubbles of different diameters continuously clustered into large bubbles, eventually forming interconnected pores. Further addition of aluminum powder and other materials sped up the exothermic chemical reactions [36]. Thus, the foams started to expand irregularly in size and diameter, narrowing the range of effective sound absorption.

Figure 7. Influence of proportion of aluminum powder on sound absorption coefficient of concrete

3.3 Preparation and mechanism analysis of sound absorbing material based on the optimal mix ratio of steel slag and mining slag

The above analysis demonstrates that physical-chemical combined foaming can effectively improve the sound absorption of foam-concrete. When the dosage of aluminum powder is 1 %, the material can withstand the compressive stress of 4 MPa, which satisfies the standard for ordinary foam-concrete (A40), and the sound absorption coefficient 0.443 is much higher than that of ordinary foam-concrete.

Next, a sound-absorbing material was prepared with 3 % fibers and 1 % of aluminum powder, and subjected to measurements of compressive strength and sound absorption coefficient. The measurements put the 28d compressive strength at 4.99 MPa in the Figure 8, and the mean sound absorption coefficient at 0.457 as shown in the Figure 9. Through SEM observation in Figure 10, it is learned that the addition of aluminum power created micro airflows between the bubbles, resulting in more interconnected pores, and thus improved the sound absorption performance of the material i. For the foamed cementitious materials based on system of steel slag (SS), blast furnace slag (BFS), the enhancement of compressive strength hinges on the massive generation of ettringite (Aft) and C-S-H gel in Fig4 through hydration, which involves both C2S and C3S.

Figure 8. Compressive strength of sample C

Figure 9. Sound absorption coefficient curve of sample C

Figure 10. SEM images of pore structure of physical-chemical combined foaming concrete

4. Conclusions

(1) With the growth in fiber content, foam-concrete based on steel slag and mining slag increased first and then declined. Meanwhile, the foam-concrete did better in absorbing high-frequency noises but poorer facing low-frequency noises, and saw a narrower range of effective sound absorption. Considering the heavy presence of high-frequency noise sources in the industrial and construction fields, the bulk density of fiber-containing material should be properly increased to improve the high-frequency absorption ability of the foam-concrete, without violating the strength requirement.

(2) Physical-chemical combined foaming is an effective way to enhance the ability to absorb noises at different frequencies. For the cementitious materials prepared from steel slag and mining slag of the given SSA, the sound absorption performance is optimized as 0.457 at the dosage of 1% aluminum powder. However, excessive dosage will amplify the heat release of the chemical reactions, leading to a narrow range of effective sound absorption, hurting the sound absorption performance.

Physical-chemical combined foaming creates micro airflows between the bubbles, resulting in more interconnected pores, and thus improves the sound absorption performance of the material. The enhancement of compressive strength of the foam-concrete prepared from steel slag and mining slag comes from the formation of C-S-H gel and ettringite.

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank fund project: State Grid Corporation Headquarters Science and Technology Project Funding.

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